... (1997)Asking questions about women's reproductive health: validityand reliability of survey ®ndings from Istanbul. TropicalMedicine and International Health 2, 47±56.Hill AG, MacLeod WB, ... than rely solely on the damaging health consequences.keywords female genital cutting, female genital mutilation, female circumcision, Gambia, Africa, reproductive health correspondence Linda Morison, ... condemned as a violation ofhuman rights; a manifestation of gender inequality andextremely damaging to sexuality and health. But evidence on how common and how serious the short- and long-termconsequences...