... panics in the United States between the Civil War and World War I., and prior to the Civil 18War, there were other nationwide banking crises in 1819, 1837, and 1857. In the 1920s, the U.S. ... Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great Depression, ” American Economic Review 73, 257-76. Bernanke, Ben S. and James, Harold (1991). The Gold Standard, Deflation, and Financial ... became aware that risks had increased and as they also were aware of what NBER WORKING PAPER SERIESBANK FAILURES IN THEORY AND HISTORY: THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND OTHER "CONTAGIOUS" EVENTSCharles...