Improving Reproductive Health of Married and Unmarried Youth in India docx

... India 22 Improving Reproductive Health of Married and Unmarried Youth in India Improving Reproductive Health of Married and Unmarried Youth in India CHAPTER 3ADDRESSING GENDER-BASED CONSTRAINTS ... the second part of the12 Improving Reproductive Health of Married and Unmarried Youth in India Improving Reproductive Health of Married and Unmarried Youth in India IEC component, a videographer ... Reproductive Health of Married and Unmarried Youth in India 1.2 Overview: Improving the Reproductive Health of Married and Unmarried Youth in India From 1996 to 2006, ICRW coordinated multi-site...

... UnlikeI.H.S. and tribalclinicswhereservicesarefreetotheeligibleIndianclient,medical and dentalservicesaturbanIndianprogramsareprovidedonaslidingfeebasis.Thescope of servicesaturbanIndianprogramsisrestrictedtoprimarycare.Referralsforinpatienthospitalcare,specialtyservices,diagnostics,etc.,areattheclient’sexpense.Effortsaremadetomitigatetheseexpensesthroughnegotiations and otherarrangements. Of theurbanIndianprogramsthatprovidemedicalcare,severalfunctionas“safetynet”clinicsfortheuninsured,notunlikethefederally‐fundedcommunity health centerswithwhichtheyhavemuch in common(Rosenbaum,2000).PolicyImplicationsThegrowingrecognition of urbanIndians and their health careneedsraisesimportantissuesforbothfederal and statepolicymakers.Amongtheseare:thecollection and reporting of dataonthe health status of urbanIndians and theiraccessto health careservices;theadequacy of theTitleVprogramforservingthe health needs of urbanIndians; and thechangesneeded in theMedicaidprogramtoimproveaccess of eligibleurbanIndianstocoveredservices.ConclusionDramaticchangeshaveoccurred in IndianCountry in thepastcentury.Amongthesehasbeenthequietmigration of Indiansfromreservationstourbanareas,sothattodaythemajority of AmericanIndians and AlaskaNativeslive in cities.Policymakersatboththefederal and statelevelsmustunderstandthatIndianCountrynowextendsbeyondthereservationborders and intoAmerica’scities. In leavingtheirreservations,urbanIndiansdidnotalwaysescapetheconditionsthatmadelifesodifficultformanytribalcommunities,includingpoverty,racism,inadequateeducation,alcoholism,drugdependence,teenpregnancy,etc.Theseconditionsareacutelyfelt in citiesastheloss of culturalidentity,familysupport, and socialcontact,combinedwiththepressures of money,jobs,crowding,competition—placeurbanIndiansatgreatphysical and emotionalriskfor health problems.” ... (make)recommendationstoproviders and facilities’methodsforcoordinating and jointventuringwiththeIndian health servicesforservicedelivery (find)methodstoimproveAmericanIndianspecific health programming, and;  ... (create)co‐fundingrecommendations and opportunitiesfortheunmet health servicesprogrammingneeds of AmericanIndiansAseparatelaw,RCW43.70.052(4)alsodirectedtheDepartment of Health in consultation and collaborationwiththefederallyrecognizedtribes,urbanorotherIndian health serviceorganizations, and thefederalareaIndian health service,(to)design,develop, and maintainanAmericanIndian‐specific health data,statisticsinformationsystem.Thedepartmentrulesregardingconfidentialityshallapplytosafeguardtheinformationfrominappropriateuseorrelease.”Thefirstplanwaspublished in July1997,markingthebeginning of asignificantpartnershipbetweenWashington’sTribes and Department of Health toidentify and address health disparitiesaffectingAmericanIndians and AlaskaNatives.Anadvisorygroupwascreatedtodevelopthefirstplan,comprised of AmericanIndian and non‐Indian health careproviders and representatives of tribal,state, and localorganizations.Thethreeprimaryplanobjectivessetforthbythisgroupaptlydescribethepremise of theplantoday:...

... Comparison of Health Outcomes Between the Treatment and Control Groups Indicator 1: Access to Healthy Foods A healthy diet is essential to maintaining good health and preventing the onset of chronic ... from increased intake of fruits and vegetables. The US Department of Agriculture and the US Department of Health and Human Services (2005) recommend a daily intake of 8 servings (4.5 cups) of ... result in the tenant’s having to leave from the public housing community. Additional findings include a high prevalence of barriers to accessing healthy foods, low fruit and vegetable intake, and...

... Livelihood Activities within a Reproductive Health Program for Urban Slum Dwellers in India 17Drinking Water, Toilet, and Bathroom Facilities The main source of drinking water in the two areas ... preliminary step revealed many of the difficulties of working in urban slums, including fixing boundaries of the slum versus non-slum area and arriving at a functional definition of a household ... by unmarried girls. Traditionally, both married and unmarried women in India follow religious customs and visit temples, mosques, churches, or other places of worship. However, the findings...

... VALUE OF IMPROVED WASTEWATER TREATMENT INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA WORKING PAPER 51/2010 15 attribute with four levels, i.e., (monthly increase in the municipal tax) were entered in cardinal-linear ... reported in this paper are indicative of local public‟s demand for higher quality and quantity of treated wastewater to minimize the high levels of environmental and health risks in the Ganga. ... by a random componenti. By specifying the distribution of the error terms e and , the probability of choosing j in each of the choice sets can be derived (Train, 1998). By accounting for...

... the interval between first sex and marriage becomes longer, youth have a greater need for family planning and reproductive health information and services. www.prb.org REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF YOUTH 10Child ... and women are found in Mozambique, where 28 percent of women and 31 percent of men have initiated sex before age 15.www.prb.org REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF YOUTH 13hiv/AiDsHalting and reversing ... importance of healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy for adolescent and older mothers in Kano State, Nigeria.© 2008 Samaila Yusuf, Courtesy of Photosharewww.prb.org REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF YOUTH 25...

... baseline information for the design Reproductive Health Risk and Protective FactorsAmong Unmarried Youth in GhanaAli Mehryar Karim isa doctoral candidate, and Robert J.Magnani is professor and ... arange of risky behaviors and adverse reproductive health outcomes.9We included two indicators of household eco-nomic status: an index of nine household assets and thenumber of rooms in the ... use, in Reproductive Health Among Youth in GhanaTABLE 1. Means, percentage distributions and percentagesindicating selected contextual characteristics of unmarried Ghanaian youth, by type of...

... designed to be used in training, “Counseling and Caring for an HIV-Positive Woman.” In Cook, Dickens and Fathalla, Reproductive Health and Human Rights: Integrating Medicine, Ethics and Law, Oxford, ... sanguine about in- service sexuality or human rights training for health care providers, arguing that until sexual and reproductive health issues are institutionalized and humanized – in nursing ... comments of a health care worker explaining how this arises: ‘One complaint often voiced by people living with HIV/AIDS is that they suffer discrimination within the health- care setting: health- care...

... provided in this report to justify expanded funding of effective programs, new research on innovative intervention strategies, and continued monitoring of sexual risk behavior and reproductive health ... and response bias. Second, cases of disease often remain unde-tected and are unreported. ird, estimating pregnancy rates is challenging because of the difficulty in measuring the number of ... overall and among male students in 9th and 10th grade. Overall, the prevalence of drinking alcohol or using drugs before the most recent sexual intercourse increased dur-ing 1991–2001 and then...

... Table 62. Number of women 15–44 years of age and number of unmarried women 15–44 years of age who had sexual intercourse in the 3 months prior to the interview and percentage using specified contraceptive ... No. 25 Table 63. Number of women 15–44 years of age and number of unmarried women 15–44 years of age who had sexual intercourse in the 12 months prior to the interview and percentage who used ... meet standard of reliability or precision.1Includes women of other or multiple race and origin groups and women with missing information on religion raised, not shown separately.2Based on interviewer-administered...