... is not further explored in this chapter, and the reader is referred to some recent reviews [24,25]. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is another of the effectors regulated via the PI3K/Akt ... insulin-like growth factor and its tyrosine kinase receptor and insulin growth factor receptor 1, both of which are over-expressed in pancreatic cancer; members of the fibroblastgrowth factor family, ... on morphologicfeatures, they were further classified into early and late lesions,starting with PanIN-1A, PanIN-1B, and progressing to PanIN-2 and then to the most advanced lesion, PanIN-3 [5,6]....