Fossils: A Very Short Introduction
Fossils: A Very Short Introduction
... or, atleast, a high rate of speciation and morphological change within a narrow lineage without lateral diversification. The simplestexplanation may be that all this is an artefact of sampling ... rawdata, and new hard-nosed analyses already suggest somethingentirely more logical, if less dramatic, than an ever-increasingdiversity. It seems to be the case, after all, that the earth achievedmaximum ... universal in all of palaeontology. All specieslive in a changing environment in which, as the Chicago-basedpalaeontologist and evolutionary theorist Leigh van Valen haspointed out (paradoxically...
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Economics: A Very Short Introduction
... parents can afford to be egalitarian. In contrast,Becky’s household can always afford enough food. Her parentsallocate food equally every day – again, allowing for differences innutritional ... duecare has been taken by insurees against bad outcomes (protectionagainst moral hazard). By being able to take advantage of the Lawof Large Numbers, markets and the government, taken together,are ... equal. There is evidence that this is so, both in theIndian sub-continent and in sub-Saharan Africa.The ratio of females to males in sub-Saharan Africa is 102 to 100,which means the female–male...
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Game theory: A very short introduction
... VonNeumann’s toy model abstracts all such complications away.Alice and Bob are each dealt a number between 0 and 1. Both aimto maximize their average dollar earnings on the assumption that90Informationall ... in launching an angry attackon Alice after she has treated him unfairly. His behaviour mightthen easily be dismissed as irrational by observers who fail tonotice that he isn’t necessarily acting ... capableof sustaining high levels of reciprocal altruism? How wouldhumans be capable of the same feat if we always had to spend halfan hour or more calculating what to do before taking any action?Some...
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Global catastrophes: A very short introduction
... the planet, sending up a gigantic plume of gas and debris and blasting outwards a rapidlyexpanding shock wave. As fragment after fragment hammered intothe planet, spectacular images were gathered ... waves, earthquakes, tsunamis, andwildfires. Many urban centres in Europe, Africa, and Asia appear tohave collapsed almost simultaneously around 2350 bc, and recordsabound of flood, fire, quake, ... trepidation. Seismologists predict that a quakeas large as magnitude 7 could strike at any time – directly beneaththe capital. This event, known locally as a chokka-gata quake, willcause severe...
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Photography: a very short introduction
... is an index of a speaker; writing of a hand employing a penor moving over a keyboard; traffic signs of both a fabricator and anact of planning. What is particular, and peculiar, about photographsis ... a distinction between actual and virtualphenomena.) Assuming a good, flat mirror with a clean surface,there are three factors that enable a beholder to determine thatwhat they see is an image, ... vision. Cameraimages are of a different order.An analogy with natural vision underpins many assumptions aboutphotography. It is often said that the camera is a truthful recorder inso far as it...
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Nuclear weapons: A very short introduction
... is moral; offense is immoral.’ Ironically, three and a half decades later, James M. Lindsay and Michael E. O’Hanlon argued a national security policy that deliberately leaves the American people ... Watkins concluded, to have a long-range programme to ‘develop systems that would defeat a missile attack’. Reagan gravitated to Watkins’s missile defence idea as a way to alleviate his moral ... Department’s budget, much larger than the estimates initially offered by the Reagan administration.Meanwhile, arms negotiator and diplomat Paul Nitze had presented a three-part formula that any...
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The meaning of life: A very short introduction
... gods and beasts. Yet Aristotelian man, as Alasdair MacIntyre has observed, is a stranger to love.27The assumption that the meaning of life is primarily an individual affair is still alive and ... Nicomachean Ethics, available in Penguin Classics in an edition by Jonathan Barnes (Harmondsworth, 1976). Jonathan Barnes has also published a useful introduction to Aristotle in the Very Short ... the contrary, he thought it far more important than talk about factual states of affairs. It was just that language could not represent the world as a whole. But though the value and meaning...
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