Báo cáo khoa học: "Reranking Answers for Definitional QA Using Language Modeling" pdf

... method using language model for passage retrieval for the factoid QA. They trained two language models, in which one was the question-topic language model and the other was passage language ... al. (2004) proposed soft patterns to rank answers for definitional QA. 3 Reranking Answers Using Language Model 3.1 Model background In practice, language model i...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 18:20

... 2007. c 2007 Association for Computational Linguistics Exploiting Structure for Event Discovery Using the MDI Algorithm Martina Naughton School of Computer Science & Informatics University College ... significant increase in performance is observed. 1 Introduction Accurately identifying events in unstructured text is an important goal for many applications that require natural la...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... explored in order to improve performance. For example, Smith and Eisner (2006) have penalized the ap- proximate posterior over dependency structures in a natural language grammar induction task ... steps, for 1 ≤ i ≤ r: E-step: For each i ∈ {1, , r}, optimize the bound given λ and q i  (y)| i  ∈{1, ,r }\ {i} and q i  (θ)| i  ∈{1, ,r } by selecting a new distribution q i (y). M-ste...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 01:20

... are trained using the MIRA learning algorithm. Results for each model are given in the first four rows of Table 2. These results were gathered using 10-fold cross validation with one fold for develop- ment ... possible to run a constrained forward- backward algorithm and learn the parameters for CRFs as well. 2.1.2 Feature Space In this section we define the feature representa- tion...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:21

... structures to language- specific syntactic struc- tures. • Linguistic grammar:, transformation rules specifying the transformation of syntactic struc- tures into surface word forms and punctuation ... string) and for- matting (determining the formatting marks to insert in the text string). Developing an appli- cation to present the information for a given domain is often a time-...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 05:21

... It places no restrictions on the form of the fillers for any slot in a gran~ node. The production rules ~,force categorial and order~,~ restrictions. So, for example, the templates reflect ... each nominal repr~ztati~z in the dependent item list: form the results into a set of lists, one for each combination of possible results for expressing each nominal: insert each result...

Ngày tải lên: 09/03/2014, 01:20

... the basic algorithm below we will make the simplifying assumption that for any formula of the semantic representation language, the syntactic and semantic functors are immediately identifiable. ... of commutativity or associativity are available for testing logical equivalence 1. One of the 1Strictly speaking, we test for a very strict form of consistency. Two LFs are considere...

Ngày tải lên: 09/03/2014, 01:20

... w j =before(w i ). It can be applied recursively, as w k = before(w j ) = before(before(w i )) to generate the entire sentence starting with an arbitrary word, usually the sentence Main. before() ... used by QABLe framework. 87 for instantiating transformation rules using primitive operators is given in Figure 2. The result of this procedure is a universally quantified rule having...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 19:20

... chose this format for several reasons: it is easily read, it allows a unified treatment of the files used for training and of those used for evaluation (which are already annotated in XML format) ... cases). It also performs a surface syntactic parsing of the text using dependency links that show the head-modifier relations between words. This kind of information is used for extracting...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 19:20

... inclusion formed by 4AaCt- ers seemed to be different from the inclusion formed by denatured proteins. Production of TpN antigens using 4AaCter GST fused with the 4AaCter 696–851 efficiently formed ... determined for several Cry toxins [8–13], the structure of the C-terminal nontoxic region has not yet been determined. Therefore, the crystal structure of Cry protoxin is still unknown. The...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 09:20