justice framed Why are certain responses to past human rights violations considered instances of transitional justice while others are disregarded? This study interrogates the history of the discourse and practice of the field to answer that question Zunino argues that a number of characteristics inherited as transitional justice emerged as a discourse in the 1980s and 1990s have shaped which practices of the present and the past are now regarded as valid responses to past human rights violations He traces these influential characteristics from Argentina’s transition to democracy in 1983, the end of communism in Eastern Europe, the development of international criminal justice and the South African truth commission of 1995 Through an analysis of the post-World War II period, the decolonisation process and the Cold War, he identifies a series of episodes and mechanisms omitted from the history of transitional justice because they did not conform to its accepted characteristics Marcos Zunino is Research Fellow in Judicial Independence and Constitutional Transitions at the British Institute of International and Comparative Law He has previously worked for the United Nations, international non-governmental organisations and the Argentine judiciary He served as a Legal Officer at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia Marcos completed a PhD in Law at the University of Cambridge and was a Scholar in Residence at the Center for Human Rights and Global Justice of New York University Justice Framed a genealogy of transitional justice MARCOS ZUNINO British Institute of International and Comparative Law University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, ny 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108475259 doi: 10.1017/9781108693127 © Marcos Zunino 2019 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2019 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, Elcograf S.p.A A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data names: Zunino, Marcos, 1978– author title: Justice framed : a genealogy of transitional justice / Marcos Zunino, British Institute of International and Comparative Law description: Cambridge [UK] ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2018 identifiers: lccn 2018045108 | isbn 9781108475259 (hardback) | isbn 9781108466011 (paperback) subjects: lcsh: Transitional justice–History | Human rights | Reparation (Criminal justice) | BISAC: LAW / International classification: lcc k5250 z86 2018 | ddc 340/.115–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018045108 isbn 978-1-108-47525-9 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate This book is dedicated to Elena, with hope of a kinder world for her to grow up in Contents page xi Preface xiii List of Abbreviations xv Table of Cases Table of Treaties, Peace Agreements, International Instruments, Legislation and Other Official Documents Introduction I Two Dimensions of Transitional Justice II Histories of Transitional Justice III Approach and Argument IV Structure part i history xxiii 14 17 19 The Discourse of Transitional Justice: Objects, Concepts, Actors and Characteristics I Introduction II Discursive Space Objects Concepts Actors III Characteristics Comparative Technical a Multidisciplinary b Legalistic c Apolitical Faỗade Teleological vii 21 21 22 22 29 34 38 38 40 41 42 43 46 viii Contents Liberal a Emphasis on Violations of Civil and Political Rights and Physical Violence b Preference for Liberal Democracy c Sympathy for Capitalism Multilevel State-Centric IV Conclusion The Birth of Transitional Justice: Emergence I Introduction II The Influence of the Argentine Experience Discursive Echo Shaping the Future III Emerging from the Disappointment of Eastern Europe A Sense of Purpose A Feeling of Disappointment The Legacy of the Post-Communist Transitions IV The Rise of International Criminal Justice The Internationalisation of Transitional Justice Characteristics of International Criminal Justice V The South African Transition and the Expansion of the Discourse Influence of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission Characteristics of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission VI Conclusion part ii prehistory The Myth of Nuremberg: Origin I Introduction II Nuremberg As Origin The Role of Nuremberg III Nuremberg As Transitional Justice IV The Choice of Nuremberg and Transitional Justice’s Characteristics V Illuminated and Obscured Aspects of Post-War Transitional Justice Highlighted Aspects 47 49 51 53 56 57 58 59 59 62 67 71 76 79 83 91 97 101 108 111 117 122 126 129 131 131 132 138 142 146 150 150 276 Bibliography ‘Transitional Justice in the Age of the French Revolution’ (2013) International Journal of Transitional Justice 267 Stover E, The Witnesses: War Crimes and the Promise of Justice in The Hague (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005) Subotic J, ‘The Transformation of International Transitional Justice Advocacy’ (2012) International Journal of Transitional Justice 106 Szoke-Burke S, ‘Not Only “Context”: Why Transitional Justice Programs Can No Longer Ignore Violations of Economic and Social Rights’ (2015) 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112–13, 124, 150, 211–12 aggression, 143–44, 148, 153, 155, 159–61, 200, 204, 234 Albania, 87 Albrecht, Hans, 84 Alfonsín, Rẳl, 62–65, 67–69, 73, 75–76, 81, 126, 149, 190 Algeria, 208 Allies, 135–36, 138, 142, 144–45, 147–48, 152, 155, 157, 159, 162–63, 166 American Civil War, 10 Americas Watch, 182 amnesties, 26, 41, 45, 64–65, 76, 81, 111–13, 115, 123, 182–83, 189 Amnesty International, 179, 183, 187, 191–92 Andropov, Yuri, 194 Angola, 185, 194–95, 208–9 Anti-Somocist Popular Tribunals See Nicaragua apartheid, 112, 116, 121, 124–25, 150, 195, 206, 208, 233 apologies, 59 Arab Institute for Human Rights, 44 Arbour, Louise, 50 281 Argentina, 2, 17, 32, 61, 67–77, 80, 85, 92–94, 106, 120, 139, 144, 171, 180, 182, 189, 213, 239 criminal trials, 63–64, 73–75, 83, 126, 149, 172, 184, 194, 229 dictatorship, 60–62, 71 Due Obedience Law, 65, 70, 73 Federal Criminal Court of Appeals of Buenos Aires, 64 Full Stop Law, 64, 70, 73 transition, 77, 102, 124, 126, 176, 191 Tribunal Against Impunity, 202 Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team, 72 armed conflicts international, 143 non-international, 143–44 Armed Forces Movement (MFA) See Portugal art, 27, 234 Arthur, Paige, 4, 6, 12, 71, 113, 174, 207 Asia, 80, 173, 193, 204, 207 Aspen Institute Conference, 70–71, 79, 113, 181, 183, 190 Auschwitz trial 1945 (United Kingdom), 136 Auschwitz trial 1963 (Germany), 146, 176 Australia, 200 Austria, 81 Axis, 148 Baars, Grietje, 166 Bandung Conference, 207 Baruch, Marc, 171 Bass, Gary, 147, 156 Bassiouni, Cherif, 97 Basso, Lelio, 199 Batista, Fulgencio, 219, 221 282 Index Belgium, 169, 206 Bell, Christine, 8, 137 Ben Ali, Zine El Abidine, 44, 51 Bergen-Belsen trial, 136 Berlin Wall shootings, 84, See Germany Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation, 202 Bickford, Louis, Bloxham, Donald, 137 Bolivia, 66, 176, 202, 209 García Meza trial, 67, 76, 83 Boraine, Alex, 113, 119–20 Borges, Jorge Luis, 21 Bosnia Herzegovina, 55, 120 Brasillach, Robert, 168 Brazil, 66, 70, 77, 176 British Empire, 173 Bulgaria, 87–89, 96 criminal trials, 85 Burkina Faso, 193, 214–17, 223–26 Popular Revolutionary Tribunals, 223 Caetano, Marcello, 185 Calley, William, 196 Cambodia, 55, 99, 104, 197, 200, 217, 220–21 Khmer Rouge, 197–98, 206, 216, 220–21, 226 People’s Revolutionary Tribunal, 220–21, 226 Canada, 24, 180, 209 Cape Town ‘Truth and Reconciliation’ Conference, 113, 123, 183 Cape Town ‘Dealing with the Past’ Conference, 113, 118, 123, 183 capitalism, 173, 204, See transitional justice Cárdenas, Lázaro, 199 Carmichael, Stokely, 199 Carothers, Thomas, 89 Carter, Jimmy, 181 Cassese, Antonio, 37 Castro, Fidel, 214, 219 Ceausescu, Nicolae, 85, See also Romania CELS See Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales Center for the Study of Constitutionalism, 91 Central African Republic, 104 Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales(CELS), 182 characteristics See transitional justice Charter 77 Foundation-New York, 81 Chile, 37, 54, 66, 69–70, 76–77, 180, 195, 202, 209 China, 99, 152, 197–98 civil and political rights See human rights Clark, Phil, 8, 40, 61 Cold War, 11, 13, 18, 58, 71, 131, 162, 172–85, 190, 192–93, 205, 209, 212, 214, 227–28, 230–31, 237–39 proxy wars, 18, 174, 193–95, 228, 230, 237 Colombia, 23, 54, 209, 212 colonial empires, 193, 205 colonial settlers, 207–10, 215 colonial wars, 177, 185–86, 206 colonialism, 121, 206–7, 209, 213, 216, 219, 227 communism, 54, 60, 162, 173, 187, 191, 194–95, 218, 232 comparative method See transitional justice complementarity, 105 Comrades’ Courts See Soviet Union CONADEP See truth commissions concepts See transitional justice conditions of emergence See discourses Conference on the Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE), 180 constitutionalism, 91–92, 191 consultations, 43–44 contingency, 126–27, 238–39 Contras See Nicaragua corrective justice, 91 corruption, 50–51, 223–24, 236 Costa Pinto, António, 192 crimes against humanity, 65, 98, 107, 109, 141, 143, 160, 198, 202, 221, 234 crimes against peace See aggression criminal trials, 25, 37, 41, 43–44, 54, 59–60, 63–64, 83, 90, 105–6, 120, 122–23, 157, 164, 174, 182, 184–85, 187, 189, 197, 206, 213, 217, 219, 221, 234 Croatia, 54 Cuba, 193, 209, 214–17, 221–23, 225 Revolutionary Tribunals, 225 Cyprus, 177, 187 Czech Republic, 89, 96 criminal trials, 85 Czechoslovakia, 81, 87–88, 160 Dachau trial, 136 Daly, Lawrence, 199 de Beauvoir, Simone, 199 de Gaulle, Charles, 203–4 de Greiff, Pablo, 28 de Klerk, Federik, 112 de Kock, Eugene, 111 de Oliveira Salazar, António, 202 Index decolonisation, 173–74, 193, 205–14, 228, 230–33, 237 decommunization, 91 deconcentration, 158–60, 163–64, 166 Dedijer, Vladimir, 199 Democratic Republic of Congo, 104, 206, 208 denazification, 137, 154–57 Denmark, 136, 169, 200 development, 208–10 disclosure of secret files, 86, 93 discourses conditions of emergence, 238 definition, emergence, 237–39 Douglas, William, 153 Due Obedience Law See Argentina Dworkin, Ronald, 68, 70 East Germany, 81, 84, 86–87, 155, 164 Eastern Europe, 55, 60–61, 77, 106, 144–45, 183, 194, 214 criminal trials, 86 transitions, 13, 61, 97, 102, 113, 119, 124, 126, 141, 149, 165, 229 truth commissions, 86 ECCC See Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia economic dimension, 231, 237 economic reform, 189, 207, 214, 216, 227, 231 economic sphere, 48, 56, 75, 95, 213, 215, 230–33, See also liberalism education reform, 27, 59 Eichmann trial, 141, 176 Eichmann, Adolf, 176 El Salvador, 55, 66, 107, 194–95 Elster, Jon, 4, 9, 80, 82 enforced disappearances, 31, 74, 112 Espíndola Mata, Juan, 171 Estonia, 87–88 Ethiopia, 24, 120, 194–95, 216 Europe, 81, 180, 193–94, 211 European Commission of Human Rights, 191 European Court of Human Rights, 96 European Union (EU), 53, 103 experts, 34, 44, 94, 102, 109, 123, 126, 183 expropriation, 50, 88, 164, 186–87, 211, 213, 215, See also nationalisation Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), 42, 100, 110, 197–98, 216, 221 283 Fanon, Franz, 207 Federal Republic of Germany See West Germany Fleming, Alexander, 239 Flick, 160–61 forensic anthropology, 72 Foucault, Michel, 7, 16, 150 France, 127, 134, 136, 157, 167–69, 171, 199, 204, 206, 208 Franck, Thomas, 138 Franco, Francisco, 177, 188 Franz Ferdinand, 239 FRELIMO See Mozambique Liberation Front French Revolution, 10, 15 Full Stop Law, 65, See Argentina Funk, Walther, 159, 162 Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 40 García Meza, Luis, 67, See also Bolivia Garretón, Roberto, 81 Garton-Ash, Timothy, 78 genealogy, 16–17 Geneva Conventions of 1949, 98 genocide, 67, 98–99, 107, 109, 198, 200, 202, 207, 216, 220–21, 233, 238 German Democratic Republic See East Germany Germany, 136, 140, 142, 145–46, 148, 157, 163–64, 168, 171 Berlin Regional Court, 84 Berlin Wall shootings trials, 84, 95–96, 194 industrialists’ trials, 159–63, 166 Leipzig trials, 145 Ghana, 214, 217–18 Public Tribunals, 222, 224–25 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 77 Göring, Hermann, 134 Gosse, Philip Henry, 131, 172 Greece, 9, 15, 77, 133, 141, 177, 189, 191–92, 214 criminal trials, 68, 177, 184, 188–92 transition, 174, 177, 185, 187–88, 228 Grodsky, Brian, Grunebaum, Heidi, 121 Guatemala, 55, 66, 70, 107, 120, 195 Guinea-Bissau, 185 Haiti, 70, 205 Hansen, Thomas O, 214 Hariri, Rafik, 25 Havel, Václav, 180 284 Index Hayner, Priscilla, 31, 82, 121 Herz, John, 59–60, 67, 71, 164, 190 Hess, Rudolph, 134 Hirohito, 152 Hirsch, Francine, 147, 155 historical justice, 91 Hobsbawm, Eric, 194 Holmes, Stephen, 89 Holocaust, 37 Honecker, Erich, 84 human rights, 178–85, 190–91, 228, 230, 237, 239 activists, 32, 64, 69–70, 74, 181–82, 232 advocacy movement, 179–84, 232, 239 civil and political rights, 49, 232, 237 development, 18 economic, social and cultural rights, 166 indivisibility, 49 regional courts, 102, 179 treaties, 75 universality, 184 violations, 24–25, 45, 70, 107, 114, 121, 144, 233 civil and political rights, 49–51, 74, 95, 109–10, 124, 148, 166, 192, 213, 226, 229, 231, 235 economic, social and cultural rights, 49–51, 109, 148, 202, 213, 226, 235–37 Human Rights Watch, 180, 182–83 Humberto Delgado Popular Tribunal See Portugal Hungary, 81–82, 87–88, 136 Huntington, Samuel, 80 hybrid criminal courts See mixed criminal courts ICC See International Criminal Court ICTJ See International Center for Transitional Justice ICTR See International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ICTY See International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia IG Farben, 158, 160–62 Ignatieff, Michael, 181 IJTJ See International Journal of Transitional Justice impunity, 32, 170 impunity laws See Argentina: Full Stop Law and Due Obedience Law IMT See Nuremberg IMTFE See International Military Tribunal for the Far East Indian partition, 206 Indochina War, 206 industrialists’ trials See Germany informal mechanisms, 230, 234–35 Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, 120 institutional change, 231 institutional reform, 37, 53, 59–60, 164, 215, 217, 219, 232, 234 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 221 Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 182 International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), 35, 41, 44, 60, 103, 121, 123 International Criminal Court (ICC), 11, 36, 60, 100–1, 103–5, 107, 109, 118, 140, 233 international criminal justice, 17, 60–61, 97–111, 123, 126, 140–41, 149, 174–75, 178, 195, 229 relationship with transitional justice, 104–6 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 14, 98–99, 102–3, 106–10, 238 International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 2, 14, 34–35, 60, 97, 101–3, 106–10, 127, 140–41, 144, 149, 184, 195, 238–39 International Journal of Transitional Justice (IJTJ), 22, 26–27, 36, 41, 43, 54, 90, 103 International Law Commission (ILC), 100, 178 International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), 14, 133–35, 151–54 International War Crimes Tribunal See Russell Vietnam War Crimes Tribunal internationalised criminal courts See mixed criminal courts Israel, 23, 164 Italy, 168–69 Jackson, Robert, 144–46, 148, 159 Japan, 152, 155, 201 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 85 Johnson, Lyndon, 199 Juan Carlos I, 188 judges, 84, 116, 123, 147, 152–53, 160–62, 203, 218–24, 226 justice, 30–31 restorative, 116 Karamanlis, Constantine, 187 Keitel, Wilhelm, 134 Index Kenya, 54, 208–10 Kenyatta, Jomo, 210 Kessler, Heinz, 84 Kharkov trial, 155 Khmer Rouge, 197, See Cambodia Klaus Barbie trial, 176 Korea, 194 Kosovo, 99, 120 Kritz, Neil, 80, 82, 93, 165, 183 Krupp, 160–62 Krupp, Gustav, 159 Lambourne, Wendy, 30 land reform, 117, 209–13, 228, 231–33 Laos, 200 Latin America, 31–32, 61, 77, 79–80, 89, 91, 106–7, 145, 180, 182–83, 190–91, 194, 204 transitional justice, 66–67 transitions, 13, 60, 62, 66, 69, 71–72, 76, 78–79, 81–83, 86, 95, 102, 113, 119, 141, 176–77 Latvia, 87–88 lawyers, 42–43, 73, 101, 106, 123, 134, 145, 203, 218, 220, 225, 227 Lebanon, 25, 99, 104 legalism, 42, 236, See also transitional justice legality, principle, 93, 110, 139, 148 Leipzig trials See Germany lessons learned, 39, 81 liberal democracy See transitional justice liberalism, 47–48 Liberia, 55 Libya, 23 Lithuania, 81, 87–88 Luder, Italo, 62 lustration See vetting Lutz, Ellen, 82 lynchings See popular justice MacArthur, Douglas, 152 MacMillan, Harold, 173 Macridis, Roy, 171 Madres de Plaza de Mayo, 182 Malamud Goti, Jaime, 69–70, 73, 81–82 Malvinas/Falklands War, 62, 69 Mamdani, Mahmood, 121, 123 Mandela, Nelson, 112, 114 Marxism, 214, 218, 227 Masutha, Michael, 111 mato oput See traditional practices Mau Mau uprising, 210 285 McAuliffe, Pádraig, 12, 133 McDonald, James, 227 McEvoy, Kieran, 45 mechanisms, 229, See transitional justice Medina, Ernest, 196 memorials, 2, 27, 37, 54, 235, 239 Méndez, Juan, 70, 182 Menem, Carlos, 65 Meron, Theodor, 101, 141 Mexico, 209 MFA See Portugal Michelini, Rafael, 81 Michnik, Adam, 89 Mignone, Emilio, 69, 74 Mihai, Mihaela, 171 Mihr, Anja, Miller, Zinaida, 56, 134 Minow, Martha, 175 mixed criminal courts, 99–100, 103, 106, 108–10 Morris, James, 162 Motsuenyane Commission, 113 Mozambique, 185, 194–95, 209–10, 213–18, 220–21, 223–24, 226 Revolutionary Military Tribunals, 220 Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), 214–15, 220, 223 multidisciplinary See transitional justice multilevel See transitional justice My Lai massacre, 196–97, 201 Nagel, Thomas, 70 Namibia, 195, 209, 211 Napoleonic Wars, 10 National Commission on the Disappearance of People (CONADEP) See truth commissions nationalisation, 87, 95–96, 124, 164, 186–87, 191, 210, 213, 215–16, 232, See also expropriation Nazis, 134, 137, 142, 145, 147–48, 154, 163–64, 167, 232 necessity defence, 161 Neier, Aryeh, 119, 182 Neil Kritz, 90 Netherlands, the, 2, 136, 169, 239 New State See Portugal New Zealand, 24, 200, 209 Nicaragua, 209, 214–17, 220–24 Agrarian Tribunals, 222, 227 Anti-Somocist Popular Tribunals, 220–21, 226 286 Index Nicaragua (cont.) Contras, 220 Sandinistas, 214–15, 217, 220, 222, 225 Special Tribunals, 220–21 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 16, 150 Nikitchenko, Iona, 147 Nino, Carlos, 69, 72–73, 79, 82, 92, 97, 102, 139, 141, 151 Nkrumah, Kwame, 218 NMT See Nuremberg Nol, Lon, 197 North Vietnam, 199 Northern Ireland, 120 Norway, 136 Nuremberg, 13, 18, 132, 134, 137–40, 172–73, 175–76, 230 Charter, 134, 141–43, 145, 155 International Military Tribunal (IMT), 11, 13–14, 18, 58, 68, 72, 131, 133, 137–39, 142–53, 155–56, 159–60, 171–73, 175, 184, 199, 230 Nuremberg Military Tribunal (NMT), 135–37, 160–63 Nyerere, Julius, 210 O’Donnell, Guillermo, 77 O’Rourke, Catherine, 137 objects See transitional justice OHCHR See United Nations Omar, Dullah, 113 openness, 33–34 Orentlicher, Diane, 72, 82, 181–82 Orvis, Stephen, 208 Osiel, Mark, 126, 145 Pal, Rahadbinod, 153 Palestine, 23 Palmer, Nicola, 8, 40, 61 Paraguay, 66 Patton, George, 169 peace versus justice debate, 12, 71–72 peacebuilding, 55 People’s Revolutionary Tribunal See Cambodia people’s tribunals See popular tribunals perpetrators, 37, 45, 118, 195, 233 Peru, 45, 67, 195 Philippines, the, 200 physical violence See violence PIDE See Portugal Pion-Berlin, David, 70 Poland, 77, 81, 87, 89, 127, 136 criminal trials, 85, 95 Polish Supreme National Tribunal, 146, 176 Political Police (PIDE) See Portugal political sphere, 48, 78, 110, 167, See also liberalism popular justice, 154, 167–71, 231, 234, 237 Popular Revolutionary Tribunals See Burkina Faso popular tribunals, 217–28, 231 people’s tribunals, 217–18 revolutionary tribunals, 217, 219–23, 235–36 Portugal, 77, 141, 177, 189–92, 205, 208, 215, 223 Armed Forces Movement (MFA), 185, 191 criminal trials, 187, 189, 192 Humberto Delgado Popular Tribunal, 202 New State, 185, 192 Political Police (PIDE), 186, 192, 202 purges, 177, 189, 192, 235 transition, 174, 177, 185–87, 228 post-war period, 132, 171, 175–76 Pot, Pol, 220–21 Potsdam Conference, 157 prehistory See transitional justice property restitution, 87–88, 90, 93, 95–96, 137, 163–67, 233 prosecutions See criminal trials proxy wars See Cold War Przeworski, Adam, 77 Public Tribunals See Ghana purges, 186 Rawlings, Jerry, 214, 222 reconciliation, 32–33, 115–19, 122–24 Reiter, Andrew, reparations, 26, 37, 41, 45, 50, 54, 59–60, 66, 114, 117, 137, 165, 206, 213, 234 repression, 143, 180, 186, 194–95 responsibility of economic actors, 74, 125, 157–67 responsibility to protect, 238 retroactive justice, 91 revolutionary tribunals See popular tribunals Rhodesia, 208 Röchling, Hermann, 160 Roht-Arriaza, Naomi, 82 Romania, 87 Ceausescu trial, 85, 94 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 157 Rosenberg, Tina, 80, 118 Index rule of law, 41, 48, 52–53, 57–58, 60, 74, 81, 91, 93–94, 108, 124, 213, 231 Rusk, Dean, 200 Russell Tribunal on Latin America, 202 Russell Vietnam War Crimes Tribunal, 198–205, 228, 234–35, 237 Russell, Bertrand, 198–99, 203–4 Russia, 86 Rwanda, 24, 99, 104, 120, 207, 212, 238 Sábato, Ernesto, 74 Sachs, Albie, 118 Salzburg ‘Justice in Times of Transition’ Conference, 81–83, 89, 113, 183 Sandinistas See Nicaragua Sankara, Thomas, 214–16, 219, 223–26 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 199–200, 204–5 Sary, Ieng, 220–21 SATRC See truth commissions Schabas, William, 165 Schacht, Hjalmar, 159 Schmitter, Philippe, 77 Schwarzenberger, Georg, 153 Seils, Paul, 103 Serbia, 120 Sharp, Dustin, Shipway, Martin, 206 Shklar, Judith, 42, 147, 203 shorn women, 168–69 show trials, 156, 236 Sierra Leone, 99, 104 Sikkink, Kathryn, 191 Simpson, Graeme, 116 situations See transitional justice Skinner, Quentin, 10 slave labour, 136, 143, 148, 157, 160–61 Slovakia, 87 socialism, 124, 209, 214, 217, 222, 226 socio-economic violations See human rights Solomon Islands, Solomon Islands’ Truth and Reconciliation Commission See truth commissions Somoza, Anastasio, 220 South Africa, 14, 32, 45, 49–50, 61, 70, 89, 111, 127, 139–40, 150, 189, 195, 206, 208–9, 211–12 Constitutional Court, 118 criminal trials, 116–17 transition, 13, 97, 111–26, 141, 183 South America, 68, 70 287 South Korea, 70, 195, 200 Southern Europe, 77, 79, 175, 177, 190 transitions, 18, 176, 178, 185–93, 230 Soviet Bloc, 48, 80, 174, 180 collapse, 11, 17, 60, 62, 77, 79, 91–92, 127, 173, 176 Soviet post-war trials, 136 Soviet Union, 76, 79, 86, 124, 134, 136, 147–49, 154–57, 162–63, 166, 193, 205, 209, 214 Comrades’ Courts, 222 Spain, 77, 141, 177, 189–91 amnesties, 177, 188 Civil War, 188 transition, 174, 177, 185, 188–89, 228 Special Court of Sierra Leone, 100, 110 Special Tribunal for Lebanon, 25, 100, 110 Special Tribunals See Nicaragua Speer, Albert, 160 spoliation, 161–62 Stalinism, 85, 156, 222 Stan, Lavinia, 85 Stasi, 171 state-centric See transitional justice Streletz, Fritz, 84 structural violence See violence Suárez, Adolfo, 188 Sudeten Germans, 88 Sukarno, Ahmed, 207 superpowers, 174, 195, 228 Sweden, 199 Switzerland, 164 Tanzania, 210, 213 technical See transitional justice Teitel, Ruti, 11, 31, 79–80, 82, 92, 102, 132, 139, 141, 151, 175, 239 teleological See transitional justice Thailand, 200 Theidon, Kimberly, 29 third wave, 13, 69, 77–80, 92, 177, 190, 192–93, 213 Third World, 194 Timor Leste, 51, 99 Tokyo trial See International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) Tolbert, David, 103 traditional practices, 2, 27, 125, 239 Traĭnin, Aron, 155 transition, 23, 29–30, 46 non-liberal, 174, 193 288 Index transitional justice actors, 17, 34–38, 229 armed conflicts, 106–8 characteristics, 17–18, 21, 38, 126, 174, 214, 229, 237 comparative, 38–40, 69, 71–72, 76, 93, 108, 122, 229 liberal, 47–48, 74–76, 95–96, 109–10, 125, 148, 157, 166, 203–4, 213, 226–27, 229, 231–32, 235 capitalism, 56, 75, 96, 110, 124, 166–67, 191–92, 204, 213, 227, 229, 235 democracy, 51–53, 74, 95–96, 110, 124, 191–92, 227, 229, 235 multilevel, 56–57, 75–76, 96, 110, 125, 229 state-centric, 57–58, 75–76, 96–97, 110–11, 148, 171, 192, 204–5, 227, 229, 231, 234–35, 237 technical, 40–41, 72, 94, 109, 213, 229 apolitical, 46, 48, 73, 94, 109, 123, 146–48, 156–57, 225–26, 229, 235 legalistic, 42–43, 45, 73, 76, 93–94, 109, 123, 146–48, 150–54, 156–57, 171, 192, 202–3, 212, 224–25, 229, 231, 235 multidisciplinary, 41–43, 69, 71–72, 82, 93, 117–18, 123, 229 teleological, 46–47, 74, 76, 94, 109, 148, 229, 235 concepts, 17, 29–34, 229 definition, 3–6 discipline, discourse, 6–9, 15, 22 dominant narrative, 14, 174, 193, 227, 229 emergence, 18, 61, 172, 229–30, 232, 239 expansion, 23–25, 28–29, 38–39, 106–8, 234 field, goals, 4, 6, 32, 46, 94 impact, 47 institutions, 34–36 internationalisation, 101–8 mechanisms, 18, 25–27, 214, 230, 233 normativity, 6, 230–31, 235 objects, 17, 22–28, 229 practices, 5, 15, 18, 23, 142, 164, 170, 201, 213, 216, 219, 223, 230 prehistory, 14, 17–18, 127, 131–32, 172, 229–30, 234 relationship of forces, 37–38 situations, 18, 23–25 space, 21 Transitional Justice Institute, 60 transitions, 106 dual, 78–79, 90, 94–95 non-liberal, 213–28, 230, 237 Tribunal Against Impunity See Argentina truth, 31–32 Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa (SATRC) See truth commissions truth commissions, 25, 31, 37, 41, 45, 50, 66, 83, 90, 107, 120–22, 203, 206, 229, 234, 236 Argentina (CONADEP), 60, 63, 66, 72–74, 83, 116, 119, 126 Bolivia, 66, 83 Chile, 37, 66, 83, 119 El Salvador, 66, 76, 83, 108 Germany, 86 Kenya, 54, 236 Russia, 86 Solomon Islands, 2, 239 South Africa (SATRC), 14, 18, 31–32, 45, 49–50, 61, 111, 113–26, 183, 229, 233, 238 Timor Leste, 51 Tunisia, 50–51, 236 Uruguay, 83 Uzbekistan, 86 Tunisia, 44, 50–51 Tunisian League for Human Rights, 44 Tunisian Truth and Dignity Commission See truth commissions Turkey, 177, 187 Tutu, Desmond, 111, 114 two devils theory, 73 Uganda, 2, 70, 104, 239 UNGA See United Nations United Kingdom, 62, 134, 136, 147, 157, 210–11 United Nations (UN), 35–36, 50, 52, 55, 57, 97, 102, 107–8, 111, 138, 141, 145, 236 General Assembly (UNGA), 53, 100, 178 Human Rights Council, 25, 31 interim administrations, 100, 110 membership, 205 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), 35, 40, 44, 50 Peacebuilding Support Office, 55 Secretary-General, 25, 60, 103, 108 Security Council (UNSC), 55, 60, 97–100, 106–8, 110, 127, 140 Index Special Rapporteur on the Promotion of Truth, Justice, Reparation and Guarantees of Non-Recurrence, 25–26, 31, 52–53 transitional justice definition, 4, 6, 46 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 35 United States, 24, 48, 70, 81, 127, 134–37, 144, 147, 152, 155, 157–59, 162, 164, 167, 169, 180, 191, 193–200, 203–5 United States Institute of Peace (USIP), 80–81 unofficial tribunals, 202, 231, 234, 237, See also Russell Vietnam War Crimes Tribunal Uruguay, 66, 69–70, 76–77, 176, 180, 202 Uzbekistan, 24, 86 van Zyl, Paul, 120 vetting, 41, 59–60, 87–88, 90, 93, 95, See also Portugal: purges, lustration Vichy regime, 168 victims, 36–37, 45, 73, 118, 123, 145–46, 163, 182, 200, 233 Vietnam, 194, 196–98, 200, 214, 220 Vietnam War, 195–205 Villa-Vicencio, Charles, 120 violence, 24, 231, 233–34 289 physical, 49–51, 74, 95, 109, 124, 166, 192, 213, 215, 226, 231, 235, 237 structural, 49–51, 74, 124, 213, 215, 226, 232, 235 von Ribbentrop, Joachim, 134 Waldron, Jeremy, 54 war crimes, 107, 109, 143, 160, 198, 202, 221, 234 wave of democratic transitions See third wave Weiss, Peter, 199 West Germany, 84, 87, 155, 164 Whitehead, Laurence, 77 Wilson, Harold, 203 World Bank, 56 World War I, 145 World War II, 11, 13, 15, 67, 88, 106, 131–34, 138, 140, 144, 154, 157, 165, 167–68, 174, 176, 179, 193, 230–31, 234, 237, 239 Yamashita, Tomoyuki, 196 Yugoslavia, 81, 90, 97, 160, 178 Yugoslavia wars, 195 Zalaquett, José, 82, 119, 123, 140, 182 Zatz, Marjory, 227 Zhivkov, Todor, 85 Zimbabwe, 209, 211, 213 Zyklon B, 160–61 ... Scholar in Residence at the Center for Human Rights and Global Justice of New York University Justice Framed a genealogy of transitional justice MARCOS ZUNINO British Institute of International and... transitional justice With that purpose, this book interrogates the established narrative of the history of transitional justice i two dimensions of transitional justice The term transitional justice. .. Andrew G Reiter, ‘Transitional Justice Bibliography’ (Transitional Justice Data Base, 2015) https://sites.google.com/site/transitionaljusticedatabase/transitional -justice- bibliography, accessed