... of U.S born mothers are not living with the father at the time of the child’s birth, compared to 18% of non-Hispanic immigrant mothers and 25% of Hispanic immigrant mothers. These differences ... Hispanic, black, and other mothers in the FFS, and black (African or Caribbean), South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi), other and white (reference) mothers in the MCS. The reference category ... and telephone call centers). Finally, to measure social integration in the FFS we use mothers’ reports of whether they have at least one close friend; whether they feel alone; and whether they...