demand supply oxygen ratio mediated by adenosine

... concentration of adenosine and TNF-α in inflammatory exudates was quantified by HPLC and ELISA, respectively [17] The IL-10 concentration in cell-free inflammatory exudates was quantified by ELISA ... energy supply, such as in oxygen depletion, or when there is cell necrosis as a consequence of mechanical or inflammatory injury Adenosine acts via four distinct adenosine receptor subtypes – the adenosine ... inflammation that is regulated by A2A adenosine receptors but not by A3 adenosine receptors [24,25] We infer from these results and previous reports that the involvement of different adenosine receptor subtypes...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 07:20

... apoptosis by using 3T3-L1 adipocytes and rat primary adipocytes Adipocyte apoptosis could be induced by troglitazone, pioglitazone or 15-deoxy-D12,14-prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2), and reversed by GW9662, ... troglitazone at the indicated concentrations for 96 h Adipocyte apoptosis was measured by TUNEL assay of PPARc, because the expression of Akt-1 was only slightly induced by troglitazone, whereas the ... pathway is reversed by GW9662 [28] Similarly, adipocyte apoptosis is also induced by troglitazone through a PPARc-dependent Akt-1 signaling pathway (Fig 3A,B) However, the mechanism by which PPARc...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 09:20

... apoptotic activity by ERK in H2O2 -mediated L929 cell apoptosis has also been reported by Yoon-Jin Lee et al [30], who showed that oxidative damage-induced apoptosis is mediated by ERK1 ⁄ phosphorylation ... Oridonin-induced ROS generation was blocked by NAC in L929 cells The cells were incubated with medium or 50 lM oridonin for 24 h The cellular ultrastructure was examined by using transmission electron ... examined by western blot analysis (upper panel) The cells were transfected with p38, ERK or control siRNA for 24 h, followed by stimulation with oridonin for 24 h, and the inhibitory ratio was...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 13:20

... increased by incubation with the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor vanadate (Figs 1B and 5C) By contrast, the phosphorylation of CDK1 on Y15 was increased to a much lesser degree by vana- ... lysate was clarified by centrifugation at 15 000 g for 30 followed by centrifugation at 100 000 g for h Saturated ammonium sulfate solution (200 mL) was added (33% final concentration) and incubated ... D3-CDK4-p27kip1 holoenzyme in thyroid epithelial cells: activation by TSH, inhibition by TGFbeta, and phosphorylations of its subunits demonstrated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis Exp Cell Res 291,...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 18:20

... rabbits After administration of the SP (1 mLÆkg)1), colonic temperature began to rise in a SEC1 concentration-dependent manner (Fig 1A) This febrile response was not affected by polymyxin B (Fig ... febrile response induced by SEC1 is dependent on NADPH oxidase and not on PI3K ⁄ Akt or 5-LOX ⁄ 3640 FLAP because these phenomena are attenuated by apocynin and not by ETYA, MK 886, Wort or HIMO ... superoxide formation by transferring electrons from NADPH onto oxygen molecules [56] A deficiency of one PHOX subunit in NADPH oxidase leads to the inhibition of superoxide generation, and results...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 00:20

... even by treatment with hypotonic conditions or chemical chromatin modifiers Nevertheless, detectable DSBs are not induced by such treatments It seems likely therefore that chromatin alterations, ... mixtures, precipitated DNA was analyzed by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis DNA was visualized by staining with ethidium bromide Results are represented by negative images Asterisks indicate nucleic ... (i) the recognition and incorporation of multiple damage sites in a noncatalytic fashion; (ii) the concentration of factors diluted in solution; (iii) the acceleration of reactions; and (iv) the...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 06:20

... anti-NGF) Similar results were obtained by transfecting two human pancreatic tumor cell lines, Ger and MIA PaCa-2, suggesting that the apoptotic response mediated by aggregating anti-Ras scFvs is not ... in the gel, as revealed by Coomassie blue staining (not shown) and by anti-HP1b immunoblotting (Fig 3B,C) Transfection efficiency of scFv–GFP constructs was controlled by anti-GFP immunoblotting ... processes appear to be responsible for the anti-Ras -mediated apoptosis described in this paper: (a) impairment of the UPS by scFv aggregation; (b) antibody -mediated targeting of p21Ras to the UPS It is...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 00:20

... Titration of ATPADP steady-state exchange rate mediated by ANT with cATR and correlation with DWm (A) ATPADP steadystate exchange rate mediated by ANT determined as a function of cATR concentration ... ATPADP steady-state exchange rate mediated by ANT with DWm Plot of ATPADP exchange rate mediated by ANT versus DWm in liver mitochondria depolarized to various voltages by different amounts of SF 6847, ... lm Ap5A State respiration was initiated by the addition of mm K-ADP to the incubation medium State respiration was initiated by the addition of cATR at the indicated concentrations Determination...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 00:20

... exert cytotoxic effects by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated by Fenton-like reactions and ⁄ or during intracellular reduction of V(V) to V(IV), mainly by NADPH, that contribute ... of apoptosis, by shifting the proapoptotic ⁄ antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family member ratio towards the former and by inducing PARP1 cleavage (Fig 2) Thus, VOSO4 inhibited cell proliferation and induced ... inhibited cell proliferation of HaCaT cells by affecting the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins To investigate the effects of VOSO4 on cell growth, we performed cell proliferation and colony...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 02:20

... DT40 cell line mediated by PMA/ionomycin treatment, but also that their own transcription is not influenced by PMA/ionomycin Therefore, the apoptotic cell death of DT40 mediated by PMA/ionomycin ... mRNA level was decreased gradually by PMA/ionomycin treatment by 24 h, and the caspase-10 mRNA level was increased by h and thereafter decreased dramatically by 24 h Expression of caspase-3 and ... caspase-8 gene expression by PMA/ionomycin treatment in E2A-/To further clarify the molecular mechanism linked to the apoptotic induction of the DT40 cell line cooperatively mediated by E2A and BCR signaling,...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 04:20

... and incorporation into the microfilamentous network of fibroblasts Our results provide evidence for a novel signaling mechanism in TGFb-induced actin cytoskeleton reorganization mediated by Smad proteins ... RhoA gene by TGFb1 was observed in HepG2 cells (Fig 1C, middle panel) Overexpression of the Smad3 protein via adenovirus -mediated gene transfer induced transcription of the human RhoB gene By using ... enhanced by overexpression of Smad3 and Smad4 proteins (3.4-fold) and to a lesser extent by overexpression of Smad2 and Smad4 proteins (2.3-fold), and this activity was stimulated further by simultaneous...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 06:20

... Expression of the desABCD cluster is coordinately regulated by iron concentrations in the culture medium, and this regulation is mediated by binding of the regulatory protein DmdR1 to the iron box ... biology techniques [30] Plasmids were transformed into E coli strains by standard chemical methods or by electroporation Electroporation-competent cells (50 or 100 lL; 109 colony-forming unitsÆmL)1) ... biosynthetic pathway in which cadaverine formed by lysine decarboxylation is subsequently hydroxylated to N-hydroxycadaverine by the protein encoded by desB (Fig 1) which is later FEBS Journal 274...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 11:20

... were generated by in vitro transcription with T3 or Sp6 polymerases RNA was quantified by absorbance at 260 nm and its integrity was verified by agarose gel electrophoresis followed by ethidium bromide ... AREs are known to mediate mRNA degradation by Fig Interferon-b production by Hec-1B cells infected by Sendaı¨ virus Hec-1B cells were infected for h by the Sendaı¨ virus, the cells were then washed ... Winstall, E., Gamache, M & Raymond, V (1995) Rapid mRNA degradation mediated by the c-fos 3¢ AU-rich element and that mediated by the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor 3¢ AU-rich...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 10:20

... was able to bind speci®cally (Fig 3D, lane 3) and could be supershifted by an Ets-1 speci®c antibody (lane 2), but not by an unrelated antibody (lane 13) Increasing amounts (10 and 100-fold molar ... 12, 1043±1053 Lim, F., Kraut, N., Framptom, J & Graf, T (1992) DNA binding by c-Ets-1, but not v-Ets, is repressed by an intramolecular mechanism EMBO J 11, 643±652 Jorcyk, C.L., Watson, D.K., ... were important, the GGAA sequence of each one was mutated to AGAA PCR reactions were performed by standard Ó FEBS 2002 methods using Taq polymerase (Promega) Deletions were carried out with mixed...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 17:20

... Rpl32-2 The interactions detected by coimmunoprecipitation experiments are shown by solid arrows The interactions detected by the yeast two-hybrid system are show by dashed arrows Moc3 and Moc4/Zfs1 ... antibody mixture, followed by incubation with rotation for h at °C Sepharose beads were collected by centrifugation at 10 000 g for 10 at °C The supernatant was discarded by aspiration and the beads ... other Moc proteins A positive signal is indicated by ‘+’ and a negative signal by ‘)’ The strength of blue color on the X-gal filter is shown by the number of plus marks Gal4-BD, GAL4 DNA-binding...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 05:22

... is hyperphosphorylated by the protein kinase p38c [3] Therefore, we initiated experiments to determine whether hDlg degradation is affected by phosphorylation mediated by p38c in a cell density-dependent ... low because of its degradation by proteasomes (Fig 2D) [19] These results indicate that the degradation of hDlg upon cellular stress is mediated by caspases and not by the proteasome In addition, ... shock-induced degradation of hDlg is mediated by caspase Osmotic shock causes a decrease of hDlg protein As mentioned previously, hDlg degradation seems to be regulated by phosphorylation and cell density...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 06:20

... preparation was centrifuged at 100 000 g for 15 min, and the supernatant fraction was processed for HAT isolation by partitioning in Triton X-114 (1% final detergent concentration) For phase separation, ... capacity, reaching a plateau at 150 lm (Fig 1A) At this concentration, HAT was decreased by 80% Activation of plasma H+-ATPase by d-glucose is a very rapid process; when the yeast cells were ... concentrations of d-glucose Plasma membranes were isolated, and H+-ATPase activity and HAT quantity were measured d-glucose produced concentrationdependent activation of H+-ATPase, as measured by...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 11:20

... hydrolysis initiated by addition of SMP, inhibited by IF1 at two different concentrations, and further reactivated with FCCP Additions (SMP 18 lg, IF1, FCCP lM) are indicated by arrows Curves and ... was obtained by multiplying ordinates of curve by the ratio between uncoupled and coupled GTPase rates in the absence of IF1 It indicates expected uncoupled activity if catalysed by the same enzyme ... controlled by IF1 binding To check this hypothesis, we studied IF1-inhibition of coupled ATPase and recovery of its activity using different IF1 concentrations Relationship between IF1 concentration...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 12:20

... described previously for isoenzyme CPB2.8 [11] The concentration of the enzyme stock solutions ( 11 lM) were determined by active site titration with human cystatin C, which was a generous gift ... were monitored by their absorbance at 220 nm and by fluorescence emission at 420 nm following excitation at 320 nm The molecular mass and purity of synthesized peptides were checked by MALDI-TOF ... was monitored by absorbance at 220 nm and by fluorescence at 420 nm after excitation at 320 nm The Abz-containing fragments were compared with authentic synthetic sequences and/or by amino acid...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 13:20

... Identical residues are shaded dark grey, and similar residues indicated by lighter shades Helices are indicated by rods, and b-strands by arrows sequence in all Plasmodium species Insert is located between ... structure, the Asp199x cognate forms an inter-monomer bridge with Glu256y that is mediated either by urea or by free arginine, depending on the crystallization conditions [36] 3520 Before proceeding ... wild-type The elution profile of all mutants analysed by gel filtration revealed monomeric forms, except for Glu295 Ala, which is partially trimeric (Fig 7) By contrast, trimer formation is more susceptible...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 23:20