Tài liệu Hybrid Rice Technology Development Ensuring China’s Food Security potx

... by importing rice via very small international rice trade market. Impact of Hybrid Rice on China’s Food Security In 2008, hybrid rice occupied about 63.2 percent of the total rice production ... system hybrid rice 1976 - Hybrid rice commercialization started 1977 - Systematic hybrid rice seed production technique developed 1983 - Hybrid rice seed yield more than 1.2 ton/ha 1987 - Hybrid ... 010002000300040005000600070008000050010001500200025003000350019761979198219851988199119941997200020032006Commercial hybrid rice yield Hybrid rice seed yieldYear hybrid seed yield (kg/ha)Commercial hybrid rice yield (kg/ha) 8 Box 4. High-yielding field management practices for hybrid rice in...

... tank of gasoline, the Mariner Hybrid should get about 500 miles, or about 40 mpg. Like Ford’s first hybrid SUV, the Escape Hybrid, the Mariner Hybrid will be a full hybrid, running only the electric ... SUMMARY HYBRID TECHNOLOGY: THE BENEFITS OF SWITCHING TO A HYBRID VEHICLE Justin Dittmar Jenna Santucci Andy Dobrowski November 19, 2004 The emergence of hybrid technology shows ... their hybrid vehicle purchase. Careful examination of the findings and assertions within this report will allow the reader to take their own positive stance on hybrid technology. How Hybrid Technology...

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... Released: 07/2000 Delivery Guide Introduction to Web Development Technologies Part Number: X05-91013 x Introduction to Web Development Technologies Day 3 Start End Module 9:00 ... With ActiveX Controls 11 ActiveX Control Security 21 Other Active Components 22 Lab 7: Adding Active Components 28 Review 31 Introduction to Web Development Technologies v Module ... directory of the compact disc, double-click Default.htm or Autorun.exe. xii Introduction to Web Development Technologies Student Materials Compact Disc Contents The Student Materials compact...

... Part Number: X05-91014 Course Number: 1912A Released: 07/2000 Introduction to Web Development Technologies Classroom Setup Guide 6 Classroom Setup Guide ! Configure file ... Important 8 Classroom Setup Guide Classroom Setup Checklist 1912A: Introduction to Web Development Technologies Photocopy one sheet for each computer you need to configure. Computer ... computer only) Classroom Setup Guide 9 Classroom Setup Tests 1912A: Introduction to Web Development Technologies Test #### IIS: is it installed? See if Internet Services Manager...

... 144Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Using ready­made config filesDefault configuration files available for many boards / machines!Check if one exists in arch/<arch>/configs/ for your target.Example: if you found an acme_defconfig file, you can run:make acme_defconfigUsing arch/<arch>/configs/ is a very good good way of releasing a default configuration file for a group of users or developers.Like all make commands, you mustrun make <machine>_defconfigin the toplevel source directory.143Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Ready­made config filesassabet_defconfig     integrator_defconfig  mainstone_defconfigbadge4_defconfig      iq31244_defconfig     mx1ads_defconfigbast_defconfig        iq80321_defconfig     neponset_defconfigcerfcube_defconfig    iq80331_defconfig     netwinder_defconfigclps7500_defconfig    iq80332_defconfig     omap_h2_1610_defconfigebsa110_defconfig     ixdp2400_defconfig    omnimeter_defconfigedb7211_defconfig     ixdp2401_defconfig    pleb_defconfigenp2611_defconfig     ixdp2800_defconfig    pxa255­idp_defconfigep80219_defconfig     ixdp2801_defconfig    rpc_defconfigepxa10db_defconfig    ixp4xx_defconfig      s3c2410_defconfigfootbridge_defconfig  jornada720_defconfig  shannon_defconfigfortunet_defconfig    lart_defconfig        shark_defconfigh3600_defconfig       lpd7a400_defconfig    simpad_defconfigh7201_defconfig       lpd7a404_defconfig    smdk2410_defconfigh7202_defconfig       lubbock_defconfig     versatile_defconfighackkit_defconfig     lusl7200_defconfigarch/arm/configs example1Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Embedded Linux driver development Embedded Linux kernel and driver development Thomas Petazzoni / Michael OpdenackerFree Electronshttp://free­electrons.com/Created with OpenOffice.org 2.x150Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Loadable kernel modules (1)Modules: add a given functionality to the kernel (drivers, filesystem support, and many others)Can be loaded and unloaded at any time, only when their functionality is need. Once loaded, have full access to the whole kernel. No particular protection.Useful to keep the kernel image size to the minimum (essential in GNU/Linux distributions for PCs).10Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Contents (5)AnnexesQuiz answersSlab caches and memory poolsU­boot detailsGrub detailsInit runlevels151Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Loadable kernel modules (2)Useful to deliver binary­only drivers (bad idea)without having to rebuild the kernel.Modules make it easy to develop drivers without rebooting: load, test, unload, rebuild, load ... 144Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Using ready­made config filesDefault configuration files available for many boards / machines!Check if one exists in arch/<arch>/configs/ for your target.Example: if you found an acme_defconfig file, you can run:make acme_defconfigUsing arch/<arch>/configs/ is a very good good way of releasing a default configuration file for a group of users or developers.Like all make commands, you mustrun make <machine>_defconfigin the toplevel source directory.143Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Ready­made config filesassabet_defconfig     integrator_defconfig  mainstone_defconfigbadge4_defconfig      iq31244_defconfig     mx1ads_defconfigbast_defconfig        iq80321_defconfig     neponset_defconfigcerfcube_defconfig    iq80331_defconfig     netwinder_defconfigclps7500_defconfig    iq80332_defconfig     omap_h2_1610_defconfigebsa110_defconfig     ixdp2400_defconfig    omnimeter_defconfigedb7211_defconfig     ixdp2401_defconfig    pleb_defconfigenp2611_defconfig     ixdp2800_defconfig    pxa255­idp_defconfigep80219_defconfig     ixdp2801_defconfig    rpc_defconfigepxa10db_defconfig    ixp4xx_defconfig      s3c2410_defconfigfootbridge_defconfig  jornada720_defconfig  shannon_defconfigfortunet_defconfig    lart_defconfig        shark_defconfigh3600_defconfig       lpd7a400_defconfig    simpad_defconfigh7201_defconfig       lpd7a404_defconfig    smdk2410_defconfigh7202_defconfig       lubbock_defconfig     versatile_defconfighackkit_defconfig     lusl7200_defconfigarch/arm/configs example1Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Embedded Linux driver development Embedded Linux kernel and driver development Thomas Petazzoni / Michael OpdenackerFree Electronshttp://free­electrons.com/Created with OpenOffice.org 2.x150Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Loadable kernel modules (1)Modules: add a given functionality to the kernel (drivers, filesystem support, and many others)Can be loaded and unloaded at any time, only when their functionality is need. Once loaded, have full access to the whole kernel. No particular protection.Useful to keep the kernel image size to the minimum (essential in GNU/Linux distributions for PCs).10Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Contents (5)AnnexesQuiz answersSlab caches and memory poolsU­boot detailsGrub detailsInit runlevels151Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Loadable kernel modules (2)Useful to deliver binary­only drivers (bad idea)without having to rebuild the kernel.Modules make it easy to develop drivers without rebooting: load, test, unload, rebuild, load ... Modules can also be compiled statically into the kernel.100Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Files created by make modules_install (2)/lib/modules/<version>/ (continued)modules.aliasModule aliases for module loading utilities. Example line:alias sound­service­?­0 snd_mixer_ossmodules.depModule dependencies (see the Loadable kernel modules section)modules.symbolsTells which module a given symbol belongs to.All the files in this directory are text files.Don't hesitate to have a look by yourself!152Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Module dependenciesModule dependencies stored in/lib/modules/<version>/modules.depThey don't have to be described by the module writer.They are automatically computed during kernel building from module exported symbols. module2 depends on module1 if module2uses a symbol exported by module1.Example: usb_storage depends on  usbcore,because it uses some of the functions exported by usbcore.You can also update the modules.dep fileby yourself, by running (as root):depmod ­a [<version>]101Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Compiling the kernel in a nutshellmake xconfigmakemake installmake modules_install153Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008hello module/* hello.c */#include <linux/init.h>#include <linux/module.h>#include <linux/kernel.h>static int __init hello_init(void){    printk(KERN_ALERT "Good morrow");    printk(KERN_ALERT "to this fair assembly.\n");    return 0;}static void __exit hello_exit(void){    printk(KERN_ALERT "Alas, poor world, what treasure");    printk(KERN_ALERT "hast thou lost!\n");}module_init(hello_init);module_exit(hello_exit);MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Greeting module");MODULE_AUTHOR("William Shakespeare");__init:removed after initialization(static kernel or module).__exit: discarded whenmodule compiled staticallyinto the kernel.Example available on http://free­electrons.com/doc/c/hello.c102Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Embedded Linux driver development Compiling and booting LinuxLinux device files154Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Module license usefulnessUsed by kernel developers to identify issues coming from proprietary drivers, which they can't do anything about(“Tainted” kernel notice in kernel crashes and oopses).Useful for users to check that their system is 100% free(check /proc/sys/kernel/tainted)Useful for GNU/Linux distributorsfor their release policy checks.103Embedded Linux kernel and driver development © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comFeb 27, 2008Character device filesAccessed through a sequential flow of individual charactersCharacter devices can be identified by their c type (ls ­l):crw­rw­­­­ 1 root uucp   4,  64 Feb 23 2004 /dev/ttyS0crw­­w­­­­ 1 jdoe tty  136,   1 Feb 23 2004 /dev/pts/1crw­­­­­­­ 1 root root  13,  32 Feb 23 2004 /dev/input/mouse0crw­rw­rw­ 1 root root   1,   3 Feb 23 2004 /dev/nullExample devices: keyboards, mice, parallel port, IrDA, Bluetooth port, consoles, terminals, sound, video...

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