Broughton Essential Classification 2nd edn_textbook 04/06/2015 18:00 Page LASSIFICATION IS A crucial skill for all information workers involved in organizing collections This new edition of Broughton’s respected text offers fully revised and updated guidance on how to go about classifying a document from scratch C Fully updated to reflect changes to the major general schemes (Library of Congress, LCSH, Dewey and UDC) since the first edition, and with new chapters on working with informal classification, from folksonomies to tagging and social media, this new edition will set cataloguers on the right path Key areas covered are: the need for classification the variety of classification the structure of classification working with informal classification management aspects of classification classification in digital space “Essential classification might be optimised for the LIS student or novice practitioner, but others engaging with classification and subject indexing are likely to find this book an invaluable working tool It is, as the title predictably suggests, essential.” Library Review This guide is essential reading for library school students, novice cataloguers and all information workers who need to classify but have not formally been taught how It also offers practical guidance to computer scientists, internet and intranet managers, and all others concerned with the design and maintenance of subject tools ISBN 978-1-78330-031-0 Essential Classification SECOND EDITION VANDA BROUGHTON Vanda Broughton MA DipLib is Professor of Library & Information Studies in the Department of Information Studies at University College London (UCL), and teaches on the MA LIS Programme She has taught, written and led training courses on classification for many years She is Editor of the Bliss Bibliographic Classification 2nd edition and Associate Editor of the Universal Decimal Classification She is the author of two other Facet titles, Essential Library of Congress Subject Headings and Essential Thesaurus Construction SECOND EDITION ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ About the previous edition: Essential Classification Essential Classification leads the novice classifier step by step through the basics of subject cataloguing, with an emphasis on practical document analysis and classification It deals with fundamental questions about the purpose of classification in different situations, and the needs and expectations of end users The reader is introduced to the ways in which document content can be assessed, and how this can best be expressed for translation into the language of specific indexing and classification systems Facet Publishing www.facetpublishing.co.uk ISBN 978-1-78330-031-0 VA N D A B R O U G H T O N Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:09 Page i Essential classification SECOND EDITION Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:09 Page ii Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:09 Page iii Essential classification SECOND EDITION Vanda Broughton Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:09 Page iv © Vanda Broughton 2004, 2015 Published by Facet Publishing Ridgmount Street, London WC1E 7AE www.facetpublishing.co.uk Facet Publishing is wholly owned by CILIP: the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals Vanda Broughton has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as author of this work Except as otherwise permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, with the prior permission of the publisher, or, in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of a licence issued by The Copyright Licensing Agency Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to Facet Publishing, Ridgmount Street, London WC1E 7AE First published 2004 This second edition 2015 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78330-031-0 Text printed on FSC accredited material Typeset in 11/14pt Aldine 721 and Humanist by Facet Publishing Printed and made in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:09 Page v Contents Acknowledgements ix Introduction The need for classification First principles of classification Grouping – ordering – compound subjects – problems of linear order – citation order – distributed relatives The variety of classification: systems and structures .13 Scientific classifications – taxonomies – tree structures – folk classifications – bibliographic classifications – aspect classifications The classification scheme: internal structure 23 Grouping of concepts – hierarchy – semantic relationships – syntactic relationships – pre-coordination Types of classification scheme 33 Enumerative classifications – ‘top-down’ classifications – analytico-synthetic classifications – faceted classifications – ‘bottom up’ classifications Order in the classification scheme 41 Main classes – phenomena classes – main class order – schedule order and filing order – general-before-special – literary warrant and educational consensus – notation – notational symbols – expressiveness – mnemonics – flexibility and hospitality Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:09 Page vi VI ESSENTIAL CLASSIFICATION Content analysis 1: document description 57 The problem of ‘aboutness’ – where to look for content – constructing the document description – sought terms – common categories of terms (place, time, form, persons) – ordering the description Content analysis 2: practical constraints 75 Broad and close classification – specificity and exhaustivity – difficult subjects – biography – primary texts 10 Controlled indexing languages 89 Natural language indexing and searching – the meaning of words – synonyms and homonyms – sought terms – controlled indexing languages – standards for document description 11 Word-based approaches to retrieval .97 Subject heading lists – thesauri – alphabetical arrangement – synonymy and related matters – form and structure of subject headings – modern developments in subject indexing 12 Library of Congress Subject Headings 1: basic headings .111 History of LCSH – literary warrant – Cutter’s Rules and the form of entry – uniform headings – valid headings – thesaural cross references – selecting headings – multiple-headings – entering headings onto a record 13 Library of Congress Subject Headings 2: structured headings .131 Topical subdivisions – pattern headings – geographical subdivisions – free-floating subdivisions – name headings 14 Classification scheme application 153 Appearance of classification schemes – the index – the schedules – classes – captions and headings – schedule layout – scope notes – instructions Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:09 Page vii CONTENTS VII 15 Library of Congress Classification 1: basic classmark construction 161 History of LCC – general principles – literary warrant – enumerative classification – alphabetization – notation – practical classification – Cutter numbers 16 Library of Congress Classification 2: use of tables 183 Tables – content of tables – how tables work – geographical subdivision – form subdivision – subject subdivision – tables for classes using Cutter numbers – tables embedded in the schedules – tables used in combination 17 Dewey Decimal Classification 1: general properties and basic numbers .199 History DDC – structure of DDC – hierarchy – notation – compound subjects and number building – citation order – preference order – practical classification – using the relative index – first-of-two rule and the rule of three – approximating the whole 18 Dewey Decimal Classification 2: number building 219 Use of tables – standard subdivisions – place and time – persons – adding notations from the main schedules 19 Universal Decimal Classification 1: general properties and basic number building 241 History of UDC – structure of UDC – an analytico-synthetic classification – notation – symbols – expressiveness – schedule display – main tables – number-building – the colon – the plus sign – the oblique stroke 20 Universal Decimal Classification 2: auxiliary tables 265 Systematic auxiliary tables – language, form, place, ethnicity, time, materials, persons – special auxiliaries – language and literature 21 Faceted classification 299 History of facet analysis – building blocks of classification – Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:09 Page viii VIII ESSENTIAL CLASSIFICATION fundamental categories – arrays – relationships between terms – citation order – schedule order – inversion – notation – facet indicators – retroactive notation 22 Managing classification 327 Management and maintenance of schemes – revision – costs of classification – copy cataloguing and outsourcing – print and electronic format – choosing a classification – general versus special schemes 23 Classification in digital space 339 Classification as models – electronic forms of classifications – classifying digital material – information architecture – classification for online browse and search – folksonomy – automatic classification – visualization tools – faceted classification – the semantic web Glossary 375 Bibliography and further reading 399 Index .407 Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:09 Page ix Acknowledgements I should like to thank my former colleague John Bowman who originally proposed to Facet Publishing that I should write this book He also read all the drafts of the first edition, and made many pertinent and helpful comments and suggestions I must also acknowledge the part played by the students of the Department of Information Studies, University College London; their journeys through the difficult terrain of classification have highlighted the rocks and the hard places, and taught me where beginners most need help and guidance My thanks to the editors and rights holders of the general schemes of classification for their assistance and permission to use excerpts from those schemes: to the Editor-in-chief, and Chair of the UDC Consortium, for the Universal Decimal Classification, to the Editor and OCLC for the Dewey Decimal Classification, to the Library of Congress for Classification Web, and to the Bliss Classification Association for the Bliss Bibliographic Classification Second Edition I should mention in particular the previous and current editors-in-chief of the UDC, Ia McIlwaine and Aida Slavic, with whom I have worked closely in recent years Special thanks are owed to the late Jack Mills, Editor of BC2, my colleague, teacher and mentor for almost 40 years Excerpts from the Dewey Decimal Classification are taken from the Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index, Edition 23 which is Copyright 2011 OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc DDC, Dewey, Dewey Decimal Classification and WebDewey are registered trademarks of OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc I would also thank the following publishers for permission to reproduce title pages and other elements from their books: Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:10 Page 408 408 ESSENTIAL CLASSIFICATION authority files definition 376 of general classifications 328 in the local situation 329 authors, literary classification of 84 in DDC 227–31 automated reasoning 367 see also artificial intelligence; reasoners automatic classification 339, 359, 360 based on underlying classification model 347 definition 376 automatic metadata generation 359 automation effect on classification practice 89–90 effect on inverted headings 117 auxiliary schedules in analytico-synthetic classifications 36 in DDC 220–31 definition 376 in UDC 265–90 auxiliary tables see auxiliary schedules Bacon, Francis 19 classification of knowledge 20; as basis of LCC 161–2 as subject in biography 83 Basic Concepts Classification 21, 43 basic numbers in DDC 209–12 BC1, BC2 see Bibliographic Classification bias American in LCSH 114 cultural in classifications 22 cultural in LCSH 115 European in UDC 242 gender in LCSH 115 bibliographic classification 21, 38, 376 Bibliographic Classification (BC1) alternatives 53 analytico-synthetic features 36 definition 376 main class order 44 main classes 41–2 non-expressive notation 50 phenomena classes 43 Bibliographic Classification Second edition (BC2) 40, 302 brevity of notation 325 encoded classification data 345 fundamental categories 308 naming of arrays 311 retroactive notation 325 bibliographic details 376 bibliographic records see catalogue records bibliographic services of Library of Congress 163 biography, problems of 82–5 bird classification 15 Bliss, Henry Evelyn 36, 301 see also Bibliographic Classification book covers as indicators of content 60–2 Book Industry Standards and Communications (BISAC) headings in WebDewey 237 book numbers definition 376 in LCC 173, 179 bottom-up classification 38 definition 377 bracketed terms in LCSH 120 brevity of notation BC2 325 LCC 170, 194 British English 91, 119 British Library use of DDC 199 British national bibliography use of DDC 199 PRECIS indexing 302 British Standard BS 8723 354 influence on SKOS 370 British Standard ISO 25964 354 broad classification 75–6 definition 377 in LCSH 124 local policy 329 broader term (BT) definition 377 in LCSH 122 in subject heading lists 102 Brown, James Duff 36, 303 see also Subject Classification browsing 75 in Classification Web 148 definition 377 browsing tool definition 377 built classmarks in classification databases 343 in DDC 209 definition 377 in schedules 157 in UDC 252 in UDC index 253 call-marks definition 377 in LCC 173 Canadian national subject headings list 111 Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:10 Page 409 INDEX Canadian provinces as geographic subdivisions in LCSH 137 capitalization in LCSH 127–8 captions 155 in classification databases 343 definition 377 card sorting 352 definition 377 catalogue databases 345 catalogue records see also MARC format acceptability of classification data 330 adding classification data 158 decision to download 330 entering LCSH 127 as source of classification data 64 as source of DDC 199 as source of LCSH 128–9 as source of subject headings 99 categories see also fundamental categories in alphabetical subject indexing 107 of Classification Research Group 36 definition 377 in FAST headings 146 in modelling 340 non-standard 36 non-subject, in directories 357 relation to facets 308 in taxonomies 354 categorization of concepts 23 definition 378 facet analysis 306–8 categorization v classification 75–6 changes in classifications 328 characteristic of division see principle of division chemical elements, classification 15–16 Children’s Subject Headings in Classification Web 148 choosing a classification 332–7 chronological order in arrays 311 as organizing principle chronological treatment see period subdivisions CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model 369 citation order 11 alternatives 53, 317 of attributes 305 in DDC 205–7, 314 definition 378 in enumerated classifications 314 in facet analysis 314–17 409 in LCC 314 in LCSH 314 in pre-coordinated concepts 29 in subject headings 107 in UDC 257 classes definition 378 in schedules 155–6 classes of one 85–6 classification definition 378 fundamental principles classification data in MARC format 159 Classification Research Group (UK) 301–2 standard categories 38, 307 classification schemes application 153–9 definition 378 as maps of subjects 94 Classification Web 113, 162, 342 definition 378 free-floating subdivisions 140 LCC tables 184 mappings in database 344 practical application of LCC 195 practical application of LCSH 147 classificationist 378 classified catalogue 378 classifiers affecting choice of scheme 334 definition 378 classmarks adding together in DDC 223 adding together in UDC 254–62 appearance on catalogue records 158 appearance on spine labels 158 as basis of search 348 in classification databases 343 in DDC schedules 204 definition 378 length 48; in DDC 203; in UDC 248 see also brevity of notation in MARC format 159 close classification 75–6 definition 378 local policy 329 closed access definition 379 Coates, E J 107, 302 codes representing concepts 30 collocation 46 definition 379 colon use in UDC 254–8 use in UDC auxiliaries 272 Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:10 Page 410 410 ESSENTIAL CLASSIFICATION Colon Classification 40, 301 definition 379 facet indicators 323 and fundamental categories 37 inverted schedules 322 organization into arrays 309–10 combination of tables in LCC 193–4 combination order see citation order common subdivisions in analytico-synthetic classifications 36 in DDC 220–1 definition 379 Complete Edition of UDC 242 compound subject headings 96 compound subjects 9, 10 affecting choice of scheme 330 in DDC 205, 212 definition 379 filing position 322 in inverted schedules 322 in LCSH 117–18 in UDC 254–90 computation definition 379 role of classification in 341 computational methods of text analysis 360 concept analysis 64 definition 379 concept-based systems 30 concept maps 362 concept schemes 370 see also SKOS concepts in classification schemes 94 definition 379 as different from terms 30, 68 in ontologies 368 selection of 68–9 in subject domains 339 conceptualization of titles 68 concreteness see decreasing concreteness; increasing concreteness congruent sign in UDC 251 consensus see also educational consensus in classification schemes 153 definition 379 consistency of indexing 57–8 of pre-coordination 29 role of standards 95 content analysis 58–88 in DDC 209 definition 379 in LCSH 120 content mapping definition 379 contents pages as indicators of content 62–3 controlled indexing languages 89–96 combined with search engines 108, 360 definition 379 disadvantages 358 cooperative cataloguing projects influence on LCC 165 coordinate classes 380 coordinate references 103 copy cataloguing 329, 334 corporate names as category in FAST headings 146 definition 380 in LCSH 145 costs of classification 329–30 print v electronic formats 331 cross-classification 53 definition 380 in LCC 166 cross-disciplinary studies 42–3 definition 380 cross-mapping see mapping cross-references in classification databases 343 in LCSH 121–2 in subject heading lists 101–3 cultural bias in LCSH 115 currency of classifications 328 see also maintenance of classifications print v electronic formats 331 Cutter, Charles see also Expansive Classification; Rules for a dictionary catalog influence on LCSH 114, 116–17 Cutter numbers 173–9 conversion table 174 derived from tables 191 for literary authors in DDC 229–30 database definition 380 database structure of classifications 343 date of publication in LCC callmarks 178 DDC see Dewey Decimal Classification decimal filing of notation 49 hospitality 54 in UDC 247 decimal notation 380 invented by Dewey 201 Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:10 Page 411 INDEX decimal point number building in DDC 219, 220, 221 in range numbers in UDC 261 in UDC numbers 247 decimal subdivision LCC notation 170 decreasing concreteness definition 380 in standard citation order 316 dependence of facets 316 descriptive cataloguing 57 descriptors in thesauri 100 developmental order as organizing principle Dewey, Melvil 200–2 Dewey Decimal Classification 199–237 as automatic classifier 360 considered for use at Library of Congress 162 definition 380 use in digital libraries 356 ease of use 334 implicit citation order 314–15 in MARC format 159 Dewey for Windows 200 dictionary catalogues 99 definition 381 digital environment classification in 339 digital resources classification of 347 definition 380 FAST metadata for 146 direct addition of tables in DDC 231 direct subdivision geographical headings in LCSH 136–7 directory definition 381 directory style displays 355 disambiguation in LCSH 119–20 disciplines in aspect classifications 20 definition 381 discoverability 341 definition 381 discovery tools 348 definition 381 as visualization tools 362 display of results in discovery tools 349 display of schedules 156 Classification Web 196 DDC 208 LCC 166, 171–2 UDC 250–1 WebDewey 236–7 distributed relatives 12 definition 381 in indexes 154 DMOZ 357 document description 57–73 definition 381 documentary classification 19 Documentation Research and Training Centre, Bangalore 301 domain modelling definition 381 in information architecture 352 domain ontologies 368 domains definition 381 representations of 339 double dashes in LCSH 131 down-loading records 329, 334 downward references 102 dust jackets as indicators of content 60–2 Dyirbal classification 18 411 e-commerce use of facets 364 editorial information in classification databases 343 Editorial Policy Committee of DDC 200 educational consensus 46 definition 381 in subject headings 106 electronic formats advantages and disadvantages 330–1 of classifications generally 342 DDC 236 LCC 162–3, 195–7 LCSH 113, 147–9 stability 328 UDC 243, 290 Electronic Libraries Programme 355 electronic resources see digital resources elements, classification of 15–16 embedded tables in DDC 224, 226 in LCC 192–3 emergent thesaurus 359 Encyclopaedia Britannica 20 encoding of classification data in BC2 346 energy category 307 entering LCSH on a record 127 Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:10 Page 412 412 ESSENTIAL CLASSIFICATION entity classification 19 definition 382 in facet analysis 305–6 enumeration definition 382 in LCC 165–6 enumerative classification 35–6 citation order 314 compared to analytico-synthetic classification 246 definition 382 ethnicity subdivisions in DDC 226 in UDC 274–6 EuroVoc thesaurus SKOS version 372 examples of combination see built classmarks exhaustivity 79–80 definition 382 Expansive Classification 35, 162 definition 382 influence on LCC 162 expert panels in DDC 203, 204–5 definition 382 expressive notation 49–50 in information architecture 352 in UDC 249–50 extension of subject in UDC 259 facet analysis definition 382 history 301–2 influence on alphabetical subject indexing 104 influence on other schemes 40 methodology 302–26 in modelling domains 340 in UDC 299 facet formula in Colon Classification 323–4 facet indicators in Colon Classification 323 in DDC 220, 225, 323 definition 382 in faceted schemes 323 in UDC 324 Faceted Application of Subject Terminology see FAST headings faceted browse definition 381 in discovery tools 350 faceted classification 299–326 influence on digital environment 364–6 in information architecture 352 faceted classifications compared with analytico-synthetic schemes 300 definition 383 representation in SKOS 372 as structural types 37–9 faceted display in e-commerce websites 366 faceted search 364 facets definition 382 in FAST headings 146 relation to categories 307 FAST headings 146 definition 383 field codes definition 383 fields in classification databases 343 file plans definition 383 in information architecture 353 filing order 45 definition 383 of notation 48; in UDC 246–7 of numbers 204 of symbols in UDC 248 filtering search definition 383 through use of facets 364 findability 341 definition 383 of tagged resources 358 ‘first of two’ rule in DDC 214 fixed location 47, 201 definition 383 flexibility 52–3 definition 383 foci in Colon Classification 323 folk classifications 17–18 folksonomy 358–9 definition 383 Follett Report 355 foreign words in LCSH 117, 119 form headings in Classification Web 148 form of a document as category in FAST headings 146 in DDC 220–1 definition 384 in concept analysis 69–70 in LCC tables 184, 189 in LCSH 130 in UDC 269–71 form of headings Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:10 Page 413 INDEX in LCSH 116–18 form subdivisions subfield codes 145 Foskett, Douglas 302 free-floating subdivisions in Classification Web 148 definition 384 in LCSH 140–4 free-text searching 89 fringe disciplines 43 definition 384 in special schemes 337 Full Edition of UDC 243 fundamental categories 37 applied to medicine 308 as basis of citation order 316 CRG 307 definition 384 in facet analysis 306–8 fundamental disciplines 384 gender bias in LCSH 115 Gene Ontology 369 general before special 45 in DDC 200 definition 384 in inverted schedules 322 general characteristics auxiliary in UDC 279 general classifications definition 384 inverted schedules 322 strengths of individual schemes 332–3 generalia 384 generic relationships 27 definition 384 genre as category in FAST headings 146 genre headings in Classification Web 148 genus–species relationships see generic relationships geographic names as category in FAST headings 146 current in LCSH 137 definition 385 geographical arrangement using Cutter numbers 177 geographical proximity order in array 311 geographical subdivisions in concept analysis 68–9 in DDC 222–4 definition 385 with free-floating subdivisions 142 in LCC tables 184, 187–8 in LCSH 136–40 subfield codes 144 with topical subdivisions 139 in UDC 271–4 GESIS social science thesaurus SKOS version 372 government libraries use of UDC 242 gradation in speciality 385 graphical representation definition 385 grounded theory categories in 340 grouping of concepts by different criteria 23–4 413 HASSET thesaurus SKOS version 372 headings see also subject headings in schedules 155 selection of 118 hierarchical definition 385 hierarchical structure of DDC 302–4 of folk classifications 18 as a guide to order 45 in taxonomies 14 of UDC 243–4, 249–50 hierarchy 25–8 building by machine intelligence 361 definition 385 in LCSH 134 reflected in notation 50 in schedule display 156 historical treatment see period subdivisions history classification of, in UDC 289–90 of DDC 200–1 of LCC 161 homonyms 92 in LCSH 119–20 in subject heading lists 105 hospitality 53–4 definition 385 of LCC 166, 170 of numerical notation 54 hybrid libraries 347 definition 385 hypertext links in Classification Web 148, 196–7 Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:10 Page 414 414 ESSENTIAL CLASSIFICATION hyphens in DDC index 211 in DDC tables 220 in LCSH 131 idea plane of Ranganathan 31 image retrieval through artificial intelligence 361 implicit citation order 314–15 ‘including’ notes in DDC 215 increasing concreteness 45 definition 385 in inverted schedules 322 order in array 312 indentation in classification display 156 in DDC schedules 203 of hierarchies 25 in UDC 250 indexes to BC2 derived from classification data 346 to classification schemes 153–4 to DDC 210–11 definition 385 to LCC 171 to UDC 154, 252 indexing 385 indexing languages 385 indicators of subject content 58–64 indirect subdivision geographical headings in LCSH 137 inference engines 367 definition 386 information architecture 351–4 definition 386 information modelling 352 in-house classification 291, 329–30 in-house classification schemes 332 in-house taxonomies 354 inner form of a document 70 definition 386 in UDC 270 innovative notation in DDC 201 instantive relationships 27 instructions in schedules 157 in classification databases 343 DDC 209 LCC 171 LCC tables 185, 188 integrative levels definition 386 Integrative Levels Classification 21, 43 definition 386 integrity of notation BC2 325 UDC 250 intelligent agents definition 386 in semantic web 366 intelligent search 340 interdisciplinarity definition 386 interdisciplinary works 42 in DDC 212–13 interface design role of classification in 341 inter-facet relationships 313 intra-facet relationships 313 intranets definition 386 information architecture 351 Intute 356 inverted headings in LCSH 117, 119 inverted schedule in BC2 319 in Colon Classification 322 in DDC 201 definition 386 in facet analysis 319–22 retroactive notation 324 Italian national subject headings list 111 Kaiser, J 107, 301 keywords in thesauri 100 knowledge-based classifications 20 knowledge organization definition 386 knowledge organization system definition 386 knowledge representation 367 definition 387 known item retrieval definition 388 La Fontaine, Henri 36, 241, 301 labelling definition 387 labels representing concepts 30 language auxiliary in UDC 266–9 language of the document 70 language special auxiliaries in UDC 287–9 layout of schedules 156 LCC see Library of Congress Classification LCSH see Library of Congress Subject Headings length of classmarks 45 see also brevity of notation in DDC 204–5 Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:10 Page 415 INDEX non-expressive notations 50 in UDC 248 length of schedules in LCC 166 letters filing order 49 as notation 48 Library Company of Philadelphia 161–2 Library of Congress cataloging and acquisitions department 113, 162, 163 catalogue 345 collections; influence on LCSH 114 Policy and Standards division 163 Library of Congress Classification 161–97 as automatic classifier 360 citation order 314 definition 387 use in digital libraries 356 ease of use 334 in MARC format 159 suitability for humanities subjects 333 Library of Congress Subject Headings 111–52 citation order 314 definition 387 in discovery tools 349 SKOS version 372 in WebDewey 237 library schools teaching of classification 89 linear order 8, 25 definition 387 derived from tree structures 34 linguistic classification 18 linked data definition 387 Linnaeus 14, 15 literal mnemonics 51 literal notations 48 literary warrant definition 387 general principle 46 in LCC 164–5 in LCSH 114–15 in subject headings 106 literature classification of 84, 85 use of tables in DDC 227–31 use of tables in LCC 184 use of tables in UDC 288–9 local management of classifications 329 local policy 329 amendments to schemes 331 logic diagrams 26 for compounds in DDC 213 London Underground Map as conceptual model 362 415 machine environment definition 387 machine intelligence see artificial intelligence machine retrieval role of thesauri 100 main class order 43–4 in DDC 202–3 definition 388 theory 44 main classes 41–3 DDC 202–3 definition 388 identifying 65–6 UDC 244 main entry as basis of Cutter numbers 175 main tables definition 388 of UDC 252 maintenance of classifications 328 of DDC 199–200 of LCC 162–3 of LCSH 113 of special schemes 337 of UDC 242–3 management of classifications 327–37 of DDC 199–200 of LCC 162–3 of LCSH 113 of special schemes 337 of UDC 242–3 mapping in Classification Web database 344 between controlled vocabularies in classification databases 343 between SKOS concept schemes 371 definition 388 of extracted terms to controlled vocabulary 340, 360 to subject headings in WebDewey 237 maps classifications as 339 MARC format for classification data 159 in classification databases 343 for classification hierarchy 343 definition 388 for FAST headings 147 for LCSH 127; structured headings 144 Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:10 Page 416 416 ESSENTIAL CLASSIFICATION Marco Polo 17 Master Reference File of the UDC 242 materials auxiliary in UDC 280–1 matter category 306 meaning of words 90–2 Meccano 300 Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) in WebDewey 237 Medium of Performance Terms in Classification Web 148 Mendeleev’s classification of the elements 15–16 Merholz, Peter 364 mermaids 17 metadata definition 388 FAST headings 146 Mills, Jack 302 mixed notation 48 in LCC 169 mnemonics 51–2 definition 388 in LCC notation 167, 183 modelling of domains 340 models classifications as 339 definition 388 ontologies as 369 Moys classification for law books 336 multi-disciplinary works 42 in DDC 212–13 definition 389 multiple headings in LCSH 125–7 mutually exclusive classes definition 389 in facet analysis 309 name headings in Classification Web 148 definition 389 in LCSH 145–6 narrower term (NT) definition 389 in LCSH 122 in subject heading lists 102 national libraries use of FAST headings 146 use of LCC 164 use of LCSH 111 National Library of Medicine classification 336 nationality see ethnicity natural language definition 389 use in indexing 89–90 in LCSH 116 in subject headings 106 natural language processing 361 natural world, classifications of Aristotle 13 Linnaeus 14–15 SAM classification 15 navigation of classification schemes 153 definition 389 in LCSH 121–2 new subjects see hospitality non-expressive notation 50–1 in LCC 170, 194 non-hierarchical relationships 28 notation 47–55 in classification databases 343 in classification display 155 in DDC 204–5 definition 389 in faceted schemes 323 in LCC 169–70 in UDC 246–50 and users 336 notational base 48 DDC 204 LCC 170 notational plane of Ranganathan 31 notational symbols 48 notations representing concepts 30, 94 novice classifiers and print format 330 number building in DDC 219–35 in LCC 183 in UDC 254–90 number of headings in LCSH 126 numbers filing order 48, 49 as notation 48 numerical notation in DDC 204 Nuovo Soggettario 111 objectivity of classifications 21–2 oblique stroke in UDC 260–1 in UDC auxiliaries 272 OBO Foundry 369 obsolete terms in LCSH 117 occupations persons subdivisions in DDC 226 Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:10 Page 417 INDEX Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) 199 ontology 367–9 definition 368, 389 open access definition 390 Open Directory Project 357 operations auxiliary in UDC 281–2 order in classification schemes 41 of LCSH on records 127 of subfield codes on records 145 in subject summaries 72 order of combination see citation order ordering principles 8, 45–6 of arrays 311–12 ordinal filing of notation 49 in LCC 170 ordinal notation definition 390 hospitality of 54 organizational intranet see intranet Otlet, Paul 36, 241, 301 out-sourcing of classification 329, 334–5 definition 390 outer form of a document 70 definition 390 in UDC 270 OWL 367 representation of ontologies 369 in SKOS concept schemes 370 parallel subdivision in DDC 234 definition 390 in UDC 251–2 Paris bookseller’s classification partonomic relationships 27 definition 390 pattern headings in LCSH 135 period subdivisions as category in FAST headings in concept analysis 68–9 in DDC 222–5; in literature in LCSH 140, 141 subfield codes 145 in UDC 276–8 periodic table 15–16 personal names as category in FAST headings definition 390 as LCSH 145 personality category 306, 317 persons subdivisions in concept analysis 70–1 20 146 228–9 146 417 in DDC 225–6 in LCSH 140 in UDC 282–6 phase relations 256 definition 390 in UDC 256 phenomena classes 42, 43 phenomenon classification 19, 21–2, 43 definition 391 place see geographical subdivisions, nature of 69 place names see geographic names platypus 17 plus sign in UDC 258–60 in UDC auxiliaries 272 PMEST 301, 307 political incorrectness see bias poly-hierarchy 28 post-coordination 100 definition 391 in subject headings 107 power tags 359 practical classification DCC 207–36; using WebDewey 236 LCC 171–96; using Classification Web 195 LCSH 120–46; using Classification Web 147 UDC 250–90 PRECIS 302 pre-coordination of terms in alphabetical subject indexing 107 in classifications 29 in DDC 212 definition 391 in LCC 165–6 in LCSH 117–18 of pre-coordination 29 predictability 10, 339 in subject headings 99 in taxonomies 15 preference order in DDC 205–7, 212–13 definition 391 relation to schedule order 207 preferred headings in LCSH 122 preferred terms 104 prepositional phrases in LCSH 117–18 principle of division of arrays 309 definition 391 in schedule display 157 principle of inversion see inverted schedule Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:10 Page 418 418 ESSENTIAL CLASSIFICATION print format advantages and disadvantages 330–1 of DDC 208 of LCC 163 of LCSH 113 stability 330–1 processes auxiliary in UDC 281–2 Project Scorpion 360 properties auxiliary in UDC 279–80 public libraries use of DDC 199 use of LCC 161 use of UDC in Eastern Europe 242 punctuation marks for Cutter numbers 178 as facet indicators in CC 324 as notation 48 pure notation 48 Putnam, Herbert, Librarian of Congress 163 qualifiers definition 391 in LCSH 119–20 in subject heading lists 105 query modification by controlled vocabularies 108, 360 using facets 364 rabbits in aspect classifications 19–20 race see ethnicity RAMEAU Subject Headings SKOS version 372 Ranganathan, S R fundamental categories 301, 307 influence on alphabetical subject indexing 107 Meccano 300 originator of facet analysis 37, 300 planes in classifications 31 range numbers in UDC 260–1 RDA see Resource Description and Access RDF 367 RDF triples in ontologies 368 in SKOS concept schemes 370 RDN 367 reader interest classification 75–6 definition 391 readers see users reasoners 367, 369 definition 392 in SKOS concept schemes 371 reasoning definition 392 role of classification in 341 recall 392 reclassification 328, 331 records management 353 reference works as aids in classifying 63–4 related term (RT) definition 392 in LCSH 122 in subject heading lists 102–3 relations auxiliary in UDC 281–2 relationships definition 392 in ontologies 368 in subject domains 339 relationships between groups relationships between terms 25–30 in enumerative classifications 35 in faceted classifications 312–13 in vocabularies 101 relative index in DDC 202, 210 relative location 47 definition 392 invented by Dewey 201 relevance 392 Repertoire de vedettes-matiere 111 representation definition 392 of a subject field 339 Resource Description and Access as basis of name headings 145 definition 392 Resource Description Framework see RDF Resource Discovery Network see RDN restriction of subject in UDC 259 retrieval definition 392 function of UDC 241 role of classification schemes 335 retroactive notation 324–5 revision of classifications 328 of LCC 162, 163 of LCSH 145–6 Roman alphabet as notation 48 ‘rule of ten’ 76 definition 392 ‘rule of three’ in DDC 214 Rules for a dictionary catalog 105–6 see also Cutter, Charles influence on LCSH 114, 116–17 Sayers, Charles Berwick 301 scanning of schedules 156 schedule order 45–6 Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:10 Page 419 INDEX definition 393 in facet analysis 318–22 relation to preference order in DDC 207 schedules 154–8 definition 393 school libraries use of DDC 199 scientific classifications 13–17 scientific libraries use of UDC 241 scientific terminology in LCSH 116, 119 scope notes 157 in DDC 209 definition 393 search engines combined with controlled vocabularies 108 searchFAST 147 searching in Classification Web 148 Sears’ list of subject headings 111 in WebDewey 237 selection of concepts in document description 67–8 selection of headings LCSH 123–30 semantic definition 393 semantic content 393 semantic relationships 27–8 definition 393 in facet analysis 313 semantic web 366–72 definition 393 semantic web technologies 367 shelf-mark see call-mark Sibley/Alquist/Monroe classification 15 sibling terms definition 393 Simple Knowledge Organization System see SKOS SKOS 367, 369–72 definition 393 SNOMED 369 social classification see folksonomy soft systems methodology categories in 340 sought terms 67–8, 92–3 definition 394 spatial concepts see also place; geographic subdivisions nature of 69 in UDC 271 special auxiliary tables in DDC 232–3 419 definition 394 in UDC 286–7 special classifications 333, 336–7 definition 394 specificity 76–9, 333 in applying LCSH 123–30 definition 394 of UDC numbers 265 spelling, US see US spelling spelling reform of Melvil Dewey 201 spider diagrams 349 stability of print formats 331 standard citation order in DDC 205 definition 394 in facet analysis 316 standard subdivisions in DDC 220–7 standards see British Standards standing room in DDC 216 structure of classifications internal 23 structured headings 99 in LCSH 131–45 sub-facets see arrays subfield codes in MARC format for FAST headings 147 for LCSH 144 subject access definition 394 subject access tools role of classification 335 subject browse in discovery tools 349 subject cataloguing 394 Subject Classification analytico-synthetic features 36 definition 394 structure 303 subject heading lists 97–100 definition 394 subject headings 394 principles of construction: Cutter 115 Subject headings manual (LCSH) 113, 135, 137 subject retrieval definition 395 subject searching see subject retrieval subject specialists 329 subject string construction of 64–71 definition 395 ordering 71 subject subdivisions in DCC 220–1 in LCC tables 184, 190–1 in LCSH see topical subdivisions Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:10 Page 420 420 ESSENTIAL CLASSIFICATION subjectivity of indexing 57–8 subjects 394 subordination definition 395 in hierarchy 25 subtitles as indicators of content 60 summaries in DDC 211 supermarkets arrangement 9–10 citation order 11–12 distributed relatives 12 superordination definition 395 in hierarchy 25 symbols as facet indicators 323–4 in UDC Abridged Edition 252, 286 in UDC notation 248 synonyms 92 control 104–5; in LCSH 118–19 definition 395 in indexes 154 in schedules 155 searching for 104 in subject heading lists 103–4 syntactic relationships 28 definition 395 in facet analysis 313–17 syntax of classification schemes 96 definition 395 in facet analysis 313 synthesis 395 systematic auxiliary tables definition 395 UDC 265–87 systematic mnemonics 52 systematic structure of classifications 94 T numbers in DDC index 210–11 tables see also auxiliary schedules in DDC 220–33 in LCC 183–95; in Classification Web 184 tag clouds definition 395 in discovery tools 349 tagging 358 definition 396 tags definition 395 taxonomic relationships 27 definition 396 taxonomies 14–17 definitions 354, 396 in information architecture 352 Taxonomy Warehouse 354 technical libraries use of UDC 241 technical terms in LCSH 116, 119 temporal concepts see also period subdivisions nature of 69 terms 396 as different from concepts 30 in subject domains 339 text analysis 360 to build hierarchies 361 thesaural cross-references in LCSH 122–3 thesauri 100 definition 396 thesaurus format of BC2 derived from classification data 346 thing–kind relationships 27 time see period subdivisions titles as category in FAST headings 146 Cutter numbers for 175–6 as indicators of content 58–60 top-down classifications 35 definition 396 topic maps 362 International Standard 363 topical subdivisions as category in FAST headings 146 with geographic subdivisions 139 in LCSH 132–5 subfield codes 144 transitive relationships in ontologies 369 in SKOS concept schemes 370 tree structures 33–4 definition 396 in taxonomies 14 UDC see Universal Decimal Classification UDC Consortium 242 UK countries as geographic divisions in LCSH 137 UNESCO thesaurus SKOS version 372 unicorns 17 uniform heading definition 396 in LCSH 118–19 uniform title 118 Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:10 Page 421 INDEX unique definition, place of 43 definition 397 universal classifications 397 Universal Decimal Classification 241–91 definition 397 use in digital libraries 356 ease of use 334 facet indicators 324 in MARC format 159 organization into arrays 309–10 suitability for scientific subjects 332–3 University College London 2, 301 university libraries see academic libraries un-notated headings 157 LCC 171–2 upkeep of classifications see maintenance of classifications upward references 102 US bias in LCC 165 in LCSH 114 US English 91 US spelling and terminology 91–2 in DDC index 210–11 in indexes 154 in LCSH 119 in LCSH free-floating subdivisions 141 US states as geographic subdivisions in LCSH 137 usability of schemes 335–6 ‘use for’ references 104 in LCSH 122 USE references 104 in LCSH 122 user generated metadata 358, 359 definition 397 users affecting choice of classification 335–6 as basis of categories in directories 357 expectations; of arrangement 317; of shelf order 320 intuitive use of numerals 48 needs 66–7, 75 searching behaviour 67–8, 76 understanding of classifications 47, 75–6 valid headings in LCSH 120–21 valid subdivisions in LCSH 132 verbal plane of Ranganathan 31 421 vernacular terms in LCSH 119 for places in LCSH 137 Vickery, Brian 302 view based searching 364 visual display of hierarchy in schedules 25 visualization definition 397 role of classification in 341 visualization tools 362 vocabulary currency 328 definition 397 in schedules 155–6 in special schemes 337 vocabulary control 94 definition 397 in folksonomies 358–9 in LCSH 118–19 in subject heading lists 105 Web Ontology Language see OWL WebDewey 200, 397 website design role of classification 341 websites faceted classification in 364 information architecture 351 Webster’s third new international dictionary 119 whole–part relationships 27 word-based indexing and retrieval 97–108 word clouds 359 definition 397 word order in subject headings 106 Wordle 362 WordNet 369 world wide web use of classification schemes 355 searching and retrieval 90 use of UDC 242 WorldCat 199 definition 398 use of FAST headings 146 zeros as facet indicators in DDC 220, 225, 323 in number building in DDC 220–2 zoological classification 100 historical 17 Broughton Ess class 2e TEXT PROOF 05_Broughton prelims.qxd 04/06/2015 18:10 Page 422 ... pre-coordination Types of classification scheme 33 Enumerative classifications – ‘top-down’ classifications – analytico-synthetic classifications – faceted classifications – ‘bottom up’ classifications... and structures .13 Scientific classifications – taxonomies – tree structures – folk classifications – bibliographic classifications – aspect classifications The classification scheme: internal... special schemes 23 Classification in digital space 339 Classification as models – electronic forms of classifications – classifying digital material – information architecture – classification