NHUNG TU CAIKHAC NHAU TRONG TIENG VIET THS.NGUYEN THI THU HUONG Bg mdn Ngdn ngu" Van hod Viet Nam ''Cdi ed ma di an dem " "Cdi ed, cdi vac, cdi ndng " " Cdi tdm, cdi tep di dua ba edng " ''Cdi ngu may ngu cho ngoan " " De quen cdi ao tren canh boa sen " "Cdi net danh che't cdi dep" "Nay anh di dudng cdi quan " "Chem cha cdi kiep lay chdng chung " Cac cau tho, ca dao, tuc ngfl, ddng dao tren ed mot diem gidng la mdi cau xuat hien it nhat mot tfl cdi Tuy nhien tat ca nhflng tfl cdi dd ed gidng ve nghia, ve vi tri, kha nang ket hgp, each su dung, tfl loai kbdng? Hoa tfl cai tfl cdi ra't quen thudc, ed phan binh di sudng sa, cd tan so xuat hien kha cao ddi sdng giao tie'p, su dung ngdn ngfl bang cua ngudi Viet Nam lai hoan toan kbdng don gian Bai vie't dat va'n de khao sat cac nghIa, cac each dung khae cua tfl cdi, tfl dd xe'p chung vao cac nhdm ed quan he vdi ve ngbia hoac ve am TCr cai tie'ng Viet co c6 nghTa la "me" - Hau bet cac sdng Idn d Viet Nam xa xua deu duge mang ten "sdng Cdi" - cd nghIa la sdng Me - Tfl cdi tudc bieu cua Phung Hung "Bo cdi Dgi vuang" ed nghia "vua Idn cha me" - Tfl cdi vdi ngbIa me van edn tdn tai mot sd cau ca dao 490 ngfl nhu: " ndng ve nudi cdi edng con"/ "Con dgi cdi mang" - Tfl cdi "Cdi ed md di an dim"I sdng" chinh la mang y ngbIa nay: ed me "Cdi cd Idn Idi bd TCr cai la mot to cau tao tCr Tfl cdi mat ngbIa cua minh trd mot to tham gia ca'u tao tfl ghep ddi "con cdi" vdi y nghIa khai quat cua ca tfl la eon, ede eon (do bd me sinh ra) ndi chung, ca tfl dugc tach dung vdi y ngbIa bieu cam "con vdi ehd cdi" TCr cai chi gidi Tfl cdi ket hgp vdi ten rieng cua ngudi de chi gidi nfl: cdi Hong, cdi Sen Thong thudng dugc dung vdi y ngbIa ngdi ba sd it giao tie'p than mat, sudng sa: "Bdo cdi Hong ggi diin cho td" ; dac biet dung dugc nhu ngdi bai: "Cdi Lan Igi day me bdo " Ggi mot ngudi thudc gidi nfl (kbdng phan biet tudi tac) la cdi cd le nham chi kha nang va thien cbflc lam me trdi ban TCr cai CO y nghTa phai sinh chi gidng - giong cai Tfl cdi di sau danh tfl ten ggi ddng vat chi gidng cai ddi lap vdi gidng due: bd cdi I vit cdi I ed cdi Nhflng kd't hgp Ignl trdu -t- ndi, gdl chim+ mdi cd le la each dgc bie'n am cua tfl cdi - Tfl cdi ke't hgp ca vdi danh tfl ten ggi thue vat: hoa cdi (ddi lap vdi boa due), du du cdi (ddi lap vdi du du due) Thue gidng gidi tu nhien la mot pham trfl ban chat cua ddng vat (va ngudi) chfl kbdng phai cua thue vat Tuy nhien cd mot sd loai thue vat sinh san bang dudng thu phan hoa, tfle la tuong tu nhu ludng pbdi d ddng vat Cd le chinh vi vay ma dugc ggi mot each ^n du bang cac tfl chi gidng ddng vat due - cdi Trudng hgp du du duel du du cdi thi cd chut khac biet: cay du du cai hoan toan cd kha nang tu sinh san (no cd ca bai loai hoa due va cai tren minh) ddi lap vdi cay du du due kbdng cd kha nang sinh san, du la gian tiep tham gia vao qua trinb sinh san nhu gidng due cua ddng vat hay cua hoa 491 TCr cai vdi y nghTa vat lieu chii Tfl cdi cdi bia, cdi bSng, cdi gid'm, cdi me mang net nghIa phai sinh da rat xa so vdi y nghIa chi gidng nhung kbdng phai la kbdng the nban Cdi a day la vat lieu chu tao su len men qua trinb san xuat mot cha't nao dd Dem so sanh thi cai vat lieu chu dd eung kbdng khac ma'y eon gidng qua trinb sinh san cua ddng vat Dd chinh la co sd de tao net nghIa Tuy nhien cung cd the dat su tranh chap ve ngbIa gde phat sinh la nghIa sau TCr cai CO nghTa Idn, chu, chinh, quan Tfl ngbIa "me" ed, tfl cdi edn phai sinh them cac net nghia Idn, chu, chinh, quan trgng dung sau mot so danh tfl: nhd cdi (vai chu dam bac), thg cdi (ed tai lieu cho la nham vdi tbg ca); chu cdi, sdng cdi, dudng cdi, may cdi, trd'ng cdi, dua cdi, cot cdi, ngdn cdi Cai la phan dac mdn an Tfl cdi dugc ngudi Viet dung de chi phan dac nhflng mdn an dugc che' bie'n theo kieu bdn hgp dac - Idng cua minh: an ed nude Idn cdi Cdi dd an cbde chan la phan chinh, phan quan trgng hon bdi: khdn an cdi, dgi an nude TCr cai la danh tCr loai the - Tfl cdi la danh tfl loai the ke't hgp "cdi + danh tfl dd vat/ vat the": cdi bdn, cdi ghi', cdi edy, cdi thuyin Sang de'n net nghIa thi kbdng edn nban thay mdi lien he ve nghIa vdi cac tfl cdi d tren - Vdi y ngbIa chi dd vat tren, tfl cdi dugc dung dgc lap, dai dien ludn cho ca danh tfl (da biet hoac chua biet) cau true "Danh tfl loai the -i- danh tfl su vat" (day chinh la minh chflng cho y nghIa tfl thue edn lai tfl "cai" loai the): -I- cdi + tfl chi dinb nay, ng, kia, a'y, dd: cdi (ed'c) ndy, cdi (bdt) -I- bao nhieu cai? (bdi sd lugng dd vat) + cdi (dd vat) la cdi gi? (xac dinb loai dd vat) TCr cai bieu thj y nghTa khai quat noi dung sir viec Tfl cdi kbdng edn y ngbIa chi loai dd vat ma chuyen sang y nghia khai quat ndi dung su viec cac each dung sau: 492 " cdi ndy khdng dUdc, cdi khdng xong thi Idm thi'ndo! - A: Hoa ail Td bdo cdi ndy! Hoa: Cdi gi? Bdo cdi gi? 10 TCr cai ket hdp vdi mot so tCr chi dong vat Tfl cdi dac biet ke't hgp dugc vdi mdt sd tfl chi ddng vat nhu: cdi tdm, cdi tip, cdi kii'n, cdi cd, cdi vge, cdi ong, cdi ve (trong cac cau ca dao, tho cd) (phan biet vdi cdi cd = ed me) Thfl ly giai trudng hgp thi thay: - Mdt la: cdi chi dung vdi nhflng ddng vat ra't be nhd Cd le tam ly ngudi Viet Nam be nhd vao loai nhat hang ddng vat nhu tdm, tip, kii'n thi khdng cd gi dang ke Da the' lai la nhflng ddng vat it tlnb each ddng vat nhat, vd tri vd giae mdi quan be vdi eon ngudi, nen bi ngudi chuyen logi, dflng an du nhu dd vat - Hai la dugc dung de gieu cgt, dua vui nen mdi Cdi cd, cdi vge, cdi ndng/ Ba eon edng bio vat Idng eon ndo (Thue sd cac DT loai the tfl eon cung ed hien tugng chuyen loai nhu tren, dac biet mdi quan he vdi tfl cdi) 11 Tit cai chi hanh dong ddn le, qua trinh ngan Tfl cdi edn dugc dung de nha'n manh mdt hanh ddng don le hay mdt qua trinb ngan ngui nao dd, thudng dung khau ngfl: Dd'm cho mdt cdi (bdy gid)/ Ngd mdt cdi (md rdeh cd quan); Nghi cdi da/ hge cdi da/ chai cdi dd/ lodng cdi (ddbii'n ddu) 12 TCr cai chi xuat Tfl cdi hu boa tfl chi xua't su vat ed tac dung nban manh, trd dich danh su vat can dien dat va mang y ngbIa tinh thai Vi tri cua tfl cai la vi tri d2 md hinh danh ngfl (d3 - d2 - dl - D - d4 - d5) Cd cac kha nang ke't hgp sau: - cdi -I- DT -I- tfl chi dinb ndy, ng, kia, ay, do: cdi ngdy ay/ cdi y nghi do/cdi anh ndy/ cdi chuyen - cdi -i-DT loai the -i- DT trung tam -f- tfl chi dinb: cdi meo ndy/ cdc em sinh vien ay/ cdi bde anh 493 Tfl cdi chi xuat cd the ket hgp vdi tat ca cac DT loai the chi trfl chinh tfl cdi Mdt tfl kem DT chi loai cdi mud'n dugc nha'n manh bang tfl chi xuat cdi phai thay DT chi loai neu cd the: cdi chii'c bdn ndy (tuy nhien hau nhu kbdng gap), hoac chap nban dflng don gian: cdi bdn ndy vdi ngfl dieu nban manh ndi Trong tie'ng Viet khdng cd ke't hgp "Cdi cdi " bdi theo nguyen tac loai trfl ngdn ngfl, hai tfl ddng am it dflng canh nhau, hon nfla neu dat va'n de xet de'n ngudn gde thi ed le chung la mdt - cdi -I- DT chat the (khdng can DT chi loai di kem): cdi thip ndy (thi' md tot)/ cdi dd't ndy (thi'md Idnh)/ cdi vdi ndy (trong thi'md lin duge day) - cai -t- DT (khdng can dinb ngfl) la each dung kh^u ngfl theo each ndi Iflng): cdi anh / cdi thdng /edi eon nhd - cai +DT rieng (rat it gap): cdi thdng Tien (thi'md khd) Khao sat tat ca cac trudng hgp dflng tfl cdi chi xuat ndi tren, ta ed the nban tha'y ban than tfl kbdng mang ndi dung tieu cue, va sfl dung khdng phai Ifle nao cung dugc dflng vdi y nghIa tieu cue, nhung cd tac dung nban manh va cd y nghIa tinh thai lam rd thai ngudi ndi nen ne'u dflng kbdng dung se lam cau ndi trd nen nang ne, lam dung se dua de'n nhflng sde thai tinh cam kbdng tdt Hon nfla cac tfl cdi tfl 9-12 mang cac sac thai khau ngfl than mat, sudng sa nen rat ban che' dflng cac hoan canh giao tiep chinh tbfle, gifla cac vai giao tiep dugc xac dinb bdi cac mdi quan he xa bdi, hay cac van ban vie't 13 TCr cai cau tao tCr Cdi la yen td md nghla chuyen dflng de cau tao tfl (ggi la tfl ghep chap): - cdi 4- DT = (cum) DT (cd y nghla khai quat): cdi tudi dudi cdi xudn (tan sd xuat hien it va khd phan biet vdi tfl cdi chi xua't: cdi sd, cdi kii'p) - cdi + ddng tfl = (cum) danh tfl: cdi an, cdi mac, cdi eudi, cdi khdc, cdi ngheo, cdi duyin/ cdi khd bd cdi khdn/ cdi ni't ddnh chit cdi dep - cdi + tinh tfl kep = DT: cdi tdng ban, cdi ngheo hen, cdi may rui, cdi duyin ddng, cdi tot dep 494 Khao sat tfl cdi cho thay cd tdi mudi ba trudng hgp dung khac cua tfl Qua phan tlch tren, bude dau cd the hinh so dd quan he nghla va am cua cac tfl cdi nhu sau: K M SDl: Td cdi (td gde) da ngliia —• Bieu thi quan hi phai sinh SD2: Tdcdi (td gde) da nghTa —• Bieu thi quan hi phai sinh 495 000 SD3: Quan lie ddng dm Cac so dd tren dugc hinh tren ca sd phan tich nghla nen cung ed phan nao tuong ddi, nhien viec nban bie't dugc cac nghla va cac each dung khac cua nhflng tfl cdi giup cho ngudi sfl dung tie'ng Viet cd kha nang dung tfl chinh xac, hgp canh, san sinh nhflng don vi giao tiep phong phu va thu vi, dac biet bieu duge tfl cdi la mdt tfl cd ngudn gde licb sfl - gan vdi van boa Viet Nam Tai lieu tham khao Nguyen Tai Can, Mot sd chiing tieh vi ngdn ngu, van tu, van /?ofl, Nxb DHQGHN, 2001 Nguyen Thien Giap, Ddn ludn ngdn ngu hge, Nxb Giao due Nguyen Thi Thu Huong, Thim mot ngu lieu chdng minh cho tinh "trgng me " cua van hod Viet Nam, Ky yen bdi nghi khoa bgc nfl DHQGHN, 2004 Tran Nggc Them, Tim vi bdn sac van hod Viet Nam, Nxb TPHCM, 1996 Td dien Tii'ng Viet, Vien Ngdn ngfl bgc, 2003 496 ... bdn ndy vdi ngfl dieu nban manh ndi Trong tie'ng Viet khdng cd ke't hgp "Cdi cdi " bdi theo nguyen tac loai trfl ngdn ngfl, hai tfl ddng am it dflng canh nhau, hon nfla neu dat va'n de xet de'n... vdi mdt sd tfl chi ddng vat nhu: cdi tdm, cdi tip, cdi kii'n, cdi cd, cdi vge, cdi ong, cdi ve (trong cac cau ca dao, tho cd) (phan biet vdi cdi cd = ed me) Thfl ly giai trudng hgp thi thay: -... (khdng can DT chi loai di kem): cdi thip ndy (thi' md tot)/ cdi dd't ndy (thi'md Idnh)/ cdi vdi ndy (trong thi'md lin duge day) - cai -t- DT (khdng can dinb ngfl) la each dung kh^u ngfl theo each