... leaders, and, most important, to the territorial Partycommittees.These vertical and horizontal (tiaotiao and kuaikuai) lines of control sought tominimize the deviations of “departmentalism” and ... Allies 157Conclusion 1656 Containing Burdens: Change and Persistence 166Exhortations, Regulations, and Campaigns 167“Letters and Visits” and the Role of the Media 177Enabling Villagers to Seek ... specializes in rural issues pointed out, “the social and economic tasks assigned to rural areas by thecentral and provincial governments require villagesto build schools, hospi-tals, and sanitation...