... 32 National Research Council of the National Academies, Budgeting for Immigration Enforcement: A Path to Better Performance (Washington, DC: National Research Council of the National Academies, ... practices, which was the goal of the sanctions provisions of IRCA, rather than mounting large-scale raids and arrests of unauthorized workers. Since January 2009, ICE has audited more than ... responsibilities. In addition, with the breakup of INS and creation of DHS in 2003, the organizational machinery for administering the nation’s immigration laws has become decentralized. Information and interoperability...