... case, achievement outcomes are related to contemporaneous school/teacher and family input measures and a lagged achievement measure. The idea behind this specification is to use the lagged achievement ... these assumptions, non-random allocation of students and teachers into schools and classrooms would induce correlations among teacher quality, school quality, and family and students characteristics. ... heterogeneity and non-random assignment of students to teachers). Thus, random effect methods are inconsistent and fixed effect methods are needed. In this case, the coefficients of students and teachers’...