Pesticide monitoring activities in the United States began in the mid-1960s in response to a directive from President John F. Kennedy in 1963 to implement recommendations made by the President's Science Advisory Committee that federal agencies develop a network to monitor pesticide residues in air, water, soil, fish, wildlife, and humans (Bennett, 1967). During the late 1960s and the 1970s, several federal agencies began the following monitoring programs: (1) the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) monitored pesticides in humans (adipose tissue, blood serum, and urine), soils (agricultural and urban), raw agricultural crops, surface water (including bed sediment), estuarine fish and shellfish, and ambient air in suburban locales; (2) the Food and Drug Administration analyzed pesticides in processed, ready-to-eat foods, in raw foods, and in animal feeds; (3) the U.S. Department of Agriculture monitored pesticides in meat and poultry; and (4) the U.S. Department of the Interior monitored pesticides in water, sediment, fish, and migratory and nonmigratory birds (Carey and Kutz, 1985). National monitoring activities, many of which continued into the 1980s and some into the 1990s, have been supplemented by many hundreds of state and local monitoring studies.