Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống
1
/ 229 trang
THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
Thông tin cơ bản
Định dạng
Số trang
229
Dung lượng
3,17 MB
Nội dung
ACCA - SBL Strategic Business Leader Study Notes CONTENTS Sr # Topics Page # 01 Introduction to SBL & Recommended Study Approach 01 02 Case Study Tips and Techniques (and professional marks) 04 03 Leadership 07 04 Agency Relationships 12 05 The Board of Directors 19 06 Reporting to Stakeholders 41 07 Two Tier Boards, Insider Structures, CG Approaches 46 08 Stakeholders 52 09 Corporate Social Responsibility 56 10 Environmental and Social Footprints 59 11 Code of Ethics 67 12 Bribery, Ethical Decision Making and Public interest 70 13 Introduction to Strategy and Strategic Planning 74 14 Strategic Analysis 80 15 Strategic Choice 102 16 Sources of Finance 122 17 Risk Management 134 18 Internal Control 151 19 Strategy in Action 162 20 Financial Analysis 190 21 Developments in Technology Shaping Business 206 22 E-Business 214 INTRODUCTION TO SBL Strategic Business Leader The Syllabus About the Exam - - An integrated case study containing a number of assignments which will vary at each examination. 100 mark (including 20 Professional Skills marks). All tasks must be completed. 4 hours duration One main business scenario (12‐18 pages of case study) Exhibits given(Information about an organization will be given from a range of sources) interview with staff, survey results, reports from the board or org, press articles, website extracts, integrated report extracts, emails, memos, spreadsheets, pictures, figures, tables, diagrams etc. Candidate will have to take on various roles: organizational leaders, consultants/advisers No specified number of tasks ( specimen 1 has three tasks with sub parts and specimen two has five tasks with sub parts) Each requirement Role Audience Verb ( task based) Professional marks pg. 1 Skills Needed to Pass SBL Technical knowledge‐80 marks‐study text, recordings Five Professional skills‐20 marks‐ Support senior management in leading organisations: professional skills!‐ NOT a separate element‐ doorway to the technical marks! Exam techniques/skills Professional Marks - Overall professionalism 5 skills Communication Commercial acumen Evaluation Scepticism Analysis Ethics and Professional Skills Module Comprising six interactive units, the module covers: - Ethics and professionalism - Personal effectiveness - Innovation and scepticism - Commercial awareness, analysis, evaluation and problem solving - Leadership and team work - Communication and interpersonal skills Assumed knowledge Finance in Planning and decision making ‐ F5 knowledge is crucial ( financial analysis and decision making; cost and management accounting) ‐ No detailed techniques will be tested in SBL BUT analytical skills needed for solving issues based on this knowledge Forecasting techniques Expected values Financial ratios Break‐even Cost volume profit relationships Investment appraisal techniques pg. 2 Recommended study approach using these notes - Use these notes to prepare a ‘toolkit’ of models/theories/concepts you can use in the exam Remember: There are NO marks for explaining these models/theories/concepts; the focus has to be on using them by linking them to the case study Attempt ALL case studies on the ACCA website Use an approved content provider’s revision kit for more practice. pg. 3 Case Study‐ Tips & Techniques The recommended approach Read info in the sequence given ( Background, List of exhibits, tasks, exibits) Link tasks to exhibits when reading exhibits Highlight relevant and useful information Once scenario read, read requirements again Be certain about what is being asked‐Translate Verb Rule of AND NO professional marks if technical answer incorrect Writing skills Sentences should be short and to the point ( 2‐4 sentences for each point) Each point in a separate paragraph Leave space between the paragraphs Include headings and sub‐headings but not excessively so Answer questions in Numerical order(preferred) Don’t define the framework THE FORMAT: Cant get full professional marks if formats not useds correctly. PROFESSIONAL MARKS‐ 20 Overall professionalism in writing the answers Making the most important or crucial points. Only making relevant points and not including extra information or wrong or unsupported points. Not repeating points already made. Use short sentences Use headings to break down information into clearly identifiable sections pg. 4 The five professional skills‐ How to apply these while writing the answers: 1 Communication Required format With a professional tone and use of language Avoiding ambiguity, unnecessary explanations and repetition. Language concise, clear and factual Use 'justifying' words, such as 'because': for example, 'I recommend you do this because…' 2 Sceptisism Establish the real picture compare with other info given in the question: Is it contracting other areas? Who has prepared it; do they have a reason to manipulate the information, is the source reliable? What’s missing? Have all impacts been considered?Recongise other impacts of decisions too (rather than simply what’s given in the question) For example, if a management accountant is offering an explanation of a variance between actual figures and budget, are you satisfied their explanation properly explains the variance? 3 Commercial acumen Use the case, consider variety of aspects, exercise judgment( for example commercial/profitability impact, competitive position impact, stakeholders acceptability, , risks, ethics, environment, governance, fiduciary duty etc ) Demonstrate awareness of underpinning knowledge from earlier papers BUT in the context of the scenario. NO dumping of technical knowledge without referencing to the scenario! 4 Evaluation Possible courses of action are examined from different perspectives including points both for and against (impact on key stakeholders, organization’s performance etc.) Impact on different aspects explained in the context of the question ( key stakeholders, performance of the organization, costs, risks, benefits and opportunities considered before making or recommending solutions or decisions.) 5 Analysis Review and investigate all information thoroughly; Identify relevant data from different places within a scenario Give reasons for Cause—effect/implication Don't simply repeat points from the scenario; explain why they are significant and/or what their implications are pg. 5 In the words of the examiner…. Time management 240 minutes available ‐ 40 minutes: read the case study, plan the answer ( read ALL the pages end to end, know where to find relevant information easily when writing) ‐ 200 minutes: individual requirements: prepare for and answer ( 100 marks so 2 minutes per mark)‐ allocate time for each part. Effective reading ‐ No point in skimming through the paper‐ no choice in the exam ‐ Read info in the sequence given ‐ Link tasks to exhibits when reading exhibits ‐ Highlight relevant and useful information Analyzing the requirements ‐ Be certain about what is being asked ‐ NO professional marks if technical answer incorrect ‐ Verb ‐ Rule of AND ‐ Translate Planning ‐ Plan the whole exam before answering any part of the paper because of the integrated nature of the case information ‐ One requirement may directly or indirectly relate to the next one ‐ Can cross reference answer instead of wasting time ‐ Decide how may points need to be made ( 1 mark for 1 point usually in SBL‐ another mark for the same point possibly if fully developed) ‐ Use syllabus and previous knowledge when identifying points you will later write but link it to the case ‐ Be aware of the professional marks Writing skills ‐ ‘get into the character’ of the task ‐ Be aware of what you are being asked to do and who the answer is for ( the audience) ‐ Answer the requirement ‐ Breadth of issues ( depth of discussion by applying syllabus knowledge to the scenario BUT not excessive) ‐ Sentences should be short and to the point ( 2‐4 sentences for each point) ‐ Each point in a separate paragraph ‐ Leave space between the paragraphs ‐ Include headings and sub‐headings but not excessively so pg. 6 Requirement verbs Analyse Actual meaning: Break into separate parts and discuss, examine, or interpret each part Key tips: Give reasons for the current situation or what has happened Assess Actual meaning: To judge the worth, importance, evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, ability, extent, or significance Key tips: Determine the strengths/weaknesses/importance/ significance/ability to contribute. Compare Actual meaning: Examine two or more things to identify similarities and differences Key tips: Clearly explain the resemblances or differences. Conclusion Actual meaning: The result or outcome of an act or process or event, final arrangement or settlement Key tips: End your answer well, with a clear decision. Criticise Actual meaning: Present the weaknesses/problems; evaluate comparative worth. Don’t explain the situation. Instead, analyse it Key tips: Criticism often involves analysis. Evaluate Actual meaning: Determine the scenario in the light of the arguments for and against Key tips: Mention evidence/case/point/issue to support evaluation. Interpret Actual meaning: Comment on, give examples, describe relationships Key tips: Include explanation and evaluation. Outline Actual meaning: Describe main ideas, characteristics, or events Key tips: Briefly explain the highlighted points. Recommend Actual meaning: Advise the appropriate actions to pursue in terms the recipient will understand Key tips: Give advice or counsel Summarise Actual meaning: Give a brief, condensed account. Include conclusions. Avoid unnecessary details Key tips: Remember to conclude your explanation. pg. 7 Leadership SBL Revision Notes Leadership Leadership is the process of influencing an organisation (or group within an organisation) in its efforts towards achieving an aim or goal. Without effective leadership the risk is that people in an organisation are unclear about its purpose or lack motivation to deliver the strategy to achieve it Leadership can be defined as the process by which an individual influences others. Within organisations it is to be hoped that leaders have both power (the ability to influence) and authority (the right to influence). One without the other is never satisfactory. An effective leader: Key leadership traits (essential for successfully forming strategy, implementing it and managing change) Trait theories Early theories of leadership were known as ‘trait theories’ and these suggested that all good leaders were born with certain identifiable traits that were the ‘golden rules’ of good leadership. This was bad news for those whose genetic endowment lacked those traits. Different researchers have conducted studies and research reviews linking a variety of different traits with effective leadership. For example, Stogdill's 1974 review of leadership traits identified qualities that included Age, physique, and appearance, Intelligence, Knowledge, Integrity, Emotional control, Social skills, Self‐confidence More modern theories, while recognizing that there tend to be traits or styles of behaviour, maintain that many of these styles can be taught. For example, research tends to suggest that successful leaders exhibit: honesty, the ability to inspire, competence, intelligence and the ability to look forward. Behavioral/ style theories The research unit at Ashridge Management College distinguished four different management styles. Tells (autocratic) ‐ the manager makes all the decisions and issues instructions which must be obeyed without question. Sells (persuasive) ‐ the manager still makes all the decisions, but believes that team members must be motivated to accept them in order to carry them out properly. Consults (participative) ‐ the manager confers with the team and takes their views into account, although still retains the final say. Joins (democratic) ‐ the leader and the team members make the decision together on the basis of consensus. Situation/Contingent approach Modern thinking about leadership suggests a contingent approach: there are no golden rules that will fit every situation and how to lead and manage is contingent on (depends on) the situation. pg. 7 Developments in Technology Shaping Business SBL Revision Notes Processing controls establish that data are complete and accurate during updating. Output controls ensure that the results of computer processing are accurate, complete, and properly distributed. Cyber Security Cyber security is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks. These attacks are usually aimed at accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information; extorting money from users; or interrupting normal business processes. Cyber‐attacks can disrupt and cause considerable financial and reputational damage to even the most resilient organisation. If the business suffers a cyber‐attack, it stands to lose assets, reputation and business, and potentially face regulatory fines and litigation – as well as the costs of remediation. A successful cyber security approach has multiple layers of protection spread across the computers, networks, programs, or data that one intends to keep safe. In an organization, the people, processes, and technology must all complement one another to create an effective defense from cyber‐attacks. People: Users must understand and comply with basic data security principles like choosing strong passwords, being wary of attachments in email, and backing up data. Processes: Organizations must have a framework for how they deal with both attempted and successful cyber‐ attacks. Technology: Technology is essential to giving organizations and individuals the computer security tools needed to protect themselves from cyber‐attacks. Three main entities must be protected: endpoint devices like computers, smart devices, and routers; networks; and the cloud. Common technology used to protect these entities include next‐generation firewalls, malware protection, antivirus software, and email security solutions. Promoting cyber security in organizations Establish a governance framework: A governance framework needs to be established that enables and supports a consistent and empowered approach to risk management across the organization, with ultimate responsibility residing at board level. The board should regularly review risks that may arise from an attack on technology or systems used. To ensure senior ownership and oversight, the risks resulting from attack should be documented in the corporate risk register and regularly reviewed. Apply recognized standards: Consider the application of recognized sources of security management good practice, such as the ISO/IEC 27000 series of standards. Educate users and maintain awareness: All users have a responsibility to help manage security risks. Provide appropriate training and user education that is relevant to their role and refresh it regularly. Encourage staff to participate in knowledge sharing exchanges with peers across the organization. pg. 212 Developments in Technology Shaping Business SBL Revision Notes Network security The connections from the organization’s networks to the Internet, and other partner networks, expose the systems and technologies to attack. By creating and implementing some simple policies and appropriate architectural and technical responses, we can reduce the chances of these attacks succeeding (or causing harm to the organisation). An organisation's networks almost certainly span many sites and the use of mobile or remote working, and cloud services, makes defining a fixed network boundary difficult. Rather than focusing purely on physical connections, think about where the data is stored and processed, and where an attacker would have the opportunity to interfere with it. Managing user privileges If users are provided with unnecessary system privileges or data access rights, then the impact of misuse or compromise of that users account will be more severe than it need be. All users should be provided with a reasonable (but minimal) level of system privileges and rights needed for their role. The granting of highly elevated system privileges should be carefully controlled and managed. This principle is sometimes referred to as ‘least privilege’. Incident management Most organisations will experience security incidents at some point. Investment in establishing effective incident management policies and processes will help to improve resilience, support business continuity, improve customer and stakeholder confidence and potentially reduce any impact. The management should identify recognised sources (internal or external) of specialist incident management expertise. Malware prevention Malicious software, or malware is an umbrella term to cover any code or content that could have a malicious, undesirable impact on systems. Any exchange of information carries with it a degree of risk that malware might be exchanged, which could seriously impact the systems and services. The risk may be reduced by developing and implementing appropriate anti‐malware policies as part of an overall 'defence in depth' approach Monitoring System monitoring provides a capability that aims to detect actual or attempted attacks on systems and business services. Good monitoring is essential in order to effectively respond to attacks. In addition, monitoring allows the management to ensure that systems are being used appropriately in accordance with organisational policies. Monitoring is often a key capability needed to comply with legal or regulatory requirements. Removable media controls Removable media provide a common route for the introduction of malware and the accidental or deliberate export of sensitive data. The management should be clear about the business need to use removable media and apply appropriate security controls to its use. Home and mobile working Mobile working and remote system access offers great benefits, but exposes new risks that need to be managed. Management should establish risk based policies and procedures that support mobile working or remote access to systems that are applicable to users, as well as service providers. Train users on the secure use of their mobile devices in the environments they are likely to be working in. pg. 213 E‐Business/Digital Business SBL Revision Notes E‐Business/Digital Business An e‐business can run any portion of its internal processes online, including inventory management, risk management, finance, human resources. Electronic Business, shortly known as e‐business, is the online presence of business. e‐business is not confined to buying and selling of goods only, but it includes other activities that also form part of business like providing services to the customers, communicating with employees, client or business partners can contact the company in case if they want to have a word with the company, or they have any issue regarding the services, etc. Email marketing to existing customers and prospects is an ebusiness activity, as it electronically conducts a business process ‐‐ in this case marketing. An online system that tracks inventory and triggers alerts at specific levels is also ebusiness. Inventory management is a business process. When facilitated electronically, it becomes part of ebusiness. A content management system that manages the work flow between content‐developer, editor, manager, and publisher is another example of ebusiness. In the absence of an electronic work flow, the physical movement of paper files would conduct this process. By electronically enabling it, we are now in the realm of ebusiness. An online induction program for new employees automates part of the whole of its offline counterpart. As with all other aspects of strategy, e‐business can be evaluated using the Suitability ( does e‐business support the existing overall strategy), Acceptability (is the new strategy acceptable to stakeholders) and Feasibility ( commercially viable? skills? finance available?) model E‐business strategy is driven by the vision and objectives of the organization as a whole. The organization needs to make key decision about: Digital business Consider the mix of having a physical and an on‐line presence. channel priorities Bricks and mortar: physical presence only Bricks and clicks: Mix of physical and on‐line presence Clicks: Online only Market and What is sold and who is it sold to? development strategies pg. 214 E‐Business/Digital Business Positioning and differentiation strategies Business, service and revenue models Marketplace restructuring SBL Revision Notes How will the online offering be positioned as compared to competitors in terms of product and service quality, price, delivery time? This is similar to the marketing mix. e‐business can provide an opportunity to make changes to the business and revenue models (i.e. on how a company will generate revenue, identifying its product offering, value added services, revenue sources and target customer Technology can change market structures themselves and organizations can take advantage of this. This may take the form of: Disintermediation: reduction in the use of intermediaries between producers and consumers, for example by investing directly in the securities market rather than through a bank. Re‐intermediation: creation of new intermediaries such as search engines and comparison sites Counter mediation: when companies set up their own intermediaries The whole idea is to control key elements of a supply chain on to prevent the competitor to gain a competitive advantage pg. 215 E‐Business/Digital Business Supply chain management capabilities Internal knowledge management capabilities Organizational resourcing and capabilities SBL Revision Notes Companies can use technology to integrate more closely with their suppliers or participate in online marketplaces. Questions that they need to consider are: • Integrate more closely with suppliers? • Which materials and interactions should we support through e‐procurement? • Can we participate in online marketplaces to reduce costs? Organizations should consider whether technology can help in creation and dissemination of knowledge. Adopting these strategies will require organizational change. Management has to decide how organization needs to change to achieve the priorities set for e‐business. Stages in adoption of e‐business Michael Earl’s analysis of how organisations’ use of e‐business evolves. Earl suggested that business use of e‐business technology progresses through the following stages: External communication A web presence Internal communication An intranet Ecommerce E‐business E‐enterprise Buying and selling Buying and selling, plus the capabilities to match Management processes and business processes are redesigned. Transactions can be monitored and analysed real‐time. New business and management models required for the new economy are embedded Transformation As is said by Earl: ‘The six stages are ‘ideal types’, stylistic phrases which capture – even caricature – the experiential learning of these companies; thus they are not necessarily definitive periods of evolution from old economy to new economy corporations. However we do find most companies identify with the model.’ The particularly interesting elements of these steps are: E‐commerce/e‐business. It is recognised that companies often try to run before they can walk. Their website promises efficient transactions but their systems simply cannot deliver so that the dispatch of goods is unreliable and errors are made. All this manages to do is advertise the firm’s incompetence to an international clientele. E‐enterprise. Management processes and business processes are redesigned. Transactions can be monitored and analysed real‐ time. It’s the ‘real‐time’ element that’s important here. For example, analysing sales as they happen and adjusting purchasing and production in response. Transformation. New business and management models required for the new economy are embedded. For example, iTunes as mentioned above. pg. 216 E‐Business/Digital Business SBL Revision Notes Technology and value chain analysis The value chain sets out all the groups of activities that a business performs, and seeks to identify what the business does to give it the right and ability to earn profits. The value chain is therefore perhaps the most fundamental model there is: value has to be added if any profits are to be made at all. Value chain theory emphasises how important it is to identify linkages between activities. For example, better technology development is likely to result in more efficient operations and fewer units needing after‐sales service and repair. Firm infrastructure Cloud based enterprise planning systems, predictive analytics, Big data Technology development Enables all other changes HR management Self‐service portal for employees Procurement EDI links and online purchasing Inbound logistics Inventory control, material requirements planning, automated delivery tracking Operations Use of robots in manufacturing, 3D printing Outbound logistics Tracking progress of goods from pick up to delivery in real time Marketing and sales e‐marketing Service Use of FAQ web pages, online chat and internet‐enabled devices The 6 Is of marketing This model summarizes ways in which the internet can add customer value. This model is particularly useful when analysing the downstream side of businesses (the marketing, distribution and sales functions) but can also be relevant elsewhere. Interactivity allows visitors The power of the Internet allows consumers to become Interactivity to engage with the website interactive with marketing collateral. and brand on a higher level, contributing to their Interactivity starts with the ads themselves. Google has marketing efforts and pioneered TrueView ads in YouTube. TrueView ads allow the providing social proof. user the option to skip a video ad after watching 5 seconds. Advertisers only pay for ads that are not skipped. This level of interactivity provides benefits to both the advertiser and the audience. For the advertiser, their ad buys are more efficient and they get a feedback loop about the effectiveness of their creation. For the audience, they make the decision about the ads that are interesting and presumably will be served more ads that meet their interests. The video phenomenon on both YouTube and Facebook also opens up other interactive options. Facebook users can engage with ads by liking the publisher and even commenting on the ad and responding to friends or strangers. This type of interaction and engagement was never possible with TV, Radio or Print. pg. 217 E‐Business/Digital Business Intelligence Intelligence refers to the data gained through market research and how a company may use information such as customer demographics to their advantage. Individualization Individualisation refers to how dynamic the content of a website is to suit an individual’s needs. SBL Revision Notes In addition to ads, advertisers can now invest in one‐to‐one post‐ click experiences. Many advertisers will create landing pages that directly relate to the ad that was displayed. This could either be landing the user directly on a product page that explains the particular product or a service page with relevant testimonials. In the traditional print world, there was often friction in finding the specific product or service being advertised. Internet marketing provides a level of intelligence due to the fact that extensive market research is conducted in a cost effective manner. The Internet provides information about consumers and companies are able to gather this information and use it for their benefit. Programmatic In recent years there has been an explosion in how advertisers are using intelligence from the web. Programmatic advertising is based on user level data aggregated from first and third‐party sources. Larger advertisers are able to use the behavior of their current customers to find “similar to” or “lookalike” audiences. Programmatic advertising is powered by the rise of Big Data. Agencies and large advertisers are assembling data troves from multiple sources to make their targeting even more efficient. Advertisements and other marketing activities on the Internet can be customized to an individual's location, demographic, age, gender, interests, and more; the ability to target a certain demographic or geographic area is also how Internet marketing excels in individualization. Retargeting The individualization enabled by digital marketing is the best chance for a marketer to cut through the clutter of digital ads. The best example of the individualization allowed by the digital marketing is retargeting ads. Advertisers can code their website to automatically generate ads based browsing history or specific actions. Ecommerce websites will use browsing history to automatically generate ads that show items that a consumer recently viewed on their website. Advertisers can increase their ROI by leading people back to a shopping card pre‐populated with the products that customer viewed. These ads reduce the friction in completing transactions. pg. 218 E‐Business/Digital Business Integration Integration refers to the combining of different media channels to provide a more wholesome marketing approach. This allows for greater interactivity and intelligence as users should easily be able to move from one channel to another via the integrations. SBL Revision Notes Intent Advertising platforms develop rich profiles of the consumer and then enable advertisers to use this information to better target ads. Google Adwords has generated billions in revenue for Google. Advertisers see large ROI because Google allows advertisers to tap into “in market” events triggered by what people are searching. When someone is searching for a “emergency plumber in atlanta,” advertisers can read into that search query to understand 1) where the person needs the service 2) when they need it (emergency… now) and 3) the type of service. Ad platforms go above the specific search and can also provide the advertiser information about the specific location of the person searching, demographic information and even if they had previously been to the advertisers website. The integration of traditional and online marketing methods such as a billboard or magazine with a QR code is evolving and marketers are utilizing the concept of integration daily; combining different media channels via Internet marketing also allows the point of interactivity and intelligence to occur. Big Data As marketers were able to collect richer customer profiles, a new segment of software began to emerge. Modern marketers rely on marketing automation platforms for both consumer and B2B companies. Marketing automation platforms are part data warehouse, part email marketing platforms and part reporting platforms. There has always been a continuum of analytical to creative in marketing roles, but the Internet has brought the data geeks from the back room to the front room. Marketing automation allows marketers to build journeys to help educate customer pre‐purchase as well as provide post‐purchase support. In addition to marketing automation, consumers expect unified experiences across devices and channels. As an example, in 2017 Domino’s Pizza offers 15 different channels for ordering Pizza. The name of the game for marketers is to be where their customer is and make the user experience seamless between channels. It is easy to forget but in the late 1990’s many call centers could not access orders or information conducted through the Internet. This type of siloed operations would never be accepted today. pg. 219 E‐Business/Digital Business Industry structure Industry Restructuring refers to how marketing methods are continuously evolving to suit the times and this causes waves in the industry as more marketing tasks are automated through new technologies. Independence of Independence of location Location refers to consumers having the ability to access the website no matter where they are located or what device they are using as long as they have an internet connection. This means that the marketing can also be done independent of location SBL Revision Notes The marketing industry as previously mentioned is continuously evolving. The disintermediation occurs in Internet marketing and is continuing as the middleman is constantly being removed from the marketing process. The Internet has been brutal in this regard. Travel agents, local retailers, brokers, cab companies and many more middlemen companies have all but vanished. They are replaced by direct booking and ordering or more efficient intermediaries operating more efficiently. Being able to do the marketing of a product or service from a personal computer at home is a great advantage of Internet marketing, as well as the ability to be reached as a consumer from anywhere with a wifi connection whether it be via mobile device or computer. Other differences/advantages that Internet marketing has over traditional marketing is accountability, testing, flexibility, micro‐ targeting, and cost‐control. All of these aspects combined can help you run a successful Internet marketing campaign. Independence of location ties back to Data and Targeting. Rather than targeting people in monolithic blocks like “what TV show they watch” or “which zip code they live in,” the Internet can target people based on much richer profiles of what they are interested in and what they need at a particular time. For example, take a person planning a vacation. They might be in one marketing researching the vacation and planning but then while on vacation need help with reservations or events. Sites like Trip Advisor will change their content based on the profile they built. Trip Advisor knows the dates you are interested in travelling because you often provide them in your searches. They then know how close that trip is and know that people often buy tickets and hotel reservations several months before the trip but then plan tours and other events closer to the trip date. Trip Advisor will tailor their emails and even continue emailing while you are vacation. This is a level of marketing and targeting that would be impossible in the offline world. pg. 220 E‐Business/Digital Business SBL Revision Notes Branding A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes an organization or product from its rivals in the eyes of the customer. The brand is the entire range (not only the name, trademark, graphics, etc.), which seeks to assure buyers of something unique ‐ either in its size, utility or symbolically, and thus influence the selection process E‐branding, like traditional branding (through TV, press, outdoor advertising, media relations), aims to create a specific brand image, but to create it and manage it by using the tools and opportunities offered by the internet. It has the same objectives as traditional branding but both forms are different in many aspects. E‐branding, unlike traditional branding is characterized by: - Constant presence ( through social media, websites etc) - Interactivity (Social media users can follow the channels of individual brands, they are kept informed about the activities of their favourite brands, have the opportunity to ask questions, evaluate, provide feedback on products and services so that businesses or individuals can react more quickly on user ratings, and then match up their actions and branding strategies to the needs and expectations of their customers). - Speed (On the Internet it is possible to have an effect immediately and any information sent over the network (a new post on a blog, newsletter, a new post on social media) goes to the audience right away. - Constantly expanding audience (We are seeing a gradual decrease in the number of traditional media consumers, for example TV or the press. Meanwhile, the number of Internet users is constantly increasing). Important of e‐branding Once you establish a company, branding is one of the most important things you can do. "Making a name for yourself" is more than a few billboards and commercials; you have to build up a reputation. If you want to become a household name, or anything close to it, a lot of hard work and dedication has to be put into your efforts. Nowadays, people are moving towards pull marketing as opposed to push marketing. Push meaning you're going to the consumer; pull meaning the consumer is coming to you. Naturally people see push methods as traditional ways of doing things, like using print. A lot of pull tactics are used online. More companies should now be focusing on pull branding, or online branding. When people are unsure of a company name they've heard, rarely do they go to the phone book anymore. The main source of information now is searching for the company's online presence. If they don't have a presence, or you can tell they set up their profiles and left them to rot, you're less likely to engage any further with them. This is the 21st century; we're living in what I like to call the "tech times" and companies that aren't hopping on the bandwagon are being left in the dust. Here are a few reasons why online branding is important: - To increase the visibility of your business - To connect with the customers and keep them updated - To cope up with the competition - It is good for research and development: Proper keyword usage allows you to drive potential traffic to your site. this is the best way to win new customers. - Legitimate yourself: By establishing and maintaining the presence online, business can show their customers that their business is active, dynamic and working to improve and is trying to grow. The Internet allows local businesses to legitimate themselves as successful companies. pg. 221 E‐Business/Digital Business SBL Revision Notes Acquiring and managing customers through e‐business technologies Every business needs new and loyal customers to succeed ‐ and as customer needs change so do the means and ways of attracting and retaining them. With digital technologies pervading every aspect of our lives and the society, businesses need to have a solid strategy in place to both acquire and retain a customer base. Search marketing: Search engine optimization (growing visibility in unpaid search engine results). , paid search and pay per click campaigns Online PR: Publisher outreach, community participation, media alerting Online partnership: Affiliate marketing, sponsorship, co‐branding. Interactive ads: Behavioural targeting, data mining ( to identify trends, patterns and relationships in data) Opt‐in email: co‐branded and ads in third party newsletters Social media marketing: Audience participation, viral campaigns, social presence management and customer feedback Acquiring and managing suppliers through e‐business technologies E‐procurement is the electronic purchase and sale of goods and services, usually through an Internet‐based platform. It is a tool designed to improve the purchasing process transparency and efficiency and help companies capture savings. Traditional procurement methods involve running requests primarily over the phone, through the post, or via face‐ to‐face meetings. In the past couple decades, companies have begun using email as well. Traditional procurement methods, including email are notoriously inefficient due to the time requirements needed for manual data entry. Lack of process transparency and data visibility are also problems with traditional procurement methods; information on current and past requests is hard to access and audit. Modern e‐procurement tools make the process vastly more efficient; buyers save time and management can easily access the data from a centralized and visualize the outcome based on information from past events. While e‐procurement does include electronic purchases performed via an EDI (electronic data interchange) or ERP (enterprise resource planning) system, the most efficient and cost‐effective tools available today are cloud‐based. Also known as software as a service (SaaS) solutions, these tend to have a shorter time to value since nothing needs to be installed on premise, and implementation can occur within hours or days, rather than weeks or months. The e‐procurement value chain consists of e‐Tendering, e‐Auctioning, vendor management, catalogue management, Purchase Order Integration, Order Status, Ship Notice, e‐invoicing, e‐payment, and contract management. Disruptive innovation and technologies Disruptive Innovation refers to a technology whose application significantly affects the way a market or industry functions. An example of a modern disruptive innovation is the internet, which significantly altered the way companies did business and which negatively impacted companies that were unwilling to adopt it. Disruptive technologies are those that significantly alter the way businesses or entire industries operate. Often times, these technologies force companies to alter the way they approach their business, or risk losing market share or becoming irrelevant. Recent examples of disruptive technologies include smartphones and e‐commerce. pg. 222 E‐Business/Digital Business SBL Revision Notes FinTech Fintech may be understood as the use of innovative information and automation technology in financial services.1) New digital technologies automate a wide range of financial activities and may provide new and more cost‐effective products in parts of the financial sector, ranging from lending to asset management, and from portfolio advice to the payment system. With the generation of new business models based on the use of big data, fintech has the potential to disrupt established financial intermediaries and banks in particular. For example, fintech facilities may help to better assess the creditworthiness of loan applicants when an institution screens them,. The main developments in the application of digital technology have occurred so far in lending, payment systems, financial advising, and insurance. In all those segments of business fintech has the potential to lower the cost of intermediation and broaden the access to finance increasing financial inclusion (that is, is fintech could be a door for unserviced parts of the population and for less developed countries). Technology has become the driving force behind many changes to society and the global economy. That technology has caused the rapid and continuous disruption of a succession of industries is a given. In the financial services industry, with the growth of financial technology (FinTech), we are witnessing significant transformations to systems and processes that had stood the test of time. What makes FinTech so potentially transformative is the scope for materially altering the fundamentals underpinning the applications that make up the backbone of our commercial lives. A range of systems and processes in areas including payment, lending, retail banking, asset management, fraud protection and regulatory compliance are now populated not just by well‐known and established institutions but also by challenger start‐ups vying for a say in the future. These new entrants, alongside reconfiguring incumbents, are reformulating service design and delivery through technological developments and advancements in software, user experience and data mining. At the same time, regulators around the world, operating in countries whose financial services sector is in varying stages of development, must find the right balance between harnessing the possibilities offered by FinTech and the right level of forward looking legislation to give it the best chance of flourishing. What is crypto currency? Cryptocurrency is designed to take advantage of the internet and how it works. Instead of relying on traditional financial institutions who verify and guarantee your transactions, crypto currency transactions are verified by the user's computers logged into the currency's network. Since the currency is protected and encrypted, it becomes impossible to increase the money supply over a predefined algorithmic rate. All users are aware of the algorithmic rate. Therefore, since each algorithm has a roof limit, no crypto currency can be produced or "mined" beyond that. Since Crypto currency is completely in the cloud, it does not attain a physical form but have a digital value, and can be used for digital equivalent of cash in a steadily increasing number of retailers and other businesses. Bitcoin was the first crypto currency that was ever created, and while there is a small fee for every crypto currency transaction, it is still considerably lesser than the usual credit card processing fees. Bitcoin is the most popular crypto currency which has seen a massive success. There are other crypto currencies such as Ripple, Litecoin, Peercoin, etc. for people to transact in. But for every successful crypto currency, there are others which have died a slow death because no one bothered to use them, and a crypto currency is only as strong as its users. pg. 223 E‐Business/Digital Business SBL Revision Notes Some of the salient features of Crypto currency include ‐ ‐ Crypto currency can be converted into other forms of currency and deposited into user's accounts at a lightning speed ‐ Most Crypto currency can be transacted anonymously, and can be used as discreet online cash anywhere in the world. Users therefore do not have to pay for any currency conversion fees ‐ While not 100% immune from theft, Crypto currency is generally safe to use and difficult for malicious hackers to break ‐ Bitcoin and other Crypto currency can be saved offline either in a "paper" wallet or on a removable storage hard drive which can be disconnected from the internet when not in use 2016 was the year of Bitcoin, and saw this digital currency grow almost 79% as compared to Russia's Ruble and Brazil's Real, the world's foremost hard currencies. As a result, it emerged as a better bet for investors while beating foreign exchange trade, stock exchange trade, and commodity contracts. There are many reasons why the impact of Bitcoin is exceptionally relevant today, and why the Crypto currency of 2018 is now here to stay. These include: 1. Reduced Remittance: Many governments around the world are implementing isolationist policies which restrict remittances made from other countries or vice versa either by making the charges too high or by writing new regulations. This fear of not being able to send money to family members and others is driving more people towards digital Cryptocurrency, chief amongst them being Bitcoin. 2. Control Over Capital: Many sovereign currencies and their usage outside of their home country are being regulated and restricted to an extent, thereby driving the demand for Bitcoin. For example, the Chinese government recently made it tougher for people as well as businesses to spend the nation's currency overseas, thereby trapping liquidity. As a result, options such as Bitcoin have gained immense popularity in China. 3. Better Acceptance: Today, more consumers are using Bitcoins than ever before, and that is because more legitimate businesses and companies have started accepting them as a form of payment. Today, online shoppers and investors are using bitcoins regularly, and 2016 saw 1.1 million bitcoin wallets being added and used. 4. Corruption Crackdown: Although unfortunate, digital Crypto currency such as Bitcoin are now also seeing more usage because of the crackdown on corruption in many countries. Both India and Venezuela banned their highest denomination and still‐circulating bank notes in order to make it tougher to pay bribes and make accumulated black money useless. But that also boosted the demand for Bitcoins in such countries, enabling them to send and receive cash without having to answer to the authorities. Blockchain At the heart of the surge in cryptocurrencies is excitement surrounding blockchain technology, which is the foundation that virtual currencies are built upon. Blockchain is the digital and decentralized ledger technology that records all transactions without the need for a financial intermediary like a bank. It appears to offer distinct advantages over existing payment facilitation networks that could make it a go‐to technology for the financial services industry (and other industries) in the future. pg. 224 E‐Business/Digital Business SBL Revision Notes Here are, in no particular order, five of the biggest advantages of blockchain technology. Transparency One of the prime reasons blockchain is intriguing to businesses is that this technology is almost always open source. That means other users or developers have the opportunity to modify it as they see fit. But what's most important about it being open source is that it makes altering logged data within a blockchain incredibly difficult. After all, if there are countless eyes on the network, someone is probably going to see that logged data has been altered. This makes blockchain a particularly secure technology. Reduced transaction costs Blockchain allows peer‐to‐peer and business‐to‐business transactions to be completed without the need for a third party, which is often a bank. Since there's no middleman involvement tied to blockchain transactions, it means they can actually reduce costs to the user or businesses over time. Faster transaction settlements When it comes to traditional banks, it's not uncommon for transactions to take days to completely settle. This is due to protocols in bank transferring software, as well as the fact that financial institutions are only open during normal business hours, five days a week. You also have financial institutions located in various time zones around the world, which can delay processing times. Comparatively, blockchain technology is working 24 hours a day, seven days a week, meaning blockchain‐based transactions process considerably more quickly. Decentralization Another central reason blockchain is so exciting is its lack of a central data hub. Instead of running a massive data center and verifying transactions through that hub, blockchain actually allows individual transactions to have their own proof of validity and the authorization to enforce those constraints. With information on a particular blockchain piecemealed throughout the world on individual servers, it ensures that if this information fell into unwanted hands (e.g., a cyber‐criminal), only a small amount of data, and not the entire network, would be compromised. User‐controlled networks Lastly, crypto currency investors are tend to be really encouraged by the control aspect of blockchain. Rather than having a third party run the show, users and developers are the ones who get to call the shots. For instance, an inability to reach an 80% consensus on an upgrade tied to bitcoin's blockchain is what necessitated a fork into two separate currencies (bitcoin and bitcoin cash) more than four months ago. Having a say goes a long way with investors and developers. But in spite of these pretty clear advantages, the success of blockchain is no sure thing. However, the major worry that can't be overlooked is that investors have, time and again throughout history, overestimated how quickly new technology will be adopted. Whether we're talking about internet‐based business‐ to‐business commerce, electric vehicles, 3D printing, and so on, none of these game‐changers were immediate winners, despite investors sending the valuations of associated companies through the roof. It takes time to lay the groundwork for new technologies like blockchain, and it could be years before we see business adopt this technology as a major component of their payment networks. pg. 225 E‐Business/Digital Business SBL Revision Notes Because we don't know how quickly blockchain will be adopted, or even which blockchain technology businesses are likely to prefer, attempting to put a value on what blockchain is worth is meaningless. This also suggests that most crypto currency valuations at the moment, which have been driven higher by the promise of blockchain success, might make no sense whatsoever. Long story short, blockchain might have a bright future as a core payment facilitator for the financial services industry. Below are the likely scenarios that may happen to companies and businesses if crypto currencies become more prominent in financial transactions. ‐ “Accepted payments: Cash, Credit Cards, and Crypto currencies: Today, thousands of merchants are accepting Bitcoin as a legitimate form of payment. One art gallery in London now accepts digital currencies, and this concept of “old meets new” may soon trickle down to more businesses. Some of the biggest companies today that accept Bitcoins are Microsoft and Shopify. If they continue to be used as a viable currency, it is likely that in the near future they will be widely used in the retail industry. ‐ Contracts made through blockchain: One of the biggest breakthroughs of crypto currency is blockchain technology. Blockchain smart contracts work like this: once both parties agree to the set of conditions, the mutually agreed upon crypto currency payment will be transferred. Once a smart contract has been submitted, it cannot be altered, and copies will be given across all the nodes of the blockchain. It has been suggested that that the system used by crypto currencies are immutable meaning that once the transactions are recorded, they cannot be erased. Since blockchain is both decentralized and immutable, it protects merchants from those who would seek to cheat the merchants. IBM and Microsoft are already offering “blockchain solutions to enterprise clients”. In the near future business could be offering secure contracts without the need for lawyers or middlemen How Crypto currency is Disrupting the Global Economy The trends that are set up through crypto currency have impacted financial markets in many different variations. These technologies are paving away a new landscape, which creates more room for small businesses, and big financial institutions to take charge, and create more change in using Blockchain technology, and overall creating more fluidity in the entire industry altogether. Seeing the fluctuation in the crypto markets over the past years, central banks and governments have been doing all that they can to create order within this financial system. There are varying amounts of measures being taken to regulate the supply and tax system within this set of crypto markets. pg. 226 ... pg. 7 Leadership SBL? ?Revision Notes John Adair’s action‐centered leadership approach Good managers and? ?leaders? ?should have full command of the three main areas of the Action Centred Leadership ... unnecessary details Key tips: Remember to conclude your explanation. pg. 7 Leadership SBL? ?Revision Notes Leadership Leadership is the process of influencing an organisation (or group within an organisation) in its efforts towards ... 20 Financial Analysis 190 21 Developments in Technology Shaping Business 206 22 E -Business 214 INTRODUCTION TO? ?SBL? ? Strategic? ?Business? ?Leader The Syllabus About the Exam - - An integrated case study containing a number of assignments which will vary at each examination.