Green Marketing, Renewables, and Free Riders: Increasing Customer Demand for a Public Good pdf

... demand (Morwitz and Schmittlein 1992, Dickie et al. 1987, Urban et al. 1983, Jamieson and Bass 1989), and actualpurchases often bear a weak association with stated purchase intentions. For green ... increase customer demand for renewable energy through product design and communications strategies that encourageTake Advantage ofCommunity and Social DynamicsEnhance PrivateValueAssure Customersthat ... marketing broadly as, “the application of marketing3concepts and tools to facilitate exchanges that satisfy organizational and individual goals in such a way thatthey preserve, protect, and conserve...

... mean size; mass balance INTRODUCTION Coagulation and flocculation, that transform many small and slowly settling particles into larger and faster settling aggregates, play an important ... particle aggregates, are not realistic. Recent research indicates that aggregates formed by coagulation are fractals which have much larger sizes than the coalesced spheres (Jiang and Logan, ... aggregates formed and many other factors. Therefore, adequate description and mathematical modelling of the complex coagulation process remain one of the most fundamental and challenging tasks...

... -Project appraisal and risk management for the public sectorCao Hao Thi 4BASIC NEEDS ANALYSISSOCIAL ANALYSISECONOMIC ANALYSISFINANCIAL ANALYSISMARKET ANALYSISTECHNICAL ANALYSISRESOURCES ANALYSIS?ACCEPTREJECT?ECONOMIC ... -Project appraisal and risk management for the public sectorCao Hao Thi 2II. STAGES IN PROJECT APPRAISAL AND APPROVALzWhy should a project evaluation be done in stages? a. Idea and project ... Teaching Program, 2004-2005 The Appraisal of Development Expenditures -Project appraisal and risk management for the public sectorCao Hao Thi 1PROJECT APPRAISAL AND RISK MANAGEMENT FOR...

... sub-strates of H+⁄ peptide cotransporters, such as Gly-Sar,Ala-Ala, Lys-Lys, Ala-Asp, d-Phe-Ala, Ala-Ala-Ala,d-aminolevulinic acid, cefadroxil and Ala-4-nitroanilide(all 100 lm, Table 1). ... International (Little Chal-font, UK). Dexamethasone, apotransferrin, Gly-Gln, Ala-Ala, Ala-Ala-Ala, Lys-Lys, d-aminolevulinic acid, cefadroxil,Gly, Pro-Ala, 8-aminooctanoic acid and Gly-Sar were ... ± 1Ala-Ala 15 ± 1Pro-Ala 105 ± 3Lys-Lys 46 ± 2Ala-Asp 19 ± 1D-Phe-Ala 65 ± 2Ala-Ala-Ala 21 ± 1d-Aminolevulinic acid 78 ± 3Cefadroxil 15 ± 1Lys[Z(NO2)]-Val 10 ± 18-Aminooctanoic acid...

... INT-9601084, ARO grantsDAAH04-94-G-0205 and DAAG55-97-1-0318, NASA Langley grant NAG-1-1145 and Contract NAS1-19480 while in residenceat ICASE, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681-0001, and ... construction, analysis, and application of ENO (Es-sentially Non-Oscillatory) and WENO (Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory) schemes for hyperbolic con-servation laws and related Hamilton-Jacobi equations. ... the formal uniform high order accuracy and makes them stable and convergent for general multidimensional scalar equations. However it was pointed out there that the modification is not computationallyuseful,...

... constantshave been reported only for AcAc-SPP [3]; for exam-ple, Km and kcatare 73 lm and 469 ⁄ s for AcAc-SPP,whereas they are 24 lm and 465 ⁄ s, respectively, for AcAc-CoA. In the crystal ... are also the catalytic water (Wat82) and Ne2(His348) (Table 2) (i.e. the atoms formingoxyanion hole I). Wat82 is hydrogen bonded toNd1(Asn316) and Wat49. Wat82 and Wat49 are pres-ent in each ... motherliquor, was allowed to continue for 4 days prior to datacollection. This experiment was performed for both a wild-type thiolase crystal and a C8 9A mutant crystal. Analysisof the data collected...

... Florian and Ngai (2001) report an SFof 93.55% and a TA of 88.86% on CTB data.Ng and Low (2004) report an SF of 95.2% and a TA of 91.9% on CTB data. Finally, Zhang and Clark (2008) achieve an ... rules learned in a TBL training run canstraightforwardly be translated into a cascade ofFST rules.3.2.1 Transformation-Based Learning and µ-TBLTBL is a machine learning approach that has beenemployed ... not an easy task because segmentation and POS tagging standards vary, and our test data havenot been used for a final evaluation before. Nev-ertheless, there are of course systems that performword...

... using a Lumi-Imager (Roche Diagnostics). image quant (MolecularDynamics, Amersham Biosciences, NJ, USA) was used for quantitation, using b-actin for normalization.StatisticsStatistical analysis ... regulations.RNA extraction and real-time quantitative PCR For RNA extraction, the TriZol method (Invitrogen, Carls-bad, CA, USA) was used, followed by LiCl precipitation(Ambion, Austin, TX, USA). cDNA was ... gradually increases as a functionof time, and reaches maximal levels after 48 h of hyp-oxia in brain, heart, and liver. For muscle, the highestupregulation is also obtained after 48 h, but a...

... dertoavoidappealingtoyoungerages. A highstandard:Theageorlegalmajorityisdeterminedbylocallegislation.Permittedtargetagegroupsshouldbesignificantlyabovetheminimumlegalage:anexampleisthebanontargetingalcoholicbeveragestopeopleunderage25requiredbyFacebookinIndia and Sweden.33 For food and beverages,theUKOfcomregulationsapplyduringtelevisionprogrammeswhichappealtochildrenunderage16.Standard3:Mediaused for marketingmessagesIssue:Childrenhaveaccessto a widerangeofmedia.Inaddition,cross‐bordermediaservicesarenoteasilycontrolledbythejurisdictionintheterritorywherethemessageisreceived.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansincludingallmediawhichcarrymarketingmessagesaswellasthosewhichcrossnationalborders(e.g.Internet,satellite and cableTV, and exportedTVprogrammes,films,games,toys and otherproducts).Foodpackaging,formulation and presentationareincluded,asaresponsoredsportsevents and productplacements. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachassumesallmediaunlessspecificallyexempted.Mediabroadcastacrossseveraltimezonesshouldbeassumedtoreachchildren and adolescents.ExamplesfromothersectorsincludeFacebook,whichprohibitstobacco and gamblingmarketing and restrictsalcoholmarketing.34 For tobacco,theFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlprovides a comprehensivedefinition:‘allformsofcommercialcommunication,recommendationoraction and anyformofcontributiontoanevent,activityorindividual’.35Standard4:MarketingmethodsIssue:Mostmarketingworksbelowconsciousawareness, and childreninparticularmaybevulnerabletomarketingmessagesofspecialappealtothem.Manymarketingmethodsfalloutsidecurrentadvertisingregulations.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansexcludingtechniqueswithspecialappealtochildren and adolescents.Thisincludestheuseofcartooncharacters,animation,celebrities,sportspersonalities, and thecolouring,shaping and designofproducts and packaginglikelytohave a particularappealtochildren and adolescents. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachacknowledgesthatchildren and adolescentsareexposedtomanymarketingmessages,includingthosedesignedtoattractthem and thosedesignedtotargetnon‐childaudiences. For tobacco,theFrameworkConvention36coversactionswhichhavethe‘aim,effect,orlikelyeffectofpromoting a tobaccoproductor33http://www.insidefacebook.com/2010/10/08/alcohol‐advertisement‐guidelines/34http://www.facebook.com/ad_guidelines.php35http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_13 .pdf 36http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_13 .pdf 20tobaccouseeitherdirectlyorindirectly’.Itspecifiesall‘advertising,promotion and sponsorship’. For breast‐milksubstitutes,theInternationalCode37specifiesthatcontrolsapplyto‘productpromotion,distribution,selling,advertising,product public relations, and informationservices’.Thesephrasescanbeadaptedwiththeadditionof‘abletoinfluence a child’.Standard5:UseofbrandsIssue:Products and mediamaycarry a brandidentity for a companylinkedtofoodorbeverageproductswithoutspecifying a foodorbeverageorgivinganexplicitmarketingmessage.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansbrandswithrecognisablelinkstofood and beverageproductsneedtobetreatedasiftheywerepromotingthefoodorbeveragetowhichtheyareassociated. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachrestrictstheuseofbrandpromotionlikelytoinfluencechildrenwhenthatbrandhas a recognisableassociationwithfood and drinkproductssubjecttomarketingrestrictions.Wherebrandslinktomultipleproducts,theassumptionshouldbethatthebrandispromotingthemostfamiliarorhighestsellingofitsproducts.ProposalsfromtheAustralianObesityPolicyCoalitionsuggestthatbrandsshouldberestrictedunlesstheyarebeingusedin a promotion for a healthyfoodproductorrange.38‘Brand’meansthenameof a foodorbeverageproductorrangeofproducts,orthemanufacturerordistributorthereof,oranyotherwords,designsorimagesthatarecloselyassociatedwithsuchproducts.Standard6:Settings and locationsIssue:Authoritiesresponsible for standardswherechildrenaregathered,suchasschools and childcarefacilities,have a dutytoensurethatnothingprejudices a child’swellbeing.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansthatallsettingswherechildrengathershouldbe free fromthepromotionofspecifiedfood and beverages,includingbrands,logos,vouchers and giftsassociatedwithsuchproducts. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachavoidstheneedtospecifyeverypossiblesetting.TheWHORecommendationsstate“settingsinclude,butarenotlimitedto,nurseries,schools,schoolgrounds and pre‐schoolcentres,playgrounds,family and childclinics and paediatricservices, and duringanysporting and culturalactivitiesthatareheldonthesepremises”.39 For alcohol,theCityofSanDiego,California,adoptedanordinanceinOctober2000whichprohibitsadvertisingalcoholonanybillboardwithin1,000feetofany37http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english .pdf 38http://www.opc.org.au/downloads/positionpapers/Protecting‐children‐email1_FINAL_13.04.11 .pdf 39http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/marketing‐food‐to‐children/en/index.html21school,playground,recreationcentreorfacility,childcarecentre,arcade,orlibrary.40Therearealsomanyexamplesoflocation‐basedtobaccocontrols.41Standard7:AccountabilityIssue:Marketingmessagesareproduced and distributedbydiversestakeholdersincludingfoodproducers,manufacturers,importersorsellers,advertisingagencies,mediacompanies,mediadistributors and retailers,webcontenthosts,webaccessproviders and websearchengines.Proposal:Riskreductionrequiresthat a dutyofcare and attentiontotheprotectionofchildren and adolescentsshouldbeexercisedbyallpartiesinthedisseminationofmarketingmessages. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachwouldholdallpartiesinvolvedinconveying a marketingmessagetobeaccountable. For sponsorshipmediathisincludessportseventhosts. For promotionaltechniquesembodiedin a foodproductthisincludesimporters,retailers and caterers.Cross‐bordermarketingstandardsneedtobeenforceablethroughinternationalagreementswithsanctions.Examplesofpossiblestandard‐settingmechanismsincludeWHOhealthregulations,ISOstandards and CodexAlimentariusstandards.40http://business.highbeam.com/410209/article‐1G1‐204543912/alcohol‐advertising‐billboards‐transit‐shelters and 41http://tobaccodocuments.org/women/2080811374‐1392.html.22AppendixWorldHealthOrganizationSetofRecommendationsontheMarketingofFoods and Non‐alcoholicBeveragestoChildren42 ... dertoavoidappealingtoyoungerages. A highstandard:Theageorlegalmajorityisdeterminedbylocallegislation.Permittedtargetagegroupsshouldbesignificantlyabovetheminimumlegalage:anexampleisthebanontargetingalcoholicbeveragestopeopleunderage25requiredbyFacebookinIndia and Sweden.33 For food and beverages,theUKOfcomregulationsapplyduringtelevisionprogrammeswhichappealtochildrenunderage16.Standard3:Mediaused for marketingmessagesIssue:Childrenhaveaccessto a widerangeofmedia.Inaddition,cross‐bordermediaservicesarenoteasilycontrolledbythejurisdictionintheterritorywherethemessageisreceived.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansincludingallmediawhichcarrymarketingmessagesaswellasthosewhichcrossnationalborders(e.g.Internet,satellite and cableTV, and exportedTVprogrammes,films,games,toys and otherproducts).Foodpackaging,formulation and presentationareincluded,asaresponsoredsportsevents and productplacements. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachassumesallmediaunlessspecificallyexempted.Mediabroadcastacrossseveraltimezonesshouldbeassumedtoreachchildren and adolescents.ExamplesfromothersectorsincludeFacebook,whichprohibitstobacco and gamblingmarketing and restrictsalcoholmarketing.34 For tobacco,theFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlprovides a comprehensivedefinition:‘allformsofcommercialcommunication,recommendationoraction and anyformofcontributiontoanevent,activityorindividual’.35Standard4:MarketingmethodsIssue:Mostmarketingworksbelowconsciousawareness, and childreninparticularmaybevulnerabletomarketingmessagesofspecialappealtothem.Manymarketingmethodsfalloutsidecurrentadvertisingregulations.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansexcludingtechniqueswithspecialappealtochildren and adolescents.Thisincludestheuseofcartooncharacters,animation,celebrities,sportspersonalities, and thecolouring,shaping and designofproducts and packaginglikelytohave a particularappealtochildren and adolescents. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachacknowledgesthatchildren and adolescentsareexposedtomanymarketingmessages,includingthosedesignedtoattractthem and thosedesignedtotargetnon‐childaudiences. For tobacco,theFrameworkConvention36coversactionswhichhavethe‘aim,effect,orlikelyeffectofpromoting a tobaccoproductor33http://www.insidefacebook.com/2010/10/08/alcohol‐advertisement‐guidelines/34http://www.facebook.com/ad_guidelines.php35http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_13 .pdf 36http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_13 .pdf 20tobaccouseeitherdirectlyorindirectly’.Itspecifiesall‘advertising,promotion and sponsorship’. For breast‐milksubstitutes,theInternationalCode37specifiesthatcontrolsapplyto‘productpromotion,distribution,selling,advertising,product public relations, and informationservices’.Thesephrasescanbeadaptedwiththeadditionof‘abletoinfluence a child’.Standard5:UseofbrandsIssue:Products and mediamaycarry a brandidentity for a companylinkedtofoodorbeverageproductswithoutspecifying a foodorbeverageorgivinganexplicitmarketingmessage.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansbrandswithrecognisablelinkstofood and beverageproductsneedtobetreatedasiftheywerepromotingthefoodorbeveragetowhichtheyareassociated. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachrestrictstheuseofbrandpromotionlikelytoinfluencechildrenwhenthatbrandhas a recognisableassociationwithfood and drinkproductssubjecttomarketingrestrictions.Wherebrandslinktomultipleproducts,theassumptionshouldbethatthebrandispromotingthemostfamiliarorhighestsellingofitsproducts.ProposalsfromtheAustralianObesityPolicyCoalitionsuggestthatbrandsshouldberestrictedunlesstheyarebeingusedin a promotion for a healthyfoodproductorrange.38‘Brand’meansthenameof a foodorbeverageproductorrangeofproducts,orthemanufacturerordistributorthereof,oranyotherwords,designsorimagesthatarecloselyassociatedwithsuchproducts.Standard6:Settings and locationsIssue:Authoritiesresponsible for standardswherechildrenaregathered,suchasschools and childcarefacilities,have a dutytoensurethatnothingprejudices a child’swellbeing.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansthatallsettingswherechildrengathershouldbe free fromthepromotionofspecifiedfood and beverages,includingbrands,logos,vouchers and giftsassociatedwithsuchproducts. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachavoidstheneedtospecifyeverypossiblesetting.TheWHORecommendationsstate“settingsinclude,butarenotlimitedto,nurseries,schools,schoolgrounds and pre‐schoolcentres,playgrounds,family and childclinics and paediatricservices, and duringanysporting and culturalactivitiesthatareheldonthesepremises”.39 For alcohol,theCityofSanDiego,California,adoptedanordinanceinOctober2000whichprohibitsadvertisingalcoholonanybillboardwithin1,000feetofany37http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english .pdf 38http://www.opc.org.au/downloads/positionpapers/Protecting‐children‐email1_FINAL_13.04.11 .pdf 39http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/marketing‐food‐to‐children/en/index.html21school,playground,recreationcentreorfacility,childcarecentre,arcade,orlibrary.40Therearealsomanyexamplesoflocation‐basedtobaccocontrols.41Standard7:AccountabilityIssue:Marketingmessagesareproduced and distributedbydiversestakeholdersincludingfoodproducers,manufacturers,importersorsellers,advertisingagencies,mediacompanies,mediadistributors and retailers,webcontenthosts,webaccessproviders and websearchengines.Proposal:Riskreductionrequiresthat a dutyofcare and attentiontotheprotectionofchildren and adolescentsshouldbeexercisedbyallpartiesinthedisseminationofmarketingmessages. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachwouldholdallpartiesinvolvedinconveying a marketingmessagetobeaccountable. For sponsorshipmediathisincludessportseventhosts. For promotionaltechniquesembodiedin a foodproductthisincludesimporters,retailers and caterers.Cross‐bordermarketingstandardsneedtobeenforceablethroughinternationalagreementswithsanctions.Examplesofpossiblestandard‐settingmechanismsincludeWHOhealthregulations,ISOstandards and CodexAlimentariusstandards.40http://business.highbeam.com/410209/article‐1G1‐204543912/alcohol‐advertising‐billboards‐transit‐shelters and 41http://tobaccodocuments.org/women/2080811374‐1392.html.22AppendixWorldHealthOrganizationSetofRecommendationsontheMarketingofFoods and Non‐alcoholicBeveragestoChildren42 ... Standard3:Mediaused for marketingmessages  19 Standard4:Marketingmethods19 Standard5:Useofbrands20 Standard6:Settings and locations20 Standard7:Accountability21AppendixWorldHealthOrganizationSetofRecommendationsontheMarketingofFoods and Non‐alcoholicBeveragestoChildren...

... brand are called brand equity characters. These brand equity characters – usually cartoon or animated characters – are normally owned by the companies that make the food and beverage products, and ... themselves are examples of promotional marketing of foods high in fats and sugars, targeting young children. 18 Brand equity and licensed characters Characters associated with a particular brand ... of cartoon characters, animation, celebrities, sports personalities, and the colouring, shaping and design of products and packaging likely to have a particular appeal to children and adolescents....