Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa.. Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu [r]
(1)RELATIVE CLAUSES
A RELATIVE CLAUSES:
- Mệnh đề quan hệ đặt sau danh từ mà bổ nghĩa, bắt đầu đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN.
Danh từ
(Antecedent) Chủ từ (Subject) (Object)Túc từ (Possesive Case)Tính từ sở hữu
Người (person) Who/That Whom/That Whose
Vật (Things) Which/That Which/That Of which/ whose
1 Relative Pronouns: ( Đại từ quan hệ)
a WHO: thay cho người, làm chủ từ MĐQH =>
Ex1: - I need to meet the boy The boy is my friend’s son. I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son Ex2: - The woman is standing over there She is my sister àThe woman who is standing over there is my sister b.WHOM: thay cho người, làm túc từ MĐQH =>
Ex1:- I know the girl I spoke to this girl. I know the girl whom I spoke to
Ex2:- The man is my teacher Your father is talking to him The man whom your father is talking to is my teacher c WHICH: - thay đồ vật, làm chủ từ, túc từ MĐQH.
Ex1: - She works for a company It makes cars She works for a company which makes cars
Ex2: - The elephants are big People keep the elephants in iron cages The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big
d WHOSE = OF WHICH : thay cho sở hữu người, vật (his-, her-, its-, their-)
Ex1: - John found the cat Its leg was broken.
John found the cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken Ex2: - This is the student I borrowed his book
àThis is the student whose book I borrowed
e THAT: thay cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH MĐQH.
WHO + V
WHOM + S +V
(2)Ex1: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son. Ex2: - The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister Ex3: - I know the girl that/ whom I spoke to.
Ex4: - The man that/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher Ex5: - She works for a company that/ which makes cars
Ex6: - The elephants that/ which people keep in iron cages are big Note:
1 Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT: - Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa người vật:
Ex1: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London. - Sau đại từ bất định: something, aynyone, nobody, all, much
Ex2: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.
- Sau tính từ so sánh : the most, only, first, second, last… Ex3: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have.
- Trong cấu trúc It + be + … + that … (chính …) Ex4: It is my friend that wrote this sentence. Những trường hợp không dùng THAT: - Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định.
Ex1: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher. - Sau giới từ
Ex2: The house in that I was born is for sale. f OF WHICH / OF WHOM:
Ex1: - Daisy has three brothers All of them are teachers. Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers
Ex2: - He asked me a lot of questions I couldn’t answer most of them He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer 2 Relative Adverbs: ( Trạng từ quan hệ )
a WHERE (in/ on/ at which): thay cho: the place, there, hometown, village
Ex1: - The movie theater is the place We can see films at that place The movie theater is the place where we can see films
b WHEN (in/ on which): thay cho: day, time, year, then
Ex1: - Do you remember the day We first met on that day. Do you remember the day when we first met?
c WHY (for which): thay cho: the reason
(3)Tell me the reason why you are so sad
CÓ LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ LIÊN HỆ:
DEFINING & NON – DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES I Defining Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa xác định rõ, bỏ mệnh đề khơng rõ nghĩa
Ex1: - I saw the girl She helped us last week. I saw the girl who/that helped us last week II Non- Defining Relative Clauses:
Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước xác định rõ (nó phần giải thích thêm), bỏ mệnh đề rõ nghĩa
Mệnh đề ngăn cách với mệnh đề dấu phẩy Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định khi:
Trước đại từ quan hệ có: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/…
Từ trước đại từ quan hệ tên riêng, danh từ riêng, vật nhất, cụm trạng ngữ nơi chốn
Ex1: - My father is a doctor He is fifty years old. My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor
Ex1: - Mr Brown is a very nice teacher We studied English with him. Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher
Ex1: The sun made the traveller thirsty It was hot at midday. The sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveller thirsty
Ex1: - The boys in the next room are my students They are making noise. The boys in the next room, who are making noise, are my students
B REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES: (Rút gọn MĐQH.)
MĐQH rút gọn cách đưa phân từ ( V_ing), QKPT ( V3/ ed).
1 Present participle: ( V_ing ): + Đặc điểm:
- Mệnh đề quan hệ thay = V_ing động từ mệnh đề quan hệ dạng chủ động với thì: HTĐ,HTTD,QKĐ,QKTD,TLĐ,TLTD + Cách rút gọn V_ing:
(4)Ex1: The man who is standing there is my brother. => The man standing there is my brother
Ex2: The man who robbed you has been arrested The man robbing you has been arrested 2 Past participle : ( V3 /ed )
+ Đặc điểm:
- Mệnh đề quan hệ thay V3/ ed động từ mệnh quan hệ
dạng bị động với thì: HTĐ, TLĐ, QKĐ + Cách rút gọn: - Bỏ đại từ quan hệ.
- Bỏ dạng động từ “tobe”, giữ lại V3/ ed
Ex1: The English language which is spoken all over the world is the most popular one
=> The English language spoken all over the world is the most popular one Ex2: This is the house which was built by my grandparents.
=> This is the house built by my granparents 3 Infinitive ( to V0 )
+ Đặc điểm:
- Mệnh đề quan hệ thay = to V0
- Mệnh đề quan hệ cụm từ: The fist, the second, the thirth, the fourth, the last, the only… so sánh (the best… )
+ Cách rút gọn:
- Bỏ đại từ quan hệ:
- Động từ MĐQH => to V0 (chủ động)
=> tobe + V3/ ed (bị động)
Ex1: The last man who leaves the room must turn off the lights. => The last man to leave the room must turn off the lights Ex2: The first man that we saw was a manager.
=> The first man to see a manager