electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (10)

... the form e l j t and e (l k þl l )t : x i (t) ¼ X n j¼1 u ij z j0 e l j t þ X n j¼1 u ij X n k¼1 X n l¼1 C j kl l k þ l l À l j z k 0 z l0 e (l k þl l )t "# (9 :2) l k , l l , and l j are the ... J., and Fortin, S., A minimal realization approach to reduced-order modeling and modal analysis for power system response signals, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, 8(3 ), 1020–1029, 1...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... Anti-Motoring Protection (3 2) . Overexcitation Protection (2 4) . Overvoltage (5 9) . Voltage Imbalance Protection (6 0) . System Backup Protection (5 1V and 21) . Out-of-Step Protection . Abnormal ... during peak and emergency conditions, performing coordination studies that include source and low side protection equipment, and expected transformer size a...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... Anti-Motoring Protection (3 2) 2-8 2.8 Overexcitation Protection (2 4) 2-9 2.9 Overvoltage (5 9) 2-10 2.10 Voltage Imbalance Protection (6 0) 2-10 2.11 System Backup Protection (5 1V and 21) 2-12 2.12 Out-of-Step ... (1 ) the real power is below a negative pre-set threshold SET_1, (2 ) the steam valve or a differential pressure switch is closed (either condition indic...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... zone bus Closed zone generator lead Transf. FIGURE 3.1 Closed and open zones of protection. (From Horowitz, S.H. and Phadke, A.G., Power System Relaying, 2nd ed., 1995. Research Studies Press, ... time and the tripping logic of both the primary and its duplicate system are the same. It is not always practical to duplicate every element of the protection chain. On High Voltage (HV)...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... and are available under two similar standards: (a) Sonet (synchronous optical networks) is the American System under ANSI T1.105 and Bellcore GR standards; (b) synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) ... projection onto the PQ plane (a bold curve). It can be observed that: (a) there may be many possible trajectories to (and points of) voltage collapse; (b) active and reactive power margi...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... integrals (assuming t is small) ð t 2 t 1 v(t)dt ¼ R ð t 2 t 1 i(t)dt þ L(i(t 2 ) À i(t 1 )) (5 :33) ð t 2 t 1 v(t)dt ¼ R ð t 2 t 1 i(t)dt þ L(i(t 2 ) À i(t 1 )) (5 :34) R and L are given by R ¼ (v kþ1 þ ... for the integral in Eq. (5 .38) ð t 2 t 1 v(t)dt À L[i(t 2 ) À i(t 1 )] ¼ L(t 2 ) À L(t 1 )(5 :39) gives L(t 2 ) À L(t 1 ) ¼ T 2 [v(t 2 ) þ v(t 1 )] ÀL[i(t 2 ) À i(t 1 )]...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... good ( ‘A’’) block signal and questionable ( ‘B’’) block signal. The good block signal is shown as one that blocks (comes ‘‘on’’) within a fraction of a cycle after the fault is detected and unblocks ... classifying operations as good (A) or questionable (B) as shown in Fig. 6.2. The first fault current waveform (upper left) is classified as A because it is sinusoidal in nature and...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... Design and Operation For reliable service, a power system must remain intact and be capable of withstanding a wide variety of disturbances. Owing to economic and technical limitations, no power ... studies. Powerful analyt ical tools are available for its analysis (Van Cutsem et al., 1995; Gao et al., 1992; Morison et al., 1993), and well-established criteria and study procedure...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... given by Eq. (8 .7) and interchanging per unit power for torque d 2 d dt 2 ¼ v 0 2H ( P m À P e )(8 :10) Multiplying both sides by 2d=d t and integrating gives d d dt  2 ¼ ð d d 0 v 0 ( P m À ... relationship and describes the transmitted power as a function of rotor angle. It is clear from Eq. (8 .9) that the maximum power is a function of the voltages of t...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08

... steady-state (e ¼ 0) is reached. Analytical expressions of the load model, including real (P) and reactive (Q) power dynamics, are T p dx dt ¼ P s (V ) À P, P ¼ xP t (V ) T q dy dt ¼ Q s (V ) À Q, ... The equations for the simulation are T q d y d t ¼ Q s (V) ¼ Q(t); Q(t) ¼ yQ t ( V) Q( t) ¼ Network(V s t) where the function Network(V s t) consists of three polynomials each represent...

Ngày tải lên: 21/03/2014, 12:08