Chúng thường được sử dụng theo cặp để liên kết các cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng tương đương nhau về mặt ngữ pháp.. Gồm có: both.[r]
(1)I.7 Liên từ cách sử dụng
1 Liên từ kết hợp (coordinating conjunctions)
Dùng loại liên từ để nối từ loại cụm từ/ nhóm từ loại, mệnh đề ngang hàng (tính từ với tính từ, danh từ với danh từ )
Gồm có: for, and, nor, but, or, yet Ví dụ:
She is a good and loyal wife
Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt He is intelligent but very lazy
She says she does not love me, yet I still love her We have to work hard, or we will fail the exam He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard
That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt
• Chú ý: dùng liên từ kết hợp để nối hai mệnh đề, thêm dấu phẩy sau mệnh đề thứ trước liên từ
Ulysses wants to play for UConn, but he has had trouble meeting the academic requirements
2 Tương liên từ (correlative conjunctions)
Một vài liên từ thường kết hợp với từ khác để tạo thành tương liên từ Chúng thường sử dụng theo cặp để liên kết cụm từ mệnh đề có chức tương đương mặt ngữ pháp
Gồm có: both and…(vừa….vừa…), not only but also… (khơng chỉ…mà cịn…), not but, either or (hoặc ), neither nor (không….cũng không…), whether or , as as, no sooner… than…(vừa mới….thì…)
Ví dụ:
They learn both English and French He drinks neither wine nor beer
I like playing not only tennis but also football I don't have either books or notebooks
I can't make up my mind whether to buy some new summer clothes now or wait until the prices go down
3 Liên từ phụ thuộc (subordinating conjunctions)
(2)As
1 Bởi vì: As he is my friend, I will help him Khi: We watched as the plane took off After: sau khi
After the train left, we went home Although/ though: mặc dù
Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired Before: trước khi
I arrived before the stores were open Because: vì
We had to wait, because we arrived early For: vì
He is happy, for he enjoys his work If: nếu, giá như
If she is here, we will see her Lest: sợ rằng
I watched closely, lest he make a mistake
Chú ý: sử dụng động từ nguyên thể mệnh đề “lest” Providing/ provided: miễn là
All will be well, providing you are careful Since
1 Từ khi: I have been here since the sun rose Bởi vì: Since you are here, you can help me So/ so that
1 Bởi vậy: It was raining, so we did not go out
2 Để (= in order that): I am saving money so I can buy a bicycle Supposing (= if)
Supposing that happens, what will you do? Than: so với
He is taller than you are Unless: trừ khi
Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed Until/ till: khi
I will wait until I hear from you Whereas
1 Bởi vì: Whereas this is a public building, it is open to everyone Trong (ngược lại): He is short, whereas you are tall
Whether: hay không
I not know whether she was invited While
1 Khi: While it was snowing, we played cards
(3)As if = in a similar way
She talks as if she knows everything As long as
1 Nếu: As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily Khi: He has lived there as long as I have known him
As soon as: khi
Write to me as soon as you can As though = in a similar way
It looks as though there will be a storm In case: Trong trường hợp
Take a sweater in case it gets cold Or else = otherwise: khơng thì
Please be careful, or else you may have an accident So as to = in order to: để
I hurried so as to be on time
Chú ý: Ngoài liên từ, sử dụng trạng từ liên kết therefore, otherwise, nevertheless, thus, hence, furthermore,
consequently… Ví dụ:
We wanted to arrive on time; however, we were delayed by traffic I was nervous; therefore, I could not my best
We should consult them; otherwise, they may be upset
4 Phân biệt cách sử dụng số liên từ giới từ có nghĩa. Liên từ Giới từ
because although while
because of despite during
– Sự khác biệt chúng là: liên từ + mệnh đề, giới từ + danh từ ngữ danh từ
– Ví dụ:
They were upset because of the delay
They were upset because they were delayed Despite the rain, we enjoyed ourselves
(4)Bài tập 1: Viết lại câu sau dùng liên từ thích hợp We know him We know his friends
2 The coat was soft The coat was warm It is stupid to that It is quite unnecessary I wanted to go He wanted to stay
5 Your arguments are strong They don’t convince me You can go there by bus You can go there by train I was feeling tired I went to bed when I got home
Bài tập 2: Điền vào chỗ trống liên từ thích hợp: I’ll come and see you…….I leave for Moscow
2 He will tell you……… you get home
3 I can’t express my opinion………I know the fact We started very early…… we should miss the train He will stay here…… you come
6 ……… he tried hard, he wasn’t successful
7 He worked late last night…… he might be free to go away tomorrow The room is ….small… we can’t all get in
9 …….you had left earlier, you would have caught the train 10 The road seems longer…….I thought
11 ………it rained hard, we played the match 12 ……… you may go, he won’t forget you Xem đáp án
Bài 1:
1 We know him and his friends The coat was both soft and warm
3 It is stupid and quite unnecessary to that I wanted to go but he wanted to stay
5 Your arguments are strong but they don’t convince me You can go there either by bus or by train
7 I was feeling tired so I went to bed when I got home Bài 2:
1 before when unless for fear that until
(5)9 if 10 than
11 even though/although 12 wherever
I.8 Thán từ (interjections)
Định nghĩa: thán từ âm phát tiếng kêu xen vào để biểu lộ xúc động cảm xúc mạnh mẽ thể văn viết dấu chấm than cuối
Thán từ khơng có giá trị thật mặt ngữ pháp, sử dụng chúng thường xuyên, thường văn nói văn viết Ví dụ: oh, ah, well, hey, hullo, er, eh…
Wow! I won the lottery! Oh, I don't know about that No, you shouldn't have done that
Một số thán từ thường gặp: Chỉ phấn khởi: hurrah, cheer up… Chỉ nghi ngờ: hum…
Gọi đó, hỏi han: hey, hello, well … Chỉ bực mình: hang…
Chỉ sung sướng: ah, oh, aha… Chỉ đau đớn: ouch, alas
Chỉ dự: er, um, uh, umm…
mệnh đề (tính từ , danh từ câu c trạng từ giới từ c ngữ danh từ Xem đáp án