TRAFFICKING AND LABOUR REPORTS HIGHLIGHT THREATS TO CHILDREN’S FUTURES

. resources should take direct action to improve nutrition for children during thisperiod. TRAFFICKING AND LABOUR REPORTS HIGHLIGHT THREATS TO CHILDREN’S FUTURES By J ill MossLast week the. So the Bill and Melinda GatesFoundation is giving more than six million dollars to the WHO for a six-year project. Themoney will be used to develop new tools to measure the health and the well-being. divides the countries into three groups. The first two are countries believed to be working hard against trafficking or trying to improve. But the third group is nationsbelieved to be making little...

. risks to their children’s health and their own. 4.2 Implications of globalization for women’s work and children’s welfare Increasing integration into the world economy through trade and. or desire to work and their children’s well-being. Also discussed are trends in developing economies and in the global economy that are affecting women’s work and its relation to children’s. evidence, see Dwyer and Bruce (1988), Blumberg (1988), and Guyer and Peters (1987) and references therein. 14 See Thomas (1993); Hoddinot and Haddad (1994, 1995); Doss (1996b); Glick and Sahn (1998)....

. and Monitoring Children’s Well BeingThe Multi-National Project for Monitoring and Measuring Children’s Well-Being is an ongoing,multi-phaseeffort to improve our ability to measure and monitor. systems and sectors, from the child mental health care system to the public healthsystem, to education, and to all other settings and structures. Some criteria can then bedeveloped to guide. in itsapproach to children’s mental health,2. the public health system to place a greater emphasis on children’s mental health, and 3. other child-serving systems and sectors to identify themselves...

. Centers (Children’s Centers) were established to better understand environmental factors affecting children’s health, and to promote translation of basic research findings into intervention and. emphasis on children’s asthma and other respiratory diseases, as well as ways to reduce exposure to pesticides for children in agricultural settings.2001: The program is expanded to include. four Centers – two dedicated to research on environmental factors potentially related to autism, one on the impact of exposure to mercury and PCBs, and one designed to quantify the impact of...

. αtgα−tcorresponding to g12,g1∗ and g2∗are e−2g12,e−1g1∗ and e−1g2∗, and those corresponding to g21,g∗1 and g∗2are e2g21,eg∗1 and eg∗2. Notice that the latter are assumed to be zero.. Ledrappier and Young(Proposition 3.1 below) relating entropy to the conditional measures µabxweare able to extract some additional information. It is interesting to note thatMargulis and Tomanov. EINSIEDLER, ANATOLE KATOK, AND ELON LINDENSTRAUSS(1) The conditional measures µabx and µbaxare trivial a.e.(2) The conditional measures µabx and µbaxare Haar a.e., and µ is invariantunder...

. correlation between DALYs lost due to diarrhoea and some factors relevant to hygiene practices, including using overhead hanging latrines, not washing hands before eating and after defecation, as well. interventions to address children’s diarrhoea. Although many factors, including water-supply utilities, sanitation systems and attitudes toward water hygiene, are correlated with slum children’s. Sobsey M. D., Handzel T. and Venczel L. (2003). Chlorination and Safe Storage of Household Drinking water in Developing Countries to Reduce waterborne Disease, Water science and Technology,...

. discrimination and human rights violations, to address structural and economic barriers to health, and to promote access to global public goods and essential interventions.5The shift towards global. explicitly committing to expand access to family planning, and 18 to expanding access to skilled birth attendance (some committed to both). Twenty-three governments made commitments to reduce financial. to strengthening planning and budgeting to implement national health plans and service and interventions for women and children. This approach identifies key gaps and barriers on the demand...

. software updates and patches.• Apply the latest security updates and patches to your software programs and OSs and enable automatic updates where possible to minimize exposure to vulnerabilities.Protect. visibility, insight, and control needed to combat APTs and targeted attacks. Consider solutions that can detect and identify evasive threats in real time and provide in-depth analysis and relevant. plans and procedures in place to determine what resources to use to remedy a threat.• Restitution: Be prepared to address the repercussions of a security threat with your employees and customers...

. der to avoidappealing to youngerages.Ahighstandard:Theageorlegalmajorityisdeterminedbylocallegislation.Permittedtargetagegroupsshouldbesignificantlyabovetheminimumlegalage:anexampleisthebanontargetingalcoholicbeverages to peopleunderage25requiredbyFacebookinIndia and Sweden.33Forfood and beverages,theUKOfcomregulationsapplyduringtelevisionprogrammeswhichappeal to childrenunderage16.Standard3:MediausedformarketingmessagesIssue:Childrenhaveaccess to awiderangeofmedia.Inaddition,cross‐bordermediaservicesarenoteasilycontrolledbythejurisdictionintheterritorywherethemessageisreceived.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansincludingallmediawhichcarrymarketingmessagesaswellasthosewhichcrossnationalborders(e.g.Internet,satellite and cableTV, and exportedTVprogrammes,films,games,toys and otherproducts).Foodpackaging,formulation and presentationareincluded,asaresponsoredsportsevents and productplacements.Ahighstandard:Acomprehensiveapproachassumesallmediaunlessspecificallyexempted.Mediabroadcastacrossseveraltimezonesshouldbeassumed to reachchildren and adolescents.ExamplesfromothersectorsincludeFacebook,whichprohibitstobacco and gamblingmarketing and restrictsalcoholmarketing.34Fortobacco,theFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlprovidesacomprehensivedefinition:‘allformsofcommercialcommunication,recommendationoraction and anyformofcontribution to anevent,activityorindividual’.35Standard4:MarketingmethodsIssue:Mostmarketingworksbelowconsciousawareness, and childreninparticularmaybevulnerable to marketingmessagesofspecialappeal to them.Manymarketingmethodsfalloutsidecurrentadvertisingregulations.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansexcludingtechniqueswithspecialappeal to children and adolescents.Thisincludestheuseofcartooncharacters,animation,celebrities,sportspersonalities, and thecolouring,shaping and designofproducts and packaginglikely to haveaparticularappeal to children and adolescents.Ahighstandard:Acomprehensiveapproachacknowledgesthatchildren and adolescentsareexposed to manymarketingmessages,includingthosedesigned to attractthem and thosedesigned to targetnon‐childaudiences.Fortobacco,theFrameworkConvention36coversactionswhichhavethe‘aim,effect,orlikelyeffectofpromotingatobaccoproductor33http://www.insidefacebook.com/2010/10/08/alcohol‐advertisement‐guidelines/34http://www.facebook.com/ad_guidelines.php35http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_13.pdf36http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_13.pdf20tobaccouseeitherdirectlyorindirectly’.Itspecifiesall‘advertising,promotion and sponsorship’.Forbreast‐milksubstitutes,theInternationalCode37specifiesthatcontrolsapply to ‘productpromotion,distribution,selling,advertising,productpublicrelations, and informationservices’.Thesephrasescanbeadaptedwiththeadditionof‘able to influenceachild’.Standard5:UseofbrandsIssue:Products and mediamaycarryabrandidentityforacompanylinked to foodorbeverageproductswithoutspecifyingafoodorbeverageorgivinganexplicitmarketingmessage.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansbrandswithrecognisablelinks to food and beverageproductsneed to betreatedasiftheywerepromotingthefoodorbeverage to whichtheyareassociated.Ahighstandard:Acomprehensiveapproachrestrictstheuseofbrandpromotionlikely to influencechildrenwhenthatbrandhasarecognisableassociationwithfood and drinkproductssubject to marketingrestrictions.Wherebrandslink to multipleproducts,theassumptionshouldbethatthebrandispromotingthemostfamiliarorhighestsellingofitsproducts.ProposalsfromtheAustralianObesityPolicyCoalitionsuggestthatbrandsshouldberestrictedunlesstheyarebeingusedinapromotionforahealthyfoodproductorrange.38‘Brand’meansthenameofafoodorbeverageproductorrangeofproducts,orthemanufacturerordistributorthereof,oranyotherwords,designsorimagesthatarecloselyassociatedwithsuchproducts.Standard6:Settings and locationsIssue:Authoritiesresponsibleforstandardswherechildrenaregathered,suchasschools and childcarefacilities,haveaduty to ensurethatnothingprejudicesachild’swellbeing.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansthatallsettingswherechildrengathershouldbefreefromthepromotionofspecifiedfood and beverages,includingbrands,logos,vouchers and giftsassociatedwithsuchproducts.Ahighstandard:Acomprehensiveapproachavoidstheneed to specifyeverypossiblesetting.TheWHORecommendationsstate“settingsinclude,butarenotlimited to, nurseries,schools,schoolgrounds and pre‐schoolcentres,playgrounds,family and childclinics and paediatricservices, and duringanysporting and culturalactivitiesthatareheldonthesepremises”.39Foralcohol,theCityofSanDiego,California,adoptedanordinanceinOctober2000whichprohibitsadvertisingalcoholonanybillboardwithin1,000feetofany37http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf38http://www.opc.org.au/downloads/positionpapers/Protecting‐children‐email1_FINAL_13.04.11.pdf39http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/marketing‐food to children/en/index.html21school,playground,recreationcentreorfacility,childcarecentre,arcade,orlibrary.40Therearealsomanyexamplesoflocation‐basedtobaccocontrols.41Standard7:AccountabilityIssue:Marketingmessagesareproduced and distributedbydiversestakeholdersincludingfoodproducers,manufacturers,importersorsellers,advertisingagencies,mediacompanies,mediadistributors and retailers,webcontenthosts,webaccessproviders and websearchengines.Proposal:Riskreductionrequiresthatadutyofcare and attention to theprotectionofchildren and adolescentsshouldbeexercisedbyallpartiesinthedisseminationofmarketingmessages.Ahighstandard:Acomprehensiveapproachwouldholdallpartiesinvolvedinconveyingamarketingmessage to beaccountable.Forsponsorshipmediathisincludessportseventhosts.Forpromotionaltechniquesembodiedinafoodproductthisincludesimporters,retailers and caterers.Cross‐bordermarketingstandardsneed to beenforceablethroughinternationalagreementswithsanctions.Examplesofpossiblestandard‐settingmechanismsincludeWHOhealthregulations,ISOstandards and CodexAlimentariusstandards.40http://business.highbeam.com/410209/article‐1G1‐204543912/alcohol‐advertising‐billboards‐transit‐shelters and 41http://tobaccodocuments.org/women/2080811374‐1392.html.22AppendixWorldHealthOrganizationSetofRecommendationsontheMarketingofFoods and Non‐alcoholicBeverages to Children42. TheStanMarkprojectbringstogetherresearchers and policy‐makers to developasetofstandardsformarketingfoods and beveragesconsistentwiththeresolutionoftheWorldHealthAssembly.ObjectivesConveneaseriesofmeetingsinEurope and theUSA to bringtogetherkeymembersofthescientificresearchcommunity and policy‐makingcommunity to considerhowmarketingfood and beveragesmayaffect children’s health.Identifycurrent‘bestpractice’approaches to thecontrolofmarketing,includingmeasuresnotspecificallyaddressingfood and beveragemarketing,ornotspecificallydirected to theprotectionofchildren.Exploretheuseofstandards and marketingcodes to influencecommercialactivity,includingstandardsfromotherindustrialsectors.Proposeasetofstandards to formthebasisforacross‐bordercodeofmarketingoffoods and beverages.Developweb‐basedresourcesforpolicydevelopmentconcerningfood and beveragemarketing to children and relatedmaterials to supportpolicydevelopment.Projectpartners. 221SummaryDuringthelastdecadeconsumergroups,parents and teachers’bodies, and publichealthadvocacyorganisationshavecalledforgreatercontrolonthemarketingoffoods and beverages to children.Anumberofauthoritative reports havehighlightedtheneed to restrictsuchmarketing to ensurethatchildrenarenotundulyinfluenced to consumefoodshighinfats,sugar and salt.A2009reviewofregulations(thePolMarkstudy1)suggestedthatsuccessfulregulationrequiredgovernmentleadershipwithspecifiedtimelines and clear,measurableobjectives.In2010theWorldHealthAssemblypassedaResolutionwhichurgedmemberstates to introducecontrolsonthemarketingoffoods and beverages to children, and issuedasetofRecommendationsidentifyingtheapproachesthatcouldbetaken2.Theseincreasingcallsforactionhaveled to aseriesofpolicyresponses,includinggovernment‐ledvoluntaryagreementswithindustry and statutoryregulation.Ofparticularimportanceistheresponseofleadingfood and beveragecompanies,whohaveproposedtheproposedaseriesofcompany‐ledpledges to reducetheirmarketingactivitiesdirectedatchildren.Thesepledgescovertypesofmarketingpracticewhichmaylieoutsidethetraditionalindustry‐widecodesofconduct and nationalregulationsonadvertising.However,comparisonofdifferentcompanypledges and statementsshowsadegreeofinconsistency,asshowninthisreport,whichmakesevaluationoftheimpactofthepledgeshard to assess.Furthermorethereappear to belapsesintheadherence to thesepledgeswithinEurope, and evidencethattheyarenotappliedinotherregions(givingrise to ‘off‐shore’marketing to Europeanchildrenviatheinternet)socallingintoquestionthecompanies’strengthofcommitment.Inorder to assistgovernments and guideindustry,theStanMarkprojectundertookaseriesofpolicy and researchmeetingsinvolvingexperts and officialsfromcountriesinEurope and NorthAmerica,fundedunderthePilotProjectsprogrammeoftheEuropeanUnion’sExternalAffairsService3.Fromthesemeetingsaseriesofproposalsweregenerated and arepresentedhereforusebyWHOmemberstategovernments.Forcross‐bordermarketingitisintendedthatthefood and advertisingindustrieswillrecognisetheadvantagesofacommon,universalsetofstandardsapplicable to allcompanies and whichcanprotectchildrenacrosstheglobe.ThestandardsproposedarebasedontheWHOrecommendations,whichidentifyboth‘exposure’ and ‘power’asindependentfactorsdeterminingtheeffectivenessofmarketingmessages.TheStanMarkprojectproposesthefollowing:•...

. and beverage products.Media and entertainment companies should continue to incorporate health and •nutrition messages into programming and editorial content, and to create public education. produces children’s weekend programming aired on NBC and Telemundo – has committed not to air national ads for unhealthy foods or beverages on its children’s shows, and to create new story lines. and encourage positive changes in children’s diet and health. Indeed, since 2006, many food and beverage companies, media and entertainment companies, and other entities, have taken steps to...