... to learn thou-sands of Chinese characters. The official agents in Taiwan and China, respectively, chose 5401 and 3755 characters as important basic characters in national standards. Consequently, ... consistency is an important concept for learners of various alphabetic languages (Jared et al., 1990; Ziegler and Goswami, 2005) and of Chi-nese, e.g., (Lee et al., 2005), and is important for both ... exploration of using the combination of audio and visual stimuli. In addition to pictograms, more than 80% of Chinese characters are phono-semantic characters (PSCs, henceforth) (Ho and Bryant,...