Tài liệu Rooftops to Rivers II: Green strategies for controlling stormwater and combined sewer overflows ppt

... Calarusse (2006). Rooftops to Rivers: Green Strategies for Controlling Stormwater and Combined Sewer Overflows, Natural Resources Defense Council.6 City of Toronto, Toronto Water Infrastructure ... Kloss, C., and C. Calarusse (2006). Rooftops to Rivers: Green Strategies for Controlling Stormwater and Combined Sewer Overflows, Natural Resources Defense Council.14 City of Toronto, City Planning ... Kloss, C., and C. Calarusse (2006). Rooftops to Rivers: Green Strategies for Controlling Stormwater and Combined Sewer Overflows. Natural Resources Defense Council.4 D.C. Water and Sewer Authority...

... sewage and stormwater intobasements and onto streets, the system is designed to discharge untreated sewage and stormwater directly to nearby water bodies through a system of com-bined sewer overflows ... developmentcontributes to stormwater and sewer overflowproblems by preserving and incorporating green space into newly developed areas and by addressingthe established connection between imperviousness and stormwater ... ofgallons. Cost for surface storage and deep tunnels is millions of dollars.13Although green infrastructure has been shown to reduce stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflows and improve...

... disclosure to and intense scrutiny by the global cryptographic community. Look into the current U.S. Dept. of Commerce effort on developing the AES algorithm for details on this exciting activity, and ... cryptography concepts such as tractable and intractable problems, perfect forward secrecy, diffusion, and confusion. Next, we considered two secret key (symmetric) cryptosystems, Triple-DES and ... problems include: factoring large integers into their two prime factors (the basis for RSA); solving the discrete logarithm problem over finite fields (the basis for ElGamal); and computing elliptic...

... mathematical transformation to each column in State s to form State s'The four AES transformations act as follows:• AddRoundKey: Takes the appropriate Round Key and performs a bit-by-bit ... disclosure to and intense scrutiny by the global cryptographic community. Look into the current U.S. Dept. of Commerce effort on developing the AES algorithm for details on this exciting activity, and ... blocks for constructing cryptosystems.There is a long, rich history behind modern cryptosystems. This slide lists a few (by no means, all!) of the leading cryptographers whose work and ideas...

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... Indonesia had won its independence from Holland only four years earlier. The thousands of Indonesians who chose to remain loyal to Holland had to go to Holland, and that meant that virtually the entire ... directly to the adjoining bookstore and told the clerk, “I want a book in whatever language it is she speaks.” Miss Bergman’s native tongue, the clerk told me, was Swedish, and he bought forth ... of tones. Each Chinese word is assigned a specific tone, like a musical note. Mandarin Chinese has four tones, Cantonese has nine. The word wu in Mandarin’s first tone means “room,” in tone...

... account for 80% total Ecommerce revenue worldwide 2006/3 FAMD-VJCC Nguyen Van ThoanHead of Ecommerce DepartmentForeign Trade UniversityHow to apply Information Technology(IT) for SMEs ... cardclearanceGoods-return123456 ACCT 5922: E-Business Strategies and Processes – UNSW – S1 2003Business model of DELL Order from InternetGathering Orders and inform the suppliersSome products are delivered ... O’Brien17Introduction to Information SystemsIrwin/McGraw-HillCopyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. e-Commerce Success FactorsSelection & ValueSelection & ValuePerformance...

... used to dip ngertips into hand prep and work under ngernails. en spread remaining prep over hand and just above elbow. Second pump used to repeat with other hand.• ird pump placed into ... alcohol-based han-drub and cover all surfaces of the hands. Rub hands until dry. • When washing hands with soap and water, wet hands with water and apply the amount of product necessary to cover all ... mandatory reporting re-quirement for hospitals. ey aect up to 500,000 patients per year and result in an annual cost to hospitals of $7.4 billion.2,3 As of October 2008, the Centers for...

... TheStanMarkprojectbringstogetherresearchers and policy‐makers to developasetofstandards for marketingfoods and beveragesconsistentwiththeresolutionoftheWorldHealthAssembly.ObjectivesConveneaseriesofmeetingsinEurope and theUSA to bringtogetherkeymembersofthescientificresearchcommunity and policy‐makingcommunity to considerhowmarketingfood and beveragesmayaffectchildren’shealth.Identifycurrent‘bestpractice’approaches to thecontrolofmarketing,includingmeasuresnotspecificallyaddressingfood and beveragemarketing,ornotspecificallydirected to theprotectionofchildren.Exploretheuseofstandards and marketingcodes to influencecommercialactivity,includingstandardsfromotherindustrialsectors.Proposeasetofstandards to formthebasis for across‐bordercodeofmarketingoffoods and beverages.Developweb‐basedresources for policydevelopmentconcerningfood and beveragemarketing to children and relatedmaterials to supportpolicydevelopment.Projectpartners ... YesFurthergapsincompany‐ledself‐regulationThissectionprovidessomeexamplesofadditionalconcernsraisedduringthisinvestigation.Theexamplespicturedaretakenfromwebsitesactive and availableduringtheperiodJanuary‐June2011.Company‐ownedwebsitesWhilemostcompaniesacknowledgetheneed to controladvertising to childrenusingpaid‐ for advertisingonthird‐partysites,companiesdonotusuallyincludetheirownweb‐sites,whichtheyseeaseditorialratherthanadvertising.Althoughsomegovernment‐approvedcodes(e.g.theUKCAPCode)includecompany‐ownedsites,mostindustry‐wideadvertisingregulationsinEuropeancountriesdonot, and industry‐ledpledgesgenerallydonotorareambiguousaboutwhattheyconsider‘advertising’ontheirownwebsites.Manycompaniesusetheirownsites to attractchildrenwithgames,puzzles,clubs and downloadablegifts,orofferbrandedproductswhichchildrenmaypestertheirparents to buy.ExamplesbelowshowNesquikchildren’sgamesonacompany‐ownedsite and anexampleofM&Mspromotions(someareasofthesiteaskiftheviewer‘sageisabove12years).10SocialnetworkingsitesThereisalsoa‘grey’areaconcerningtheusebycompaniesofthird‐partysocialnetworkingsitessuchasFacebook to promotechild‐attractiveactivitieswithfood‐relatedbranding.AnexampleoftheuseofFacebookisshownbelow:11GeneralisedbrandingCompaniesdonotusuallyincludeintheirself‐regulationanycontrolsonthebrandingofnon‐foodproductswithfood‐relatedbrandidentities.Althoughcarryingnospecificmarketingmessage,theassociativeeffectcanbeapowerfulmarketingtool.Theexamplebelowshowsaproductlikely to appeal to childrenbrandedwithanimagestronglyassociatedwithsweetenedbreakfastcereal(Kellogg’sFrosties) and licensedbyowner for useontheproduct.12Schools and otherchildren’ssettingsCompaniesmayallowthemselves to marketinschools and otherplaceswherechildrengather.Thiscantaketheformofbrandedgoods and equipmentortheactivepromotionofsamples and brandedgiftsinschoolsettings.IndirectuseofschoolssettingsmaybefoundwhenTVadvertisementsuseschoolsaslocations for filmingtheiradvertising.Theexamplebelowshowsaplayarea for childrensponsoredbyachocolatecompanyownedbyNestléinGenevaairport(whichthecompanyhassinceacknowledgediscounter to Nestlépolicies) and theuseofclassroomsettings for TVadvertisinglocations(notinEurope).13Characterlicensing and brandequitycharactersAlthoughsomecompanieshaveagreed to reducetheuseoflicensedcharacters(e.g.filmtie‐inssuchasShrek and ToyStory)otherscontinue to usesuchmarketingdevices.Examplesbelowshowlicensedcharactersfromfilms(Rio,Thor,KungFuPanda)used to promoteproductshighinsugarsorfats.NotethatKungFuPandaisbeingusedbyMcDonald’s,acompanythathasnotjoinedtheEUpledgescheme.14Inaddition,mostcompaniesstillpermitthemselves to usecharacterswhichtheyown and havedevelopedwiththeirbrands(knownasbrand‐equitycharacters),suchasQuikythebunny(Nesquik) and TonytheTiger(Frosties).OthersincludeUnileverWalls‘Maxthelion’(seepicturebelow).15Productdesign and packagingSelf‐regulationgenerallydoesnotincludepackagingorproductdesign and thesecanbepowerfulmarketingtools to attractpurchases.Theexamplebelowshowsaproductshaped,flavoured and textured to appeal to childreninaboxwithatie‐ingamelaunchedbyKellogg’sonFacebook and featuringtheKraveKrusader(whomustovercomechallenges and obstacles to reachchocolate).26ShopdisplaysRetaildisplaysarerarelyincludedincompany‐ledself‐regulation.Aisle‐enddisplays and check‐outdisplaysarepremiumsites and canbeamajorinfluenceonspontaneouspurchases and, especiallyinthecaseofcheck‐outdisplays,thepurchaseofanitemforceduponaparentbychildrentakingtheproductintheirhandswhilewaitinginline.Child to childmarketingPeerrecommendationisastrongmotivatoramongchildren and adolescents.Marketersareusinganumberofmethods for encouragingchild to childmarketing,includingpayments to youngpeople to makerecommendations and encouragementofchildren to maketheirown26Seehttp://www.marketingweek.co.uk/sectors/food and drink/kellogg%E2%80%99s‐moves‐into‐gaming/3026796.article16promotionalmaterials for distribution,e.g.onsocialmedianetworks.Self‐regulationgenerallydoesnotcoverchild to childmarketing.Examplesbelowshowbrand‐owned,child‐attractivewebsitesaskingchildren to sendemailmessages to theirfriendsaboutthewebsite.NotethatHaribohasnotjoinedtheEUpledgescheme.NewtechnologyMethods for marketing to childrenarerapidlyevolving, and manyaredesigned to by‐passparentsorenhancechild to childmarketing.In2007KFC’sadvertisingagencyengineeredaTVcommercialcontaininghigh‐pitchednoiseswhichonlyyoungpeoplearelikely to hear–Ajunk‐freechildhood:Responsiblestandards for marketingfoods and beverages to childrenAbriefingpaperfromTheStanMarkProjectoftheInternationalAssociation for theStudyofObesityPreparedbyTimLobstein,TriinParn and AngeAikenheadStanMark ... Themarketingoffoods and non‐alcoholicbeverageswithahighcontentoffat,sugarorsaltreacheschildrenthroughouttheworld.Effortsmustbemade to ensurethatchildreneverywhereareprotectedagainsttheimpactofsuchmarketing and giventheopportunity to grow and developinanenablingfoodenvironment—onethatfosters and encourageshealthydietarychoices and promotesthemaintenanceofhealthyweight.DrAlaAlwan,AssistantDirectorGeneral,WorldHealthOrganization17 and followedthisupwithawebsiteofferingfreemealvouchers to thosewhocanidentifythepointintheadvertisementwhenthenoiseoccurred.27Morerecently,Microsoftannouncedtechnology to allowX‐Boxplayers to usevoicecontrolsduringgamingwhichwouldforwardadvertisingmessages to theirfriend’sphoneswhenevermarketingpromotionswerepresentinthegame.2827EBlasshttp://www.engadget.com/2007/04/11/kfc‐ad‐agency‐strikes‐again‐with‐mosquito‐tone‐commercial/28TVega,NewYorkTimes20June2011.Seehttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/21/business/media/21xbox.html?_r=2&ref=media18ProposedstandardsAsnotedearlier,theobjectiveofuniversalstandardsis to instituteruleswhichachievemaximumprotectionwhileremainingpractical and economicalinapplication.Althoughitcouldbeproposedthatchildrenshouldnotbeexposed to anymarketing,thepresentdocumenttakesa‘risk‐based’approach to reducingexposure to themarketingoffood and beverageproductswhoseregularconsumptionisliable to increasetheriskofnon‐communicablediseases.Furthermore,itisimportant to identifyexamplesofhighstandards for cross‐bordermarketingwhichhavebeenproposedasaresultofconsensus‐buildingbyreputableagencies,thusindicatingthatsuchstandardsarefeasible,practical and economical.Inthissectionweproposestandardsbasedonaresponsibleapproach to marketingontheunderstandingthatchildrenshouldnotbesubjected to inducements to consumeproductswhich,ifconsumedroutinely,arelikely to bedetrimental to theirhealth.Whereavailableweshowexamplesoftheuseofsimilarstandardsinothersectors.Standard1:Specifyingthefoods and beveragesIssue:Thepromotionofsomefoods and beveragescanunderminechildren’sdietaryhealth.Proposal:Riskreductionmeanspromotingonlythosefood and beverageproductswhichconform to nationaldietaryguidelines and internationalstandardssupportingtheWHOGlobalStrategyonDiet,PhysicalActivity and Health29.Ahighstandard:Food and beveragesshouldbecategorisedaccording to avalidatednutrientprofilingsystem.ExamplesmayincludetheUKOfcommodelused to regulateadvertisingontelevision,30theNordicKeyholefoodcategorisationmodel,31ortheproposalsfromtheUSInteragencyWorkingGroup32.Standard2:AgegroupsIssue:Somemarketingworksbelowconsciouscontrol.Evenwhenchildren and adolescentsareawareofmarketing,theymaybetrusting and uncriticalofthemessages.Medialiteracydoesnotreducemarketingmessageimpact.Proposal:Riskreductionmeanspromotingonly to thosepersonswhohavereachedanagewhentheyarelegallyconsidered to becompetentenough to protecttheirownwelfare.29WorldHealthOrganization,2004Seehttp://www.who.int/entity/dietphysicalactivity/strategy/eb11344/strategy_english_web.pdf30UKOfficeofCommunications(Ofcom)2007.Seehttp://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/consultations/foodads_new/statement/ and seehttp://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20100927130941/http://food.gov.uk/healthiereating/advertisingtochildren/nutlab/nutprofmod31Seehttp://www.slv.se/en‐gb/Group1/Food and Nutrition/Keyhole‐symbol/32FederalTradesCommission(2011)InteragencyWorkingGroupSeeksInputonProposedVoluntaryPrinciples for MarketingFood to Children.Seehttp://www.ftc.gov/opa/2011/04/foodmarket.shtm19Permittedtargetagegroupsshouldbesignificantlyolderthanthisinor...

... passenger too had to have a strategy for when to change topic. The reasons for this setup was to elicit a natural and fairly intense dialogue and to force the participants to frequently change topic and/ or ... and if - to resume, and also whether thetopic that is to be resumed belongs to a domainwhere the system has information to give to theuser, or a domain where the user gives informa-tion to ... respect to interruption and re-sumption of topics (interrupt-topic and resume-topic, respectively). Interruption can be done intwo ways, either to pause the dialogue or to changetopic and/ or...