... large amount of strain hardening.The strain at which strain hardening begins (⑀st) and the rate at which stress increaseswith strain in the strain-hardening range (the strain-hardening modulus ... stress-strain curve. Also, the value of true strainat fracture is much greater than the engineering strain at fracture (though until yielding beginstrue strain is less than engineering strain).1.8 ... members causes, in adjacentrestrained metal, strains that can exceed the yield-point strain. In thick material, triaxialstresses may develop because there is restraint in the thickness direction...
... abutting cross-sectional configurations is madeunless specifically required by the contract documents. The as-fabricated straightness toler-ances of members are one-half of the standard camber and sweep ... arepulled into plumb. It is necessary, therefore, to erect from the more restrained portion of theframing to the less restrained. If a structure has a braced center core, that area will be erectedfirst ... welding may be direct or alternatingcurrent. With direct current, either straight or reverse polarity may be used. For straightpolarity, the base metal is the positive pole and the electrode is...
... strain in the x direction is accompanied by lateralstrains of opposite sign. If⑀xis a tensile strain, for example, the lateral strains in the y andz directions are contractions. These strains ... top.The plane where the strain is zero is called the neutral axis. Below the neutral axis, tensilestrains act, increasing in magnitude downward. With use of the stress-strain relationship ofthe ... distance y from the neutralaxisb(y)ϭwidth of beam at distance y from the neutral axisƒ(y)ϭnormal stress at a distance y from the neutral axiscbϭdistance from neutral axis to beam bottomctϭdistance...
... roof decking to distribute loads transverselyto the chords (Fig. 4.26b).A folded-plate structure has a two-way action in transmitting loads to its supports. In thetransverse direction, the plates ... eliminatesthe need for such equations.Figure 4.27a shows a transverse section through part of a folded-plate structure. Aninterior element, plate 2, transmits the vertical loading on it to joints 1 and ... resisting only tension, it is limited totransferring forces only along its length. The vast majority of structures require a morecomplex ability to transfer forces. Thus it is logical to combine...
... and axial transfer force. The transfer force, sometimes called ‘‘drag’’ or ‘‘dragthrough’’ force, is the axial force that must be transferred to the opposite side of thecolumn. The transfer ... section are prohibited.Groove welds also are classified as complete-penetration and partial-penetration welds.In a complete-penetration weld, the weld material and the base metal are fused through-out ... CONNECTIONS5.33welds. The transverse spacing of longitudinal fillet welds in end connections should notexceed 8 in unless the design otherwise prevents excessive transverse bending in the con-nections.5.20...
... neutral axis, and (2) secondary momentsproduced in a member of a rigid frame due to sidesway of the frame that creates eccentricity⌬of the axial compression load with respect to the neutral ... Stability Research Council for use with six idealized conditions of rotation andtranslation at column supports are illustrated in Fig. 6.4 (see also Arts. 7.4 and 7.9).The axially compression strength ... materials handling systemsSϭroof snow loadRϭrain loadWϭwind loadEϭearthquake loadTϭrestraint loadsInstead of the factors 0.75 and 0.66, allowable stresses may be increased one-third...
... a concentrated load occurs on a beam, the number of shear connectors betweenthe concentrated load and the inflection point should be adequate to develop the maximummoment at the concentrated ... or by longitudinal welds in combination with transverse welds:AϭAg2ϭgross area of member, in(c) When the tension load is transmitted only by transverse welds:2Aϭarea of directly connected ... of loading, in(a) When the tension load is transmitted only by bolts or rivets:AϭAn2ϭnet area of the member, in(b) When the tension load is transmitted only by longitudinal welds to other...
... bending stresses.Lateral loads in the transverse direction are transferred to the truss top chords via dia-phragm action of the floor deck. These loads are transmitted through the depth of the ... trussesto the bottom chords and are then transferred through the floor deck at that level to theadjacent-truss top chords. The overturning couple produced by the transfer of lateral loadfrom the top ... ends of thetruss. Only axial forces are induced in the exterior columns. Therefore, transverse lateralloads are transmitted down through the structure without creating bending stresses in thetrusses...
... more common in buildings where the lateral resistance was concentrated inlimited portions of the structure, since this concentration produces larger member sizes. Theredundancy factor described ... ƒj(t)for each mode of vibration. Figure 9.7 shows the design response spectra recommended bythe UBC unless site-specific spectra are employed. The response is based on calculations ofthe single-degree-of-freedom ... concentrate the inelastic deformation (ductility demand) into a small portion of thestructure. This can dramatically increase the ductility demand for that portion of the structure.This concentration...
... fused area at plane of maximum shear transferϭ0.7dϪ1.5t butՅ0.55dtϭtotal base steel thickness of sheets involved in shear transferSee Fig. 10.9 for illustration of diameters d, da, and ... fully effective. To do this, first determinethe location of the neutral axis. Because the top flange is not fully effective, the neutral axiswill be located below the centroidal axis of the gross ... weldteϭeffective throat dimension10.17.2 Fillet WeldsFillet welds are considered to transmit longitudinal and transverse loads with shear stresses.For these welds, the nominal strength is the...
... for Highway Bridges,’’ AmericanAssociation of State Highway and Transportation Officials.100 psf transverse40 psf longitudinalTransverse and longitudinal loads should be applied simultaneously.Wind ... BRIDGES11.9represents forces from an automobile or pickup as in PL-2, in addition to a 50,000-lb van-type tractor-trailer traveling at 50 mph and impacting at an angle of 15Њ.The performance criteria require ... penetrate or hurdlethe railing, must remain upright during and after the collision. and be smoothly redirectedby the railing. Thus, a rail system that can withstand the impact of a tractor-trailer...
... computations of neutral-axis location andsection moduli for the composite section are tabulated in Table 12.2. To locate the neutralaxis, moments are taken about the neutral axis of the rolled ... forthe location of the neutral axis and for the section moduli Sstand Ssbof the trial plate-girdersection are tabulated in Table 12.17.For unsymmetrical girders with transverse stiffeners but ... effects of creep. The computations of neutral-axis location andsection moduli for the composite section are tabulated in Table 12.8. To locate the neutralaxis, moments are taken about middepth...
... Reinforcedconcrete decks may be transverse, longitudinal or four-way slabs.ãTransverse slabs are supported on stringers spaced close enough so that all the bending inthe slabs is in a transverse direction.ãLongitudinal ... with a concentrated load at top-chord level and rigid connectionto a floorbeam. This system offers elastic restraint to buckling of the top chord. The analysisof elastically restrained compression ... should be made todetermine the best position for the trusses.Train weight on a bridge on a curve is not centered on the centerline of track. Loads aregreater on the outer truss than on the inner...
... panels at 27.8 ftSPAN: 778 ft RISE: 151 ft RISE / SPANϭ1:5.2NO. OF LANES OF TRAFFIC: 4, including 2 street-railway tracksHINGES: Two CROWN DEPTH: 25 DEPTH/ SPANϭ1:31AVERAGE DEAD LOAD: LB ... Washington Department of TransportationENGINEER: Bridges and Structures Division, Washington DOTFABRICATOR: Northwest Steel Fabricators, Vancouver, Wash.GENERAL CONTRACTOR: Dale M. Madden, ... solid-ribbed arch, 15 panels at 50 ftSPAN: 750 ft RISE: 124.4 ft RISE / SPANϭ1:6NO. OF LANES OF TRAFFIC: 6 plus 10-ft bermsHINGES: 0 CROWN DEPTH: 4 ft DEPTH / SPANϭ1:187AVERAGE DEAD LOAD:...