... RES E AR C H Open Access
The indirect cost due to pulmonary Tuberculosis
in patients receiving treatment in Bauchi
State—Nigeria
Nisser Ali Umar
1*
, Richard Fordham
1
, ... (with the permission of
the original developers [20]) was used to estimates the
indirect costs of TB on patients, their families and on
others for seeking and accessing TB treatment...
... contributing
to the simulated mixing ratio at the receptor. Spatial integra-
tion finally gives the simulated mixing ratio at the receptor.
Time series of these mixing ratios, obtained from the series
of ... spring-time
agricultural burning in Eastern Europe peaked in March in
the year 2002 and in April in the years 2001 and 2003,
whereas in all three years there wa...
... used in the response to school health,
nutrition and HIV across the region.
The specific objectives of the survey are to:
• Allow the education sector in participating countries to monitor
their ... ✗
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SHN Unit in the MoE
Full-time SHN Unit Coordinator
Fr...
... after the study as told to them in
the last meeting. Then the researchers requested
for volunteers in relation to the required number
per health facility. The volunteers were
enthusiastic to be ... because they interacted
with the health facilities since mostly mothers stay
with their children in the hospitals or accompany
them to the hospitals, most mothers are...
... eat.
- Taking food together or sharing
of food or bed or materials.
- Caring/nursing of TB
patients.
- Mixing with patients.
- Inhaling patients breath
during direct interaction
(patients ... (PTB) cases during
case finding, DOT initaition and patient follow-up in their catchment areas .The
frequency of these activities increases their susceptibility to contracting the di...
... both the groups.
DISCUSSION
Tuberculosis is becoming increasingly common in the
elderly and burden of the disease in them is likely to
continue to increase substantially.
3,4
Moreover, with
increasing ... regarding an increase in the
presence of constitutional symptoms in elderly patients
with TB. This results in a delay in the presentation of the
elderly to...
... 11
should be taken into account in community-based health
education pertaining to TB intervention.
HIV/AIDS is known to play a major role in increasing
the burden of TB [5]. Very few individuals we ... additional information.
This also hindered an in- depth analysis of the results.
Hence, the findings from the qualitative portion of the
study might be considered preliminary...
...
Christopher Dye et al
14
suggests that they had taken
into cognisance the findings of most of the surveys
wherein X-ray was the initial screening tool. They
had chosen to ignore the findings ... tak en into
consideration the under-diagnosis due to the number
of sputum samples (two) customarily examined in
surveys, and the over-diagnosis due to the X-ray
re...
... contains few
observations (≥5 is the standard cut off in S-Plus). The
problem of creating a useful tree is to find suitable
guidelines to prune the tree. The general principle of
pruning is that the ... [2].
The lack of specific clinical symptoms to predict pul-
monary TB diagnosis makes the correct decision to
admit patients to respiratory isolation (RI) a difficu...