Human rights city international experiences and vietnamese perspective

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - HANOI SCHOOL OF LAW TA HANG HA HUMAN RIGHTS CITY: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES AND VIETNAMESE PERPECSTIVE MASTER THESIS HA NOI - 2020 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - HANOI SCHOOL OF LAW TA HANG HA HUMAN RIGHTS CITY: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES AND VIETNAMESE PERPECSTIVE Specialized in Law on human rights Code No.: 8380101.07 MASTER THESIS Supervisors: Dr NGO THI MINH HUONG HA NOI - 2020 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby assure that this thesis is my own research work The data, examples, and quotes discussed in the thesis are true, accuracy and have not been published elsewhere I have completed all subjects and have paid all financial obligations in accordance with the regulations of Hanoi National University, School of Law So I write this assurance to the School of Law for consideration so I can defend my thesis Sincerely thanks! STUDENT Ta Hang Ha ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is a pleasure to give my thanks to people who have helped me make this research project a success: Doctor Ngo Thi Minh Huong, Professor Vu Cong Giao, and my family Thanks to Doctor Ngo Thi Minh Huong, I could not wish a better instructor, who has always been patient and persistent with me during the completion of my thesis And Professor Vu Cong Giao, an enthusiastic teacher who did not mind his time helping me complete this one Special thanks also to the School of Law, where we are always welcome Thank you, the Government of Australia, that has sponsored the postgraduate program of human rights, supporting us the diversity of learning materials and seminars relating to human rights At last, but certainly not least, my family and friends, who always encourage me to move on STUDENT Ta Hang Ha TABLE OF CONTENTS Statement of authorship Acknowledgements Table of contents Table of abbreviations CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Aims of the study 1.3 Scope of the study 1.4 Significance of the study 1.5 Research method 1.6 Structure of the study CHAPTER 2: HUMAN RIGHTS CITY AND THE RIGHT TO THE CITY 2.1 Human rights 2.2 Right to the city 2.2.1 The origin of the idea 2.2.2 Concept of the Right to the City 2.2.3 The evolvement of the concept into actual recognition 15 2.3 Human rights city 19 2.3.1 The development of human rights city 19 2.3.2 World Human Rights Cities Forum 21 2.3.3 UN Human Rights Advisory Council's Report on Role of Local Government in the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights 23 2.3.4 UCLG Committee on Social Inclusion, Participatory Democracy and Human Rights (UCLG CSIPDHR) 24 2.4 Human rights and its relation to Human Rights City and Right to the City 26 Conclusion of chapter 27 CHAPTER 3: MODELS OF HUMAN RIGHTS CITY 28 3.1 Cities all over the world 28 3.1.1 Rosario (Argentina) - the first human rights city 29 3.1.2 Gwangju (South-Korea): Gwangju Declaration on Human Rights Cities and Gwangju Guiding Principles for a Human Rights City 30 3.1.3 Bandung (Indonesia) 33 3.1.4 York 35 Conclusion of chapter 37 CHAPTER 4: IMPLICATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS CITY IN VIETNAM 38 4.1 Some views on human rights and the trend of building human rights city in Vietnam 38 4.2 The current situation of human rights in the local in Vietnam 47 4.3 Problems in ensuring human rights and building human rights city in Vietnam 51 4.4 Solutions to improve the law on human rights and improve the efficiency of applying human rights city model in Vietnam 53 Conclusion of chapter 62 CONCLUSION 64 REFERENCES 65 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS HRC: Human Rights City AICHR: ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nation ICCPR: International covenant on Civil and Political rights ICESCR: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights LGBT: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender NGOs: Non-government organizations NHRIs: National Human Rights Institutions PDHRE: People's Movement for Human Rights Education UCLG: United Cities and Local Governments UDHR: Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN: United Nations UPR: Universal Periodic Review WHRCF: World Human Rights Cities Forum CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter provides a general overview of the thesis as well as the literature review of the thesis 1.1 Background of the study Human rights responsibilities traditionally considered as the responsibility of nation/states, but in the context of globalization and international integration, the role of promoting and protecting human rights from the local units such as urban areas, cities, as well as the rights related to cities become more important than ever There has been a tendency that keeps cities and local representatives to participate in and towards the same obligation with states in the human rights field The idea of a human rights city (HRC) is one of the global development initiatives with the aim to localize human rights This concept was firstly introduced in 1997 by the People‟s Movement for Human Rights Education (PDHRE), then further developed into a standard model through the World Human Rights Cities Forum which takes place every year in Gwangju city, Republic of Korea As a leader in promoting human rights city concept, Gwangju adopted The Gwangju Declaration of the Human Rights City at the World Human Rights City Forum on May 17, 2011, thereby confirming that a human rights city is a “both a local community and socio-political process in a local context where human rights play a key role as the fundamental values and guiding principles” This concept calls for local governments, civil political organizations, private actors, and other stakeholders to work together to improve the quality of life for everyone on the planet based on cooperation and standards of human rights And the critical point is, local governance should be based on human rights approaches Gwangju guiding principles for human rights city, which was adopted at the World Human Rights City Forum 2014, include the following principles as the standard for a human rights city: 1) ensuring rights to the city and cutural diversity; 2) no discrimination; 3) participation of the citizens in local governance; 4) social justice; 5) human rights education and training; etc The concept of a human rights city emphasizes the importance of ensuring the broad participation of all people and stakeholders, especially the affected groups like disadvantaged and vulnerable people, and the importance of the city's human rights protection and supervision mechanism This model also emphasizes the importance of cooperation between local cities in the process of promoting and protecting human rights Some cities around the world have officially declared themselves "human rights cities", and some international human rights cities networks have actually grown and co-headed towards these common goals While the issue of human rights has risen to become a global issue and the concern of all humanity, new ideas such as the human rights city, with the aim of localizing human rights, should also be more interested I wish to contribute this research into the process of enforcing human rights Therefore, in this context, I choose the topic: "Human rights city International experiences and Vietnamese perspective" is the topic of my master thesis When studying and selecting this topic as a master thesis, I have thought about the possibility and prospect of applying this concept in Vietnam based on actual conditions and circumstances Because of the limited scope of literature about HRC today, I have expanded this topic from contexts outside Vietnam The results from researching the model of human rights city and the application of this model in some cities in the world, as well as the practicality application in Vietnam, will help provide and expand research sources and materials on this model and contribute to solutions to promote and enhance human rights in urban areas in the context of globalization today 1.2 Aims of the study The overall goal is to add a reference source to human rights city, urban rights and the potential for execution of this model in Vietnam Based on the findings, suggestions are given for the development of more effective policy in recognizing human rights in the city This project particularly aims to answer the following questions: a) What is the concept of Human Rights City and Rights to the city? Is this model worthwhile for countries to implement? b) Why it should be a human rights city? How to build/develop city apply this model effectively (from international experiences)? c) What is the Vietnamese perspectives and practices about these concepts? d) What suggestions/implications for Vietnam to develop human rights cities? 1.3 Scope of the study Right to the city, human rights in the context of globalization, international integration and models of human rights cities have been adopted by cities to operate the local government based on human rights standards 1.4 Significance of the study This thesis aims to study urban-related human rights in the context of globalization, and the correlation between models of human rights cities in the world with real circumstances and applicability in some urban areas in Vietnam 1.5 Research method In the research process, along with the application of scientific research coordinating, supervising and guiding institutions, state agencies and social organizations in ensuring human rights Compared with the activities of the Steering Committee for Human Rights in the some provinces, human rights work has been just raised, but has not been implemented strictly, effectively It is leading to the failure to ensure human rights for people in each area Fifthly, the formation of new human rights requirements in the context of international integration Our country is developing, income and intellectual level in society are also increase Therefore, ensuring human rights standards will be of greater recognized In social activities, in addition to the basic rights (the right to life, the right to work, the right to have a place to live, etc.), there are also requirements for new rights, such as the right to the clean environment, private property rights, the right of the “third” sex, etc The state has an obligation to meet the demands of human rights for different groups of people in different regions, and to continue to perform the obligation to ensure very essential rights, especially rights of vulnerable groups Such diversity will create new challenges for policies and laws in the different of fields 4.4 Solutions to improve the law on human rights and improve the efficiency of applying human rights city model in Vietnam Developing human rights policies in line with globalization trend Currently, the world has a common goal that human rights will be the goal for all activities Vietnam is also not out of that trend Vietnam always has a consistent goal and policy for people, for a strong, democratic, fair, and civilized country The Party and State of Vietnam have made efforts for people to enjoy full of basic human rights and freedoms, and also considered promoting international cooperation in the field of human rights on an equal, respect and understanding basis between nations 53 Over the past years, Vietnam has always made efforts and strived to improve its policies and laws to achieve human rights goals The encouraging result for Vietnam is that Vietnam have successfully implemented many of the United Nations development goals The result is due to effective policies and orientations on the issue of human rights that Vietnam has set and implemented Accordingly, the goals in the human rights development policy that Vietnam sets out always towards the fullest guarantee of human rights for all Vietnamese citizens are detailed in Directive No 44-CT./TW The XII Secretariat has issued Guidance No.02-HD/TW on practical review, theoretical research in the field of human rights It is a fundamental and urgent task of the entire population in the current situation Through the implementation of Guideline No.02, human rights in Vietnam have been further strengthened to ensure individual‟s interests Build the right human rights policy and legislation The Vietnam Party and State's views and policies on human rights over the past time have always been consistent with the principle of respecting, ensuring and promoting human rights It is continue to be affirmed in the National Construction Platform, the resolutions of the XI and XII Congress of the Party In that spirit, human rights are institutionalized in the Party's policy, contributing to the gradual improvement of the legal system, especially when the National Assembly has passed the 2013 Constitution, creating the strong legal foundation for the protection and enforcement of human rights and the prevention of human rights violations The State of Vietnam has been building and completing the legal system to ensure recognized human rights Human rights, once recognized by the constitution and the law, will become the common will of the whole society, be observed by the society and protected by the law 54 Vietnam needs to clearly define the legislation of human rights in this period It is not just about the recognition and general provisions on human rights A growing requirement is that human rights must be ensured comprehensively and equally for all people Therefore, the law needs to detail the rights recognized by the constitution, with more specific guidance in the implementation of human rights, application of human rights Vietnam is moving towards a relatively comprehensive assertion and realization of human rights, from civil, political, economic, social, cultural rights to the right to enjoy social security, access to public services, the right to work, to rest, the right to study, etc Building a human rights model similar to “Human Rights City” Vietnam is also in the period of setting up a “constructive government”, building a government for the people The National Assembly has also renewed the mode of operation to fully reflect the thoughts and aspirations of the people when building laws, designing policies The Vietnamese Fatherland Front and other organizations are also trying to innovate and promote theirs role in ensuring human rights We have many organizations engaged in propaganda and dissemination of the law on human rights These activities demonstrate the consistent and policy of Vietnam in building a separate mechanism to ensure human rights throughout the territory of Vietnam The building and development of human rights city in the next time should be done more effectively In order to develop and stabilize human rights in the provinces, the Party and State of Vietnam need to further concretize about the policy of building a typical human rights city It is necessary to pilot building and developing central human rights in some developed cities such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Da Nang, or other areas with developed economic conditions, high educational attainment, etc in accordance with the criteria for the formation and development of a human rights agency according to the provisions of the Paris Principles 55 Formulating and implementing policies to develop research activities on human rights, human rights law and human rights agency model: Before formulating a typical human rights city, the first thing to is to develop and strengthen legislation on human rights enforcement and to pilot the application the human rights city model at the local The law on ensuring human rights should be independently developed Accordingly, the law should clearly define the governing contents, including: the scope and object of human rights assurance activities in Vietnam, the model and structure of the organization implementing human rights assurance activities in each province across the country, the regulations, operating procedures of activities to ensure human rights in each locality, a pilot development for human rights city, etc and other contents related to the human rights agency to apply in each province/city in the territory of Vietnam In addition, Vietnam in this period also needs to focus on investment and development of policy on human rights and the trend of human rights city Building human rights ideology and theory plays a very important role in clarifying Vietnam's perceptions on human rights, affirming the role of human rights in the process of national development Since then, there is a strong theoretical and legal basis to codify the law on ensuring human rights, to form and develop the theory of a human rights city consistent with international regulations and commensurate with the practical situation of Vietnam society On September 5, 2017, the Prime Minister signed Decision No 1309/QD-TTg approving the project to incorporate human rights into educational programs in the national education system, for the period 2017– 2025 With the human rights content included in all levels of study, from the preschool education system to higher education and graduate education, the goal of the project has been shown to increase awareness and knowledge of 56 both learners and teachers on human rights When people are aware of their rights, it will help prevent and limit rights violations due to lack of understanding; help each person to be aware of their rights, understand the meaning and value of their rights, to protect their own rights and to have the obligation and responsibility to comply with the law, to respect the dignity and to the rights of others Thus, in order to be able to carry out activities in the process of global integration, Vietnam has identified for itself a development policy and specific direction in ensuring human rights and the direction of building and developing a similar model like human rights city of countries around the world This shows that Vietnam has been paying great attention to human rights issues not only in recognizing and legalizing, but also demonstrating its efforts to realize human rights assurance activities in accordance with the general world situation Enhance recognition of the human rights of the Constitution and legalization of the law The movement in globalization is posing a human rights requirement for developing countries, which both political, civil rights and economic, social, cultural rights require equal placement When participating in the international integration process, developing countries, including Vietnam, can not focus on only one type of rights Meanwhile, developing countries in the world today believe that individual liberties can not go above but must be attached to the rights and interests of the majority, the community and the nation And the rights of the minority must comply with the rights of the majority, and the rights must go hand in hand with obligations towards the society Vietnam is also not out of the process of social development The 57 Constitution and Laws of Vietnam from past to present are still built in the spirit of absorbing the essence of human culture, humanistic traditions and social progress Therefore, the Constitution and Laws of Vietnam need to be built to match the core values of human rights that the global trend is aiming at That recognition and codification are still slower than the development of human rights in the global Therefore, the Constitution and Laws of Vietnam need to further strengthen the recognition of human rights in the legislative process In recent times, in order to ensure and protect human rights, Vietnam has made remarkable progress in its ideology on human rights through the amendment of the 2013 Constitution towards increasing human rights recognition and protection This is the most comprehensive legal basis for human rights in Vietnam to exist and develop Besides doing the research to clarify the constitutional provisions on human rights, we must further improve all documents including laws, ordinances, sub-law documents, etc and highly require all state agencies and organizations to respect and ensure human rights when implementing all activities Consolidate the state apparatus with the aim of protecting human rights Along with improving the responsibilities of state agencies, public duties, it is necessary to continue to strengthen agencies engaged in the protection of human rights When the Constitution and the Law have shifted their focus to human rights, some activities and duties of organizations and agencies in the state apparatus also need to be amended and supplemented in order to be consistent with objectives to protect human rights In addition, the state needs to strengthen agencies and organizations that are currently functioning to protect human rights for each small group of people Accordingly, the Ministry of Justice, the Government Committee for Ethnic Minorities; Department of Religion; Departments on Gender, Child 58 Rights and Employment under the Ministry of Labor - Invalids and Social Affairs, etc need to develop a new strategy and advocacy model to develop in accordance with the system of national human rights protection agencies At first, it is necessary to form a comprehensive human rights system in each locality with a model of a human rights city and a independent and effective operating mechanism Raising people's awareness of human rights and building human rights city In addition to building human rights institutions and a human rights city model, the most lasting and effective work is to raise public awareness about human rights and the benefits of building this model When implementing activities in daily life, people need to be equipped with basic legal information to have a knowledge on human rights, in order to turn them into the most effective protection for their legitimate interests Only people know and understand the negative impact of human rights violations in their daily life Therefore, the state should take measures to propagate the law to the people in order to raise awareness of the people about the constitution, the law and the minimum human rights that every Vietnamese must have When people's awareness has been raised, human rights violations will be quickly recognized and detected Therefore, raising people's awareness is extremely important and lasting in protecting the interests of people in particular and improving the quality of civil society in From there, it is possible to build and develop human rights in each locality according to the human rights city model, because at that time, each person in each area is a link in the system of human rights protection Building a human rights city model with a team of qualified personnel and an effective operating process For the system of national human rights protection agencies, the state 59 should study to build a unified management system Accordingly, the system of national/local human rights agencies should be built to each province/city level with the supervision of the implementation of the constitution and the law This is so that all activities must be carried out in practice with an objective of ensuring protecting human rights and that people have access to this mechanism in each locality The State also needs to build a contingent of officials with the function of supervising the compliance with regulations on human rights in the Constitution and the laws It is necessary to clearly define the functions, tasks and scope of activities for these actors, as well as have training programs to improve skills on human rights and human rights protection, to make the system of national human rights agencies in the local more effective, contributing strongly in the process of building and developing human rights city The State needs to build a mechanism to handle violations on human rights Especially in the context of integration and the globalization trend, the handling of human rights violations is more necessary than ever Therefore, to address these serious breaches, it is necessary to develop an institution and a process to deal with human rights For entities such as the local Steering Committee for Human Rights, organizations with human rights protection and enforcement functions need to make public their processes for dealing with human rights violations In other words, each unit needs to develop a process and procedures to quickly protect human rights, making it easy for people to access to measures to protect the human rights of themselves and others Strengthen international cooperation, learn from international experiences and apply in accordance with the reality of Vietnam Developed countries in particular and countries in the world in general 60 are developing human rights in the direction of the universalization of human rights beyond the national jurisdiction and the policy of international intervention on human rights violations in countries For developing countries, these countries currently only recognize the most basic values in the concept of human rights and at the same time believe that in the understanding and realization of human rights in countries must be based on specific history, culture, socio-economy of each region and each country At present, human rights have become an issue attracting the wide attention of world opinion It is an equally important content in the agendas and documents of international conferences and organizations As with other issues, human rights in international relations have a common trend of cooperation and struggle between countries, and between one country and international organizations Therefore, in order to be able to develop and integrate more in economic and politic, Vietnam have to strongly promote the integration and development of human rights in its own country The enhancement of human rights integration has not only brought Vietnam sympathetic views of the world towards the Vietnamese people, but it is also the investment and development of human rights and core social values on the Vietnamese territory, with Vietnamese features but influences from global trends, including the formation and development of the human rights city model 61 Conclusion of chapter To ensure human rights and develop human rights according to the trend of building a human rights city in Vietnam, it is necessary to look back objectively throughout the process of building the constitution, codifying human rights and implementing these above institutional human rights Vietnam has expressed a clear view on human rights in international cooperation By 2013, Vietnam was officially elected a member of the United Nations Human Rights Council, for the term 2013-2016 In its cooperation with the Human Rights Council, Vietnam considers the UPR mechanism and sees it as an important mechanism for dialogue, reducing disagreement and increasing confidence By 2017, Vietnam has successfully presented and defended the UPR cycle I (2009) and cycle II (2014) country reports When building the constitution, the State of Vietnam believes that human rights are one of the issues that the state always respects and ensures Human rights have been formed and developed for a long time in accordance with tradition and history as well as culture of the Vietnamese people for thousands years Along with the recognition of citizens' equal rights before the law, the 1992 Constitution and later the 2013 Constitution defines the power nature of the Vietnamese State as “the socialist rule-of-law State of Vietnam, of the people, by the people, for the people All state powers belong to the people” In addition to improving the quantity and quality of human rights in the constitution and law, the state has also focused on improving the quality of law-building and legalizing human rights However, after more than a decade of implementing the orientation towards the realization of human rights in the new phase under Directive 44, a number of problems when implementing activities to ensure human rights building a human rights city in Vietnam needs to be addressed 62 Currently, the whole world is immersing in a common goal that is comprehensive development of the world around people, with people as the focus and human rights as the goal for all activities Vietnam is also not out of that trend when it always strives and tries to perfect the structure, policies and laws in order to realize the human rights goals The most encouraging result is the development of a global-trend human rights policy, and human rights are always consistent with the principle of State and Party The movement in globalization requires equal importance to both political, civil rights and economic, social, cultural rights Vietnam is also not out of the demands of social mobilization to develop The Vietnam is also not out of these requirements The Vietnam constitution and laws need to be built to be commensurate with the core values of human rights that the global trend is aiming at At present, human rights have become an issue attracting the wide attention of the world Therefore, in order to to develop and integrate, Vietnam have to strongly promote the integration and development of human rights in its own country 63 CONCLUSION Human is the center of all development If in the past, people only raised the issue of the right to develop or develop based on rights, nowadays the issue of human rights and sustainable development is mentioned in many human rights forums Sustainable development in all areas of life is a premise for the development of human rights, and ensuring human rights is also an important premise for sustainable development in all aspects In today's modern world, efforts to “integrate but not dissolve” have placed every person, community, country, and region in the process of development but still retains its own characteristics It sets on human rights requirements and develops human rights issues in a unique regional way with basic human rights standards This is the basis and reason for the human rights city model to be formed and developed Vietnam has expressed a clear view on human rights in international cooperation When building the constitution, the State of Vietnam always believes that human rights are one of the issues that the State always respects and ensures Up to now, in the localities of Vietnam, the models, organization and implementation of human rights protection activities have been through the unit is the Steering Committee for human rights This is the basis for building and developing the human rights city model in Vietnam However, the new phase of human rights orientation and the ideology of building a human rights city in Vietnam need to be addressed Basically, Vietnam is also in the period of setting up a constructivist government, building a government for the people and preparing to build its own human rights model in its own territory through the establishment a Steering Committee for human rights in province In order to catch up with the international trend of human rights, Vietnam needs to early research and implement effective solutions to develop human rights and build a typical human rights city 64 REFERENCES I In English Alison Brown and Annali Kristiansen (2009), Urban policies and the right to the city: rights, responsibilities and citizenship, UNESCO, UN-Habitat Committee on Social Inclusion, Participatory Democracy and Human Rights UCLG (2011), Global Charter-Agenda for Human Rights in the City David Harvey (2008), The right to the city, New Left Review Davinder Lamba (2007), Global Charter-Agenda for Human Rights in the City, Mazingira Institute (Kenya) Human Rights Council (2015), Final report of the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee, Role of local government in the promotion and protection of human rights (A/HRC/30/49) The Bandung Charter of a Human Rights City (Indonesia, 2015) The Charter of Rights and Responsibilities of Montreal, Canada (2006) The European Charter for the Safeguarding of Human Rights in the City (2000) The Gwangju Declaration on Human Rights Cities (2011) 10 The Gwangju Guiding Principles for a Human Rights City (2014) 11 The Mexico City Charter for the Right to the City (2010) 12 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 13 The World Charter on the Right to the City (2004) 14 UN General Assembly (2015), Role of local government in the promotion and protection of human rights – Final report of the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee 65 II Legal Documents 15 Constitution 1992, 2013 16 Intellectual Property Law 2005 17 Law on Complaints 2011 18 Law on Denunciations 2011 19 Law on Social Insurance 2014 20 Law on the Elderly 2009 III Websites 21 The WHRCF is held as an annual event in Gwangju, Republic of Korea, to realize the vision of becoming a human rights city http://www.whrcf.org/ 22 http://www.gjhr.go.kr/main/main.php?nation=en 23 https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/AdvisoryCo m/LocalGvt/Gwangju%20Metropolitan%20City,%20Republic%20of %20Korea.pdf 24 http://www.whrcf.org/E_p1200.php 25 https://www.uclg-cisdp.org 26 http://www.hrcitycenter.org/ 27 https://research.gsd.harvard.edu/mci/do-we-have-a-right-to-the-city/ 28 http://citiesofmigration.ca/good_idea/a-charter-of-rights-for-urbancitizens/ 29 http://www.citiesalliance.org/sites/citiesalliance.org/files/the%20right %20to%20the%20city%20(EN)%20GPR2C.pdf 30 http://www.pdhre.org/ 31 http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=89 75782&fileOId=8979819 66 32 http://www.righttothecityplatform.org.br/download/publicacoes/whatR2C_digital-1.pdf 33 https://www.waronwant.org/righttothecity/what.html 34 https://righttothecity.org/ 35 http://abahlali.org/files/Harvey_Rebel_cities.pdf 36 https://chisineu.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/lefebvre-henri-writingson-cities.pdf 37 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317044472_Comparing_the_R ight_to_the_City_Concepts_of_Henri_Lefebvre_and_David_Harvey 38 http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf 39 http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/file_58322.pdf 40 https://waronwant.org 67 ... CHAPTER HUMAN RIGHTS CITY AND THE RIGHT TO THE CITY  The concepts and standards for Human Rights City  How we define Human Rights City and Right to the City? What are the perspectives on Human Rights. .. elaborate on human rights city and right to the city, as well as the relationship between human rights and them, and how the human rights city brings aspects of human rights 2.2 Right to the city Before... relation to the landscape that they inhabit?  How we define Human Rights City and Right to the City?  What are the perspectives on Human Rights City and Right to the City? 2.1 Human rights Before