... (the second language). There are two kinds of language transfers: negative and positive transfer. Negative transfer is the use of a native- language pattern or rule which leads to an error or ... different circumstances. For all those reasons, the Vietnamese learners translated from their MT rather than writing directly in English. Therefore, this lead to the first language transfer, however, ... learning, as an aid to teaching or in the preparation of teaching materials. Error analysis developed as a branch of applied linguistics in the 1960s, and set out to demonstrate that many learner errors...