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ảnh hưởng của biến đổi khí hậu, giải pháp thích ứng đối với biến đổi khí hậu của ngành nông nghiệp Campuchia. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu.
HHlN RA THE 01(31 Bien doi khf hau va giai phap cho nganh nong nghiep Campuchia SEREY MARDY, NGUYEN PHOC THQ TriTcIng Dai hgc Nong nghiep Ha INoi Campuchia la mdt qud'c gia ngheo, co bien, cd h i Idn ndn rat d l hi tdn thtfdng tac ddng cua bid'n dSx h$u (BDKH) vl mpi mat, dd anh htfdng manh me nhS't la ndng nghidp va phat tridn ndng thdn, an ninh Itfdng thtfc, bS't 6n xa hdi Trtfdc bd'i canh do, d§'t ntfdc Campuchia phai cd nhtfng n§ Itfc vide tun giai phap giam thilu h$u qua tidu cijfc va thich dng vdi BDKH ANH Hl/ONG CUA BDKH Nhffng bieu bien ve tac ddng ciia BDKH, nhff: mffc nffdc biln dang cao va gia tang lu lut, bao Id'c, mffa ldn bat thffdng, cffdng dp cao cung nhff cdc hau qud dfi'i vdi mdi trffdng tff nhien cang the hien rd net d Campuchia Theo Bdo cdo Chi sd rui ro hau toan cau nam 2013 To chffc Nghien cffu Mdi trffdng Germanwatch, Campuchia la qufi'c gia dffng thff hai tren the' gidi (sau Thai Lan) ve mffc dp bi anh hffdng BDKH hong nam 2011, dffng thff 28 khoang tbdi gian tff nam 1992 dfi'n nam 2012 Tbeo sd'lieu ciia Bd Ndng Lam va Ngff nghifip Campuchia, rifing nam 2012, thifin tai da khifi'n 247 ngffdi Campuchia thifit mang, bang nghin ngfldi khdc bi thffdng, hang chuc nghin hecta hoa mdu va nba cffa, cdc cdng trinh cdng cfing bi hiiy hoai, lam thifit bai khoang 3,1% tdng san pham qudc ndi (GDP) BDKH se Ichie'n nhiet dp trdi dd't tang va bang d Bac cffc tan, ddn de'n nffdc bien dang cao va Iiic dd mpt phan dien ticb vung ddng bang ciia Campuchia se bi ngdp nffdc bifi'n Dff bdo dien tich rdng Idn cua Ddng bdng sdng Mekong, sdng Bassac va ven Bie'n Ho Tonle Sap se bi ngap lut Trffdc bfi't Id cdc khu vffc rffng ngap man cua tinh Kampong Thom, Kampong Chhnang, Pursat va Kandal se bi nha'n chim nffdc bifin Thay do'i chfi'dd mffa cd thfi' gdy lu nghiem trpng vdo mCia mffa va han ban vao mua khd; gia tang vl cffdng dp vd tdn suat cdc cdn bao, gifing to'gdy IQ ldn va ngap lut, lu qudt, trffpt Id da't va xdi mdn; gia tang thifi'u hut nffdc ddp ffng nbu cau sff dung 106 Theo bdo cao "Anh hffdng cua mflc nffdc bien dang cao ddi vdi cdc nffdc dang phdt trien: Phan ticb so sanh" cua Ngan hang The gidi (WB) cong bd dau nam 2007, trffdng hdp mffc nffdc bie'n dang Ien mdt met, ne^u cbi tinb rieng thifit hai mat da't sdn xuat tai cac vdng hi ngdp ffde tinh tdng san Iffdng Iffdng thffc cua Campuchia sfi gidm khoang 12% (khoang nam trifiu tan) Vdi kich bdn nffdc biln dang mpt met vao cud'i the ky 21, cac tinh vffa liia Idn nhd't Campuchia se dffng trffdc nguy cd bi dnh hffdng nSag ne, gay giam stit ddng ke san Iffdng Iffdng thffc Nguy cd ciia viec thie'u Iffdng thffc se trd nfin vo cdng cap bdch BDKH dnh hffdng trffe tiep de'n d&i sd'ng nhan dan Campuchia, nha't la d nhffng vung bi ngap nffdc Theo dff bdo khdng ma'y icha quan cua Bp Tai nguyen Nffdc va Khi tffdng Campuchia, den nam 2020, se cd khoang 30 nghin ddn trfin dia bdn bi ngap tren 1% difin tich, gom: quan Daun Penh se ngap gan 40 ha, quan Chamka Mon gan 30 va qudn Meanchey khoang 55 Trong khodng 10 nam tifi'p tbeo, se cd khoang qudn bi ngap de'n gan l^c va de'n nam 2070 sg Id 250 nghin ddn, ga'p gan ldn so vdi ndm 2020 Trong do, cdc khu vffc xung quanh Bien Hd Tonle Sap se chiu tdc dpng nang aDi/bio ne nhal vdi trung binh hen 50 nghin dan bi anh hffdng Ngay ca ddi vdi phd Phnom Penh, tinh trang thie'u nffdc sinh boat hong miia khd diln ngdy cang nghifim nhilu khu ddn cff thudc cac quan Por Sencbey, Reussey Keo, Meanchey vd Dongkor Trong do, xam nbap man tdc dfing tieu cflc dfi'n cha't Ifldng nguon nffdc, nffdc ngam Nffdc sfing Bassac cd khd nang nhiem man vao mua khfi, Idm tang kba nang tbieu nffdc ngpt tren difin rpng Vdi 85% dan sd ldm ndng nghifip, BDKH gdy dnh hffdng nang n l nhd't den ngdnh ndng nghiep Hifin nay, da't ndng nghifip cua Campuchia dang din bi thu hep, nfin viec dam bao Iffdng thffc cbo ddn sdngay mpt tdng la thdch thffc khdng nhd Theo tinh loan, neu nam 2020, dan sd Campuchia se la bdn 17 trifiu ngffdi, thi san Ifldng Ifldng thffc phdi tang ga'p rfldi hifin dd dam bao an ninb Iffdng thffc qud'c gia Trong kbi do, BDKH Idm mfit sd vung khdng cdn phii hdp vdi san xud't Iffdng thffc va mdt phan da't hien trdng cay Iffdng thflc se pbai chuyen dfi'i th^nh dd't cho nhffng ngffdi phdi di ddi ngap lut vdng duyen hai Bfin canh dd, san Iffdng mdt so' Ioai vat nufii cd the bi gidm, bifin dp dao dfing ciia nhiet dp, dp a'm vd cdc yfi'u to' ngoai canh khdc tang Ien Nhifit dd tdng cilng vdi bifi'n dpng vl cac yfi'u to'khi hau v^ thdi tiet khdc cd the lam giam sffc de khdng cua vat nufii, ddng tbdi, la mdi trffdng thuan ldi cho cac tdc nhan gay hfinh bung phdt, gay nhffng dai dich tren gia sue, gia cdm Da dang sinh hoc bi dnh hffdng manh me cua BDKH, thdnh phan va phdn bd dia Iy cua cdc be sinh thdi se thay ddi Vung khd ban va ban khfi ban se trd nfin khac nghiet hdn Hdu hfi't cdc viing dat cdt ven bifi'n phia Dfing Nam se ndng va kho ban hdn, lam tinh trang sa mac hda difin tram trpng Dd la chffa k l tdc dfing ciia BDKH dfi'n thiiy ldi, lam nghiep, thuy sdn va phdt tnen nfing thon Theo bdo cdo ciia Bfi Tai nguyfin Nffdc vd Kbi tffdng, d Campuchia se xdy hi?n tffdng nffdc mffa bj axil hda, Iffdng CO tang dan de'n san Iffdng hai s^dn v^ Ilia gao giam nghifim trpng Cdc dam iio da't liln bi nhifim mdn se anh hffdng dfi'n da dang sinh hpc, nhilu loai c6 gid tri kinh tfi' hodc y nghTa kboa hpc se bi tuy?t chiing hodc di cff i^iirmniyiirul f u t BDKH cung lam anh hffdng sdu sac de'n nguon tai nguyen nffdc, ddn dfi'n dnh hffdng ddng chdy, Iffu Iffdng dinh lu, dp bdc thoat bdi diu tang khifi'n nguon nffdc ngpt cung gidm di dang ke Dff bdo hong tffdng Iai hau Campuchia se ndng Ifin, Iffdng mfla it di va miia khd se cdng keo ddi Ngodi ra, boat dfing chan nudi, trpt van chii yfi'u vdi quy md nhd le, manh mun, phan ldn phu thudc vao Ifldng nfldc tfl nhifin, canh tdc trfin nin da't tha'p, nfin ngdnh nong nghifip Campuchia da, dang va se chiu nhieu tdc dfing rtf BDKH, ddi hdi nhffng giai phdp hffu hifiu hdn nffa gidm thieu nhffng tdc dfing tifiu cffc va thich li^g vdi BDKH GIAI PHAP THICH LfNG Mot la day mgnh hogt dgng nghien ciiu xdy dimg ca che ihig vdi BDKH Can thuc da'y nghien cflu xay dffng cd che phd'i hdp vd kfi' hoach ffng phd mfit cdch bdp ly, hifiu qua Huy ddng lffc Iffdng chuyfin gia d cdc bfi, nganh, cdc vifin nghien cffu, bpi nghe nghifip de xay dffng kfi'hoach, chffdng trinh banh dfing, thffc hifin cdc giai phap thich ffng vdi BDKH tffng ITnh vffc Td chffc dao tao lai, dao tao mdi, dfii ngij chuyfin gia khoa boc, can bfi quan Iy nha nffdc cd trinh cao, de tham gia giai quye't nhffng vd'n dl cua BDKH thupc cdc ITnh vflc kinh tfi' ndng nghiep, nfing thfin Td chffc cac chffdng trinh h6 trd, tao dieu kifin cho ngffdi ndng dan thffc bifin cdc bifin phdp thich ffng va gidm thieu lac ddng ciia BDKH sdn xud't va ddi sd'ng Dac bifit, Chinh phli Campuchia can nhanh chdng dieu chinh va long ghep cdc ndi dung ffng phd BDKH quy hoach xay dffng chung ciia dd't nffdc de phat tnen ben vffng, ke't hdp nhan to' la tang trffdng kinh te, cdng bdng xa hpi va ben vffng ve mdi trffdng Hai la, xdy dung mo hinh cgng ddng dng phd vdi BDKH De da't nfldc phdt trien ben vffng bfii cdnh BDKH toan cau, van de xay dflng va trien khai thffc hifin Chifi'n Ifldc qud'c gia thich ffng va gidm thieu BDKH, dd chii irpng dfi'n ngdnh ndng nghifip va phat trien ndng thdn Id hfi't sffc can thie^t Tuy nhien, Campuchia la mdt qufi'c qia ngheo nen viec thich ffng vdi BDKH dffa vao cpng ddng la phffdng pbap tifi'p can ben vffng va mang lai hieu qua cao nha't Md hinh cd rat nbieu flu diem thu hiit dfldc cfing ddng chii ddng tham gia vao cdc giai phdp ffng plid vdi thifin tai mang tinb chd't ddi han va ben vffng vdi chi phi khdng cao Thich ffng vdi BDKH dffa vao cdng dong giiip nang cao nhan thffc cua ngffdi dan ve tfi'ng the mdi trffdng sd'ng xung quanh, vai hd chu the' cua ngffdi mfii trffdng sfi'ng, tdc dfing ciia ngffdi tdi tff nhifin, tff dd ndng cao ndng lffc ffng phd ctia cdng dfing vdi BDKH gidm tdi da nhffng tdn thffdng vd tan dung dffpc nhffng cd hdi ma BDKH mang lai, giiip ngffdi chii ddng, nang ddng, lang cffdng tinh doan kfi'i vd sff cpng tdc cua ta't ca mpi ngffdi de xay dffng mpt cdng ddng an toan, mpt moi trffdng sdng cd tinh dan hdi cao 107 SHiN RA THE GlQl Ngodi ra, d l bdo dam boat dpng san Ba Id, chuyen dich eg cdu kinh ti' ca cdu cdy irong vgt nuoi phu hop vdi tinh hinh diin bien ihdi tiel, xud't, kinh doanh cua phd Phnom hgu, ffng dung khoa hpc, ky thuat vdo san xua't ndng Penh - dau tau kinh te' cua ca nffdc, nghiep Tie'n hdnh chuyen dich cd ca'u kinh tfi', cd cd'u Campuchia phai cd cac gidi phdp ffng cay trdng hdp ly, thffc hifin canh tac ben vihig, than phd quy hoach ngudn cap nffdc mdi an thien vdi mfii trffdng Dong thdi, mdt nhffng viec todn hdn hoac dp dyng cdc cdng nghfi cap thiet hifin la phdi dffa khoa hpc, cdng nghe vdo x^ Iy nffdc tifin tie'n bdn, quan Iy siJ dung hifiu qud ngudn tdi nfing nghiep Nhffng gifing Iiia mdi nguyen nffdc, dp dung cdc vdi ndng sua't cao vd Icha nang chfi'ng Campucliia la mOt cfing nghe vd phffdng thffc chiu thdi tifi't khac nghiet sfi vd cilng qudc qia ngheo ndn san xua^t tifi't kifim nffdc; quan trpng thdi gian tdi nbanh chdng xdy dffng vide thich rfng vdi Bdn Id, hop tdc qudc te hoan chinh hfi thdng ca^ BDKH di^a vao cdng viec tim gidi phdp gidm thieu vd nffdc de cung ca'p cho cdc thich ling vdi BDKH Thdng qua dong la phtfdng phap qudn xung quanh Thanh cdc chffdng tnnh dien dan qufi'c tfi', tie'p c$n bin vtfhg phd Mat khdc, can xdy ichu vffc, Campuchia cd the hpc bdi dffng he tbd'ng thodt nffdc, va mang lai hidu qua nhffng kinh nghiem ve gidm tliifi'u va Cling co' dfi bao vd cdc cao nhd't thich ffng vdi BDKH d cdc qud'c gia cdng trinh dilu tiet, kilm khdc Dien binh nhff Dien dan sodt t n l u va lu, md rfing thffdng nien Viing Duyfin hdi ldn thff cdc ho dilu tie't, giff to'i da cac khu vffc II cai thifin sffc chfi'ng chju vdi tdc ddng bifi'n ddi chffa nffdc, nham giam thilu sff gia tdng bau - Vung ven bifi'n Ddng Nam A difin vdo thdng ddng chdy va giff Iai sdng rach de hd trd 10/2013 vffa qua, da cd nhffng trao doi ra't hffu ich ve tifiu thodt nffdc, gidi quye't cd ban tinh ffng phd vdi BDKH Dac biet, Difin dan cd ndi den md trang ngap nffdc mffa tai cdc lffu vffc hinh ddng qudn ly dang trien khai tai nhilu huyfin ven ngoai vi va phdn dien tich cdn lai cua bien cua tinb Sdc Trang (Viet Nam) dflpc nhieu nffdc Thanh phd.Q quan tdm, hoc hdi TAI LIEU THAM KHAO _ _ _ _ _ Bfi Tai nguyfin Nfldc vd Kbi tffpng Campuchia (2012) Bdo cdo tinh Irgng ldi nguyen nudc vd tugng ndm 2012 vd irien khai ndm 2013, tai Ueu dicb tff tieng Campuchia 2.Bd NongLam vaNgyi nghidp Campuchia (2012) Bdo cdo tdng kit phdt trien nong nghiep ndm 2011-2012 vd dinh hudng ndm 2012-2013, tai hfiu dicb tff tifi'ng Campuchia 3.UBND tinb Svay Rieng (2012) Quy hogch phdl triin kinh ti'-xd hgi tinh Svay Riing ndm 20122015 tai lieu dich tff tifi'ng Campuchia Xuan Khu (2012) Campuchia chiu dnh hudng ngng lit bie'n ddi hgu truy cdp tff http://www vietnamplus.vn/campuchia-chiu-anh-huong-nang-tu-bien-doi-khi-hau/174745.vnp World Bank (2011) Cities and Climate Change: Responding to an Urgent Agenda, truy cdp tff bttps://openknowledge.woridbank.org/bandle/10986/2312 QUANG CAO SO 24 THANG 12/2013 KINH TE VA D U BAO Trung tam Help tacquBc le - Trifdng Dai hoc Tai chinh -Marketing Bao Da'u thau Ngan hang TMCP Ngoai ihifdng Viet Nam Benh vien Da khoa D6ng Nai Tong Cong ty h6a d^u PetioHmex CTCP Ban quan ly cac du" an du'dng thuy noi dia phia Nam Cflng ty TNHH Mot th&nh vien ca'p nu'dc Nghe An Cuc Tho'ng ke tinh Hfla Binh Lly ban nhan dSn xa Quynh Nghia 10 Cuc Thong ke tinh Lang Sdn 11 Cong ty TNHH MTV Thifdng mai Dich vu dien lu" Minh Tuan 12 Cong ty TNHH DiJc Chi/dng I."* Cuc Thong ke linh Vinh Phiic 14 Cong tyCd phan Dudng Kon Tum I -"> Cong ty TNHH san xuat composil mien Trung 108 Bia Trang Trang Trang irong Trang irong Trang Trang Trang Trang Trang irong Trang irong Trang Trang irong ... Nfldc vd Kbi tffpng Campuchia (2012) Bdo cdo tinh Irgng ldi nguyen nudc vd tugng ndm 2012 vd irien khai ndm 2013, tai Ueu dicb tff tieng Campuchia 2.Bd NongLam vaNgyi nghidp Campuchia (2012) Bdo... dicb tff tifi'ng Campuchia 3.UBND tinb Svay Rieng (2012) Quy hogch phdl triin kinh ti'-xd hgi tinh Svay Riing ndm 20122015 tai lieu dich tff tifi'ng Campuchia Xuan Khu (2012) Campuchia chiu dnh... cung ca'p cho cdc thich ling vdi BDKH Thdng qua dong la phtfdng phap qudn xung quanh Thanh cdc chffdng tnnh dien dan qufi'c tfi', tie'p c$n bin vtfhg phd Mat khdc, can xdy ichu vffc, Campuchia