The handbook of salutogenesis

Maurice B Mittelmark · Shifra Sagy Monica Eriksson · Georg F Bauer · Jürgen M Pelikan Bengt Lindström · Geir Arild Espnes Editors The Handbook of Salutogenesis The Handbook of Salutogenesis Maurice B Mittelmark • Shifra Sagy Monica Eriksson • Georg F Bauer Juărgen M Pelikan Bengt Lindstroăm Geir Arild Espnes Editors The Handbook of Salutogenesis Foreword by Ilona Kickbusch Editors Maurice B Mittelmark Department of Health Promotion and Development University of Bergen Bergen, Norway Monica Eriksson Department of Health Sciences University West Trollhaăttan, Sweden Juărgen M Pelikan WHO-CC Health Promotion in Hospitals and Health Care Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Health Promotion Research Vienna, Austria Shifra Sagy Martin Springer Center for Conflict Studies and Department of Education Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beersheba, Israel Georg F Bauer Division of Public and Organizational Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute University of Zuărich Zuărich, Switzerland Bengt Lindstroăm NTNU Center for Health Promotion and Resources Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway Geir Arild Espnes NTNU Center for Health Promotion Research Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway ISBN 978-3-319-04599-3 ISBN 978-3-319-04600-6 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04600-6 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2016943845 # The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 The book is published with open access Open Access This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 2.5 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/) which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited The images or other third party material in this book are included in the work’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if such material is not included in the work’s Creative Commons license and the respective action is not permitted by statutory regulation, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to duplicate, adapt or reproduce the material This work is subject to copyright All commercial rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland Foreword This year marks the 30th anniversary of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion—a very appropriate year for this major publication that focuses on the salutogenic orientation and approach When the Charter was adopted in 1986, it called for a “new public health” which takes its starting point from where health is created in people’s everyday lives Its commitment to a social model of health as a starting point was built on the history of public health’s greatest achievements and on concepts from the social sciences and the humanities A range of theories and thinkers had influenced the work on the Charter, such as Ivan Illich, Michel Foucault, Gregory Bateson, Margaret Mead, the Boston Women’s Health Collective and, of course, Aaron Antonovsky The clarion call of the Charter clearly was to start from health, to think in systems, to empower people and to address the determinants of health When we invited Aaron Antonovsky to a workshop in Copenhagen in 1992, he was sceptical that health promotion could reach its full potential without being firmly grounded in a theory of health and society Behind the rhetoric of health promotion, he identified a strong tendency towards individualistic and disease-based approaches; the risk factors ruled supreme At that time, we were more optimistic and argued with him—but looking back, he was right It was a minority of health promotion approaches and programmes that were able to move beyond risk factors and aim for a long-term salutogenic outcome In many cases, health promotion has been too fluid and too willing to compromise—probably partly due to the lack of the firm theoretical base that Antonovsky had found missing, but undoubtedly also owing to the lack of political and financial support The world has changed enormously in the last 30 years The paradigmatic change we hoped to achieve has been a long time coming, and it brings other new approaches and language; the extensive effort on resilience is one such stream of work Over time, the concept of health promotion has changed public health, particularly at the community level The five action areas of the Charter have proved durable and are reinforced through extensive research evidence and practical experience Many of the health promotion strategies we discuss and implement today address the contextual dimensions of a salutogenic model They are firmly rooted in the social determinants of health and confront the commercial and the political determinants We find that more attention is given to social support and to comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness—the sense of coherence Prominent examples include participatory health literacy programmes and self-management programmes, which address the motivational dimensions of the sense of coherence However, these approaches are not yet accepted as the gold standard, despite the mounting critique of other models, for example, disease prevention programmes focused on shifting risk factor distributions This is due, not least, to health promotion being situated in a health system that still runs on the medical model—despite all the knowledge we have on what promotes mental health, what constitutes a successful childhood and what supports healthy ageing v vi Foreword Many such examples of salutogenic approaches to health promotion have been collected in this book They show what types of programmes a society committed to the well-being of its citizens could and should support I hope The Handbook of Salutogenesis will be used extensively in the education of a new generation of health and social professionals, to ground them firmly in a salutogenic orientation Ilona Kickbusch Preface The need for a handbook of salutogenesis has long been felt by researchers in the field The salutogenesis literature is scattered over many disciplines whose discussion arenas hardly overlap Across the disciplines, English language literature dominates, but much of great value is published in other languages Key works by Aaron Antonovsky are out of print and hard to obtain in some parts of the world Salutogenesis’ major stream of research—measurement of the individual’s sense of coherence—has tended to overshadow other important developments, such as research on the application of salutogenesis to health promotion During the past several years, we and other members of the Global Working Group on Salutogenesis of the International Union for Health Promotion and Education contributed to seminars and conferences on salutogenesis This work shaped a lively arena for scholarly exchange, leading to our determination to collaborate on this book Our idea was to organise it around past, present and future developments in salutogenesis, as the structure of the book shows We reached out to salutogenesis scholars across the globe and found them eager to participate in the writing The seven parts of the book include contributions from 87 scholars Yet we are aware that the book has gaps in subject matter and in its global coverage We urge readers to call attention to the gaps and to help us fill them in an eventual second edition We are eager for feedback from researchers and students newly entering the salutogenesis arena: what improvements are needed to facilitate one’s entrance into the field? We are especially eager for feedback from salutogenesis stalwarts: what has been left out that must be remedied in a new edition? The list of persons deserving acknowledgement for helping this book come to fruition is so extensive that we dare not compose the list; we are sure to make many errors of omission Yet one name stands above all others: Torill Bull of the University of Bergen Torill is a member of the Working Group and was part of the original editor team that conceived and initiated this book project She was the original Editor of the first part Illness took hold early in the editorial work, and Torill had to relinquish her Editor role Her significant contribution to the work is nevertheless evident by her lead authorship and co-authorship of several key chapters We thank Torill for her seminal contribution to the editorial work! Bergen, Norway Beersheba, Israel Trollhaăttan, Sweden Zuărich, Switzerland Vienna, Austria Trondheim, Norway Trondheim, Norway Maurice B Mittelmark Shifra Sagy Monica Eriksson Georg F Bauer Juărgen M Pelikan Bengt Lindstroăm Geir Arild Espnes vii Contents Part I Overview and Origins of Salutogenesis Introduction to the Handbook of Salutogenesis Maurice B Mittelmark The Meanings of Salutogenesis Maurice B Mittelmark and Georg F Bauer Aaron Antonovsky, the Scholar and the Man Behind Salutogenesis Avishai Antonovsky and Shifra Sagy 15 Aaron Antonovsky’s Development of Salutogenesis, 1979 to 1994 Hege Forbech Vinje, Eva Langeland, and Torill Bull 25 Part II Salutogenesis: New Directions Salutogenesis in the Era After Antonovsky Shifra Sagy 43 Emerging Ideas Relevant to the Salutogenic Model of Health Maurice B Mittelmark, Torill Bull, and Laura Bouwman 45 The Salutogenic Model: The Role of Generalized Resistance Resources Orly Idan, Monica Eriksson, and Michal Al-Yagon 57 Specific Resistance Resources in the Salutogenic Model of Health Maurice B Mittelmark, Torill Bull, Marguerite Daniel, and Helga Urke 71 The Relevance of Salutogenesis to Social Issues Besides Health: The Case of Sense of Coherence and Intergroup Relations Shifra Sagy and Adi Mana 10 Positive Psychology in the Context of Salutogenesis Stephen Joseph and Shifra Sagy Part III 77 83 The Salutogenic Construct of the Sense of Coherence 11 The Sense of Coherence in the Salutogenic Model of Health Monica Eriksson 91 12 The Sense of Coherence and Its Measurement Monica Eriksson and Maurice B Mittelmark 97 13 Salutogenesis: Sense of Coherence in Childhood and in Families 107 Orly Idan, Orna Braun-Lewensohn, Bengt Lindstroăm, and Malka Margalit 14 Salutogenesis: Sense of Coherence in Adolescence 123 Orna Braun-Lewensohn, Orly Idan, Bengt Lindstroăm, and Malka Margalit ix 446 Maurice When I interpret your question, I interpret it in this way: Can the power brokers in the health arena (the doctors and the healthcare estate) ever take Salutogenesis seriously? I have my doubts Misery pays the bills, not happiness No one visits the doctor to increase their happiness So, the answer is no, in the medical sciences: no one visits the doctor to increase their capacity to cope with life However, if we can get the social sciences interested, the answer could be yes just see what positive psychology has done to help liberate psychology from its (modern) selfidentity with illness G.A Espnes At the center, as AA championed? As each person’s position is her center, we could never hope that salutogenesis would be understood by a large majority of health promoters to be at the center There are many ideas about where the center is/should be and that is how is should be and must be Even we salutogenesis enthusiasts occupy only approximately similar positions in the universe Salutogenesis can never be THE theory of health promotion Neither is it at the edge of the universe It has a centered position for everyone writing this book The club of enthusiasts is growing, but it will always be just one club amongst many Georg Monica When Antonovsky suggested the salutogenic theory I strongly believed, he hoped that the theory would be the basis for health promotion Why not happened to a greater extent can only be answered by leading representatives of the health promotion movement Kickbusch said in Trondheim in 2014 (Second International Forum of Health Promotion Research) that they “forgot” to discuss the theoretical basis for health promotion when the Ottawa Charter was drafted It is never too late to rise up early it’s everyone’s duty to initiate the issue again in different contexts, at different levels and to different groups of people, particularly in policymaking I not agree with the statement that salutogenesis has not been accepted and implemented in practice There are fields and areas where the salutogenic approach has been implemented, but not systematically, we have no overview of that, we need to systematically investigate, collect data, and describe the situation As far as we not have this kind of picture we feel that the salutogenic approach is not implemented at all In addition, salutogenesis is more than a philosophical issue about the health continuum Maurice I can see now, after having read the others’ comments, that I should have clearly separated my thinking along the lines of the two questions First, why has salutogenesis not become the theory for health promotion? My answer is that health promotion is a transdisciplinary arena of research, policy, and practice, not an academic discipline, and that no academic theory can dominate in a truly transdisciplinary community Therefore, the answer to the question, how can salutogenesis be more than an idea at the edge of the universe, is another question: where in our transdisciplinary universe we wish to see salutogenesis positioned? Well Maurice, the only problem is that Antonovsky has chosen the mirror-term salutogenesis to claim that his/this theory is the mirror-concept of pathogenesis—and raised the hope that this theory would support a paradigm shift away from pathogenesis Thus, salutogenesis is out there as more than just “one academic theory.” As reflected in this book, salutogenesis indeed has been happily received by many health promotion researchers and practitioners at least as providing a central, salutogenic orientation To me the challenge remains how to advance salutogenesis from a fuzzy orientation towards a sound, transdisciplinary theory base for health promotion—allowing for diversity of approaches Geir Thank you Georg Let us then turn to the last question before we wrap up the chapter This question is a many-faceted one—but let us hear your reflections: Is there a future for salutogenesis in disciplines, or in interdisciplinarity? Medicine? Psychology? Sociology? Technology? Ecology (climate change)? Is there salutogenesis without a sense of coherence? Is there sense of coherence without salutogenesis? Maurice, how you see this? Maurice Well, health promotion is still mostly about risk factor reduction, even if the rhetoric is loftier I think the best chance is a model like Bauer et al.’s (2006) model combining pathogenesis and salutogenesis: making a health promotion theory that is sufficiently inclusive to attract many in the field Such a model could, I guess, also make inroads in medicine When it comes to a future for salutogenesis: not as the salutogenic model of health it is dormant But the 49 Salutogenesis: The Book’s Editors Discuss Possible Futures salutogenic umbrella could be used in many disciplines as a broad concept for positive approaches to improving social life On salutogenesis without sense of coherence I will say this: people are already writing about a “theory of the sense of coherence” and I think the sense of coherence now has a good life of its own it does not need the “mother salutogenesis” to survive and even thrive Also, the salutogenic concept (umbrella) can well without the sense of coherence My answers are yes, and yes Monica As I see it, this question is a wrong question—there is no future without the salutogenic perspective Likewise salutogenesis is more than the sense of coherence We know today that the sense of coherence is a multidimensional construct, i.e., consists of more dimensions than the three that Antonovsky mentioned There is a potential to explore and implement them in health promotion and disease prevention A new area in my opinion is to position salutogenesis into sustainable development, in particular how the social dimension of sustainable development can be related and benefit from the salutogenic framework Equity and health equality are two of the most pertinent issues when talking about social sustainability 447 technology in the sense of Perrow,1 can have a successful career in science and practice, while its underlying paradigmatic background sinks into oblivion Georg Human health and its development are clearly multidimensional biopsychosocial phenomena happening anywhere from submolecular to global socioecological levels Only a transdisciplinary conceptualization of health and of health development processes building on the actual, rich human health experience can grasp this complexity As argued above, a completed salutogenic model can at least cover the positive side of health development Currently, the single-minded or sometimes even simple-minded focus on sense of coherence as seemingly being the main or only answer to the salutogenic question currently constrains this potential of salutogenesis At this time, it could help to ignore the sense of coherence for a while to trigger fresh ideas and results around salutogenesis as a complete, socioecological systems theory of health Geir Finally Shifra, how you see it: Is there a future for salutogenesis in disciplines or interdisciplinarily? Jurgen Yes, but only if salutogenesis becomes a more disciplined field itself first, with a wider theory and a broader repertoire of methods and instruments Then it will have more to offer to be a respected partner in joint work with other more developed disciplines These disciplines definitely lack a sound, complex, and sophisticated perspective on (positive) health Therefore there will be sufficient demand for that supply, (even if medicine suggests to already have the answers), since health in the future is becoming an even more prominent issue and problem individually, collectively, and globally under the difficult conditions of late modern world society at our endangered planet To the two more narrow questions my answer is, there is some overlap of the two concepts, the sense of coherence can be understood as a subset or element of the wider set of salutogenesis, but since salutogenesis is either a rather loose paradigm or a very complex model, and there are different partly contradictory hypotheses about the nature or impact of the sense of coherence already by Antonovsky, it is difficult to have a good systematic understanding of the relationship of the two But empirically it can be observed that a concept like the SOC, which offers an operationalized instrument, a Shifra Here we come to the solution (in my eyes) At the dawn of the third millennium, interdisciplinary research is a new challenge for scientific endeavor in general (e.g., Gruenwald, 2014) and particularly for salutogenesis I trust that the future of salutogenesis lies in “allowing” it to develop beyond health and to move towards an interdisciplinary study Moving beyond the perspective of salutogenesis as a model that focuses on health to a paradigm that can explain other aspects of life (social relations, ecology and geography, technology, conflict studies, and others) can give a new growth Geir Are there any concluding remarks on the future of salutogenesis? Shifra, you first Charles B Perrow is an emeritus professor of sociology at Yale University 448 G.A Espnes Shifra Jurgen Aaron developed the concept of the sense of coherence as HIS own answer to HIS salutogenic question—who is the successful “coper” (with life or with a specific stressful situation) The sense of coherence, and its useful measurement tool, has become the most well-known concept of the salutogenic paradigm, sometimes even without any reference to the theory However, Antonovsky himself saw the sense of coherence as only one possible answer to salutogenic questions It is our mission in the future to broaden salutogenesis beyond its common question of stress–health relationship to include other salutogenic questions and to look for other answers as well Thinking in a new interdisciplinary view about new salutogenic questions will bring salutogenesis to a new stage which will better fit our new millennium As I see it, salutogenesis continues to be a needed and resourceful paradigm for research, practice, and policy of health and for tackling the health gap in the twenty-first century To become more influential in the future, salutogenesis has to widen, radicalize and further develop its theoretical base and methods The knowledge collected in this Handbook will be an excellent base for this endeavour Monica We have to continue to emphasize, examine, explore, and further describe salutogenesis and its core concepts to be used in policymaking and health promotion Theoretical considerations and explanations are still needed, the theory needs to be further developed and expanded, i.e., relate it to other similar constructs and theories There is a need for a systematic overview how this framework has been implemented in different contexts; the picture is to date unclear Georg Our diverse perspectives raise hope that there will be diverse futures for salutogenesis: continuing to be used as an umbrella/perspective/orientation in the health sciences; expansion of its application to other interdisciplinary fields such as sustainable development, social relations, geography, etc.; and last not least as a sound, completed theory covering the full range of health experience of human beings The last development is urgently needed to fortify the flourishing field of health promotion with a sound, diverse theoretical, and empirical basis Geir Jürgen, you will have some of the last words in this discussion Can you sum it up? Shifra It is wise to see models, theories, constructs, and even ideas as heuristic devices, not as holy truths, as Antonovsky wrote in his last paper (Antonovsky, 1996, p 246) I believe that our Handbook has succeeded in following this advice This book includes not only descriptions of the theory and research focused on the past; in many of the book’s chapters you can find suggestions for new productive models, constructs, and ideas, which, in a way, grow out of the salutogenic paradigm, but have a life of their own Salutogenesis was a deep breakthrough in thinking and research in health some 30 years ago To think salutogenically today, however, is quite obvious This is the point that we have to advance I am glad and grateful that we have done it in our Handbook I trust Aaron would have been satisfied with these developments If I may end with some personal words: Aaron was my unique, wise, creative, and supportive teacher He carefully used to teach me HOW to think and compelled me to re-examine my way of thinking according to “scientific rules.” He never told me WHAT to think I hope we have succeeded in transferring this spirit to our readers Geir I am truly grateful to have been part of this insightful discussion and wish us all the best of luck! Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 2.5 License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/) which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the work’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if such material is not included in the work’s Creative Commons license and the respective action is not permitted by statutory regulation, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to duplicate, adapt or reproduce the material 49 Salutogenesis: The Book’s Editors Discuss Possible Futures References Antonovsky, A (1992) Can attitudes contribute to health? Advances, 8, 33–49 Antonovsky, A (1996) The salutogenic model as a theory to guide health promotion Health Promotion International, 11(1), 11–18 Antonovsky, A., Sagy, S., Adler, I., & Visel, R (1990) Attitudes toward retirement in an Israeli cohort International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 31(1), 57–77 Bauer, G F., Davies, J K., & Pelikan, J (2006) The EUHPID health development model for the classification of public health indicators Health Promotion International, 21, 153–159 Gruenwald, O (2014) The promise of interdisciplinary studies: Re-imaging the university Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 26, 1–28 Mittelmark, M B., & Bull, T (2013) The salutogenic model of health in health promotion research Global Health Promotion, 20(2), 30–38 Pelikan, J M (2007) Understanding differentiation of health in late modernity by use of sociological system theory In D V 449 McQueen, I S Kickbusch, L Potvin, J M Pelikan, L Balbo, & T Abel (Eds.), Health and modernity: The role of theory in health promotion (pp 74–102) New York: Springer Pelikan, J M (2009) Ausdifferenzierung von spezifischen Funktionssystemen fỹr Krankenbehandlung und Gesundheitsfoărderung oder: Leben wir in derGesundheits-gesellschaft? Oăsterreichische Zeitschrift f ur Soziologie, 34(2), 2847 Pelikan, J M., & Halbmayer, E (1999) Gesundheitswissenschaftliche Grundlagen zur Strategie des Gesundheitsfoărdernden Krankenhauses In J M Pelikan & S Wolff (Eds.), Das gesundheitsfoărdernde Krankenhaus Konzepte und Beispiele zur Entwicklung einer lernenden Organisation (pp 13–36) Weinheim/München: Juventa Sagy, S., & Antonovsky, A (1992) The family sense of coherence and the retirement transition Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 983–993 WHO (1986) Ottawa charter for health promotion Geneva: World Health Organization Retrieved from http://www.who.int/ healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/ Index A A Life Worth Living: Contributions to Positive Psychology, 84 Aaron Antonovsky: the scholar and the man behind salutogenesis, Aaron Antonovsky’s development of salutogenesis, 1979–1994, Action competence, 225, 228 Active ageing, 137 Adaptability, 115 Adolescent health, 386 Adolescents, 124–133 abstract thinking and cognitive processing, 123 adaptive psychosocial functioning, 339 adherence and self-care, 339 care and management, 337 chronic condition, 337 cognitive and behavioral challenges, 338 cognitive mastery, 123 complex relationships, 123 coping repertoire, 123 developmental and psychosocial needs, 337 family factors, 338 general health behaviors, 339 illness centrality, 338 medical and treatment-related tasks, 338 non-adherence, 337 patient education interventions, 339 peers, 123 perceived health, 339 physiological and cognitive changes, 123 processes of adaptation and coping, 339 psychosocial adjustment, 338 psychosocial life-related tasks, 338 self-management difficulties, 338 SOC adaptability, questionnaire, 124 construct, 124–132 family, school, peers, and community, 132–133 health, mental health, and psychosocial behavior, 132 studies, 124–131 traditional care, 337 transition process, 338 treatment and health technologies, 337 Aesthetics, 269, 270 After school program (ASP), 118 Age-friendly communities, 146 Antonovsky, A., 17–22 asking questions, 16 Australia, 1994, 19 Ben Gurion University campus, mid 70s, 21 biography continuum, 93 duality, 20 education, 16 HaShomer HaTza’ir Jewish youth movement, 16 health theory, 384 at kibbutz Sasa, 1949, 22 Lund, Sweden, 1988, 18 medical school and the Beer Sheva Spirit Baăckman, G., 22 Ben-Yehuda, D., 21 Bernstein, J., 20 Biderman, A., 20 Gunner, H., 22 Sagy, S., 19 Sampson, M., 19 Segall, A., 21 Shiber, A., 20 mystery of health, 16 parents, 17 personal paradigm shift, 95 research, 94 (see also Salutogenesis) salutogenic model, 384 salutogenic theory, 16 sense of coherence, 95 socialist ideology, 16 warmth and informality vs strictness and academic demands Moos, R., 17 other criticisms, 17 outfits, 17 Prywes, M., 18 Sagy, S., 17 Shiber, A., 18 Strümpfer, D., 18 Yeheskel, A., 18 wife, Helen, 23 women Holocaust survivors study, 16 APApsycnet, 109 Architecture and patient comprehensibility, 270, 271 and patient manageability, 270 and patient meaningfulness, 272 ARK Intervention Programme, 206 The Assets model of health promotion assets indicators, 47 assets mapping, 48 evaluation, 48 pie-chart depiction, 48 public health approaches, 48 theory of salutogenesis, 48 Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD), 231 Attention restoration theory (ART), 155, 187 # The Author(s) 2017 M.B Mittelmark et al (eds.), The Handbook of Salutogenesis, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04600-6 451 452 B Bantu language, 98 Beersheba community health study, 30 Behavior setting theory, 188 Behavioral Cybernetics model, 254 Breakdown breakdown continuum, 30 breakdown paper, 29 and diseases, 36 unsuccessful confronting, stressors, 29 C Capacity-building process, 220 Care farms, 165, 321 Center for the Promotion of Health in the New England Workplace (CPH-NEW), 247, 248 Center of Disease Control (CDC), 231 Cerebral palsy, 117 The Children’s Orientation to Life Scale, 99 Children’s Sense of Coherence Scale (CSOC), 108 Chinese contributions, salutogenesis literature age groups, 359 ECNU, 357 occupational health, 359 patient and caregiver groups, 358 sense of coherence, 357 SOC-13, 358 Chinese revision of Connor Davidson Resilience Scale, 359 Chronic stress, 247 Cities and towns active travelling, 173, 174 environmental justice, 172 green spaces, 174 Healthy City Network, 172–173, 175, 176 infrastructure, 173 interventions, 175 physical activity, 174 procedural environmental justice, 176 salutogenesis practice, 177 salutogenesis research, 177 sense of place, 174 walkability, 175–176 City, 154 Civility, 92 Cognitive dimension, 97 Cognitive mastery, 123 Collective sense of coherence, 393, 394 Communities and neighborhoods assets orientation, 160–161 as collective action, 160 as Complex Social Systems, 161 Connected Communities, 165–166 connectedness, 163 green Spaces and contact to nature, 163 GRRs, 161 health promotion, 159 improving place, connectedness and community action, 166 as individual and collective identity, 159 individual, community and organizational health, 160, 161 intervention approaches, 160–161 interventions, 164 literature, 162 locality development, 160 organizing, 161 as place, 159, 164–165 Index as place to live, 162–163 place-related design principle, 165 salutogenic practice, 167 salutogenic research, 167 as social action, 164 social community action, 166 as social entity, 159, 160 Community care, 140, 146 Community gardening, 164, 165 Community sense of coherence (CSOC), 79, 108 Community/neighborhood, 154 Community–dwelling settings, 265–266 Complex adaptive systems, 161 Complexity, 91 Comprehensibility, 97 Configurational OHD, 219 Connected Communities, 165–166 Connectedness, 163 Consensual validity, 99 comprehensibility, 101 FSOC, 99 salutogenesis, 101 satisfaction, 101 SOC-29/SOC-13, 99 Constrained restoration, 183–184 Construct validity, 98, 99 Continuum model, 262 Coordinated school health (CSH) model, 231 Coping cultural groups, 134 SOC and stress reactions, 131, 132 and stress reactions, 134 Correctional officer behavioral and environmental approaches, 247 CPH-NEW, 248 descriptive research, 250 high-quality communication, 249 intervention research, 250–251 misconception, 248 organizational and workplace assessments, 253 organizational decision making, 249 organizational health, 250 salutogenic approaches, 253 salutogenic workplace interventions, 250 sense of coherence, 249–250 stress, 248 validation efforts, 248 work-SoC Scale, 253 Coworker mentoring, 252–253 CrAdLiSa project, 419 Criticism internal and external environment, 102 physical health, 102 salutogenesis, 101 sense of coherence, 102 SOC-29 and SOC-13, 101 underload-overload balance, 102 Curriculum, 92 D Dearing Report, 237 Decision-making processes, 239 Demand-control-support (DCS) model, 199, 200 Den sociale arv og mønsterbrydere, 362 Developmental disabilities (DD), 116 Index Dissertations diseases and coping processes, 368 evidence-based information, 368 in Finnish, 369 prisoners’ sense, 368 text books and research papers, 367 Dutch language publications, 363 Dutch, salutogenesis development psychology, 364 disabled people, 365 literature, 363–364 medicine, 364–365 mental health, 364 musical and art therapy, 365 workplace health, 364 E Early childhood development, 107–108 Ease/dis-ease continuum, 93 Ebsco, 109 Educational strategy, health profession training See Training, health professionals Effort Reward Imbalance Model, 12 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), 364 Elementary school age stage, 109 Emotion cholesterol, 269 dopamine, 269 hypothalamus, 269 Empowerment, 225, 228, 234 Environmental justice distributional justice, 172 health inequalities, 172 procedural, 176 procedural justice, 172 Environmental resources and good health, 172 place, and salutogenesis, 174–175 Essen Trauma Inventor (ETI), 359 EUHPID Health Development Model, 211 European Community Health Indicators, 46 European Health Literacy framework (HLS-EU), 419 European Health Promotion Indicator Development (EUHPID) project, 46 European Network for Positive Psychology, 84 European Network for Workplace Health Promotion (ENWHP), 199 Everyday settings categories, GRRs, 154 definition, 153 generalized resistance resources, 154 GRRs and SOC, 155 inclusion and equity perspective, 156 interrelationships, 154–155 positive health outcomes and development, 155–156 and salutogenesis, 154 salutogenesis, guiding interventions, 156, 157 sense of coherence, 154 social relationships, 156 WHO Ottawa Charta, 153 F Face validity, 98 Facet Theory’s sentence mapping approach, 74 Families 453 adolescence/adulthood, 109 community environments, 107 school and community, 108 Families of Psychotic Patients (FAPS) Project, 418 Family ecology, 109 Family sense of coherence, 393, 394 The Federal Centre for Health Education, 379 Finland, 367 Food-Life-Story narrative inquiry methodology, 53, 54 Fortigenesis, 50 Francophone literature, 374–375 French-speaking researchers, 373 G Galway Consensus Conference, 307 Generalized Resistance Deficit (GRD), 35 Generalized resistance resources (GRRs), 43, 74, 234, 262 active adaptation, 29 breakdown, 30 characteristics, 57 clinical and interventional implications, 66 cognitive ability and physical activity, 94 community ecological levels, 57 community features, 64–65 comprehensibility, 268 coping, 72 coping, stressors, 71 definition, 71, 72 definition, 29, 32, 94 emotional closeness and attachment relationships, 58–60 families’ climate factors, 62–63 families’ demographic resources, 62 flexibility vs stability, 66 genetic factors, 61 groups, 29 GRR-RDs, 65 and health, 30 health ease/dis-ease continuum, 30 historical and social contexts, 58 individuals’ differential susceptibility, environment effects, 65–66 life experience and quality of life, 445 life orientation, 58 load balance, 58 manageability, 268 meaningfulness, 268 menopausal women, 29 nursing, 72 older people, 140 parental resources, 62 personal characteristics and resources, 60 physical and biochemical mechanisms, 72 salutogenic model, 94 school settings, 64 school, 75 selected GRR-RDs, 66 sense of coherence (SOC), 57 SOC vs GRR-RDs, 57 social support, 31 social support, 60, 61 and specific resistance resources, 73 SRRs, 29, 75 thematic analysis, 94 under- and over-load, 94 Generalized Resistance Resources—Resistance Deficits (GRR-RDs), 57, 65 454 German Network of Health Promoting Universities, 241 Germany German-speaking countries, 380 medical sociologists, 379 rehab-training programme, 379 salutogenesis approach, 379 self-care and salutogenesis, 379 Global School Health Symposium, 226 Global Working Group on Salutogenesis, Grants-in-aid for scientific research (KAKENHI), 400 Green Care services, 320 Green spaces, 174 The Group Health and Society of Wageningen University, 363 H Harding Centre for Risk Literacy, 280 HaShomer HaTza’ir Jewish youth movement, 16 Health, 73, 153 Health 2020, 278 Health assets journal articles, 427 Health assets model, 423 Health Behaviour among School-aged Children (HBSC), 230 Health care environments, 185–186 Health climate correctional institution, 248 correctional officers, 248 employee perceptions, 248 Health Development in Youth, 266 Health Development Model, 43, 47 objectives, 47 positive health concept, 47 Health ease/disease continuum (HE-DE), 30, 326 Health and health behavior, 117–118 Health in all policies (HiAP) features, 172 implementation, 175 leadership and advocacy, 175 Health literacy, 225, 229, 233, 234 Health mentoring cadet resiliency, 252 CPH-NEW, 252, 253 Health professionals, 308 training (see Training, health professionals) Health Promoting Hospitals, 264 Health promoting school (HPS), 75 active participation, 234 ethos and environment, 226 families/communities, 226 health curriculum, 226 individual behaviour, 232 intersectoral strategy, 226 interventions and cases, 234 movement, 233 salutogenic orientation, 225, 231 Health Promoting Universities civil society, 238 health-ease/dis-ease continuum, 238 illness-oriented approach, 238 individual-level sense, 239 low-carbon campuses, 238 marketplace, 237 organisation-based sense, 239 psychosocial effects, 239 research, 239 retention and achievement, 237 and salutogenesis, 237 Index sense of coherence, 239 settings-based health promotion, 238 settings-related theory, 239 therapeutic services, 238 Health promotion, 71–73, 76, 361, 362 coherence and salutogenic programs, 248 competencies, 307 domain, 374 flavor, generalists, 308–310 German-speaking Switzerland, 385 intervention design activities, 251 interventions, 74 Nairobi meeting, 307 The Ottawa Charter, 307 principles, 251 school-based health-promoting program, 386 Sundhedsfremme i hverdagen, 362 Health psychology domain, 373–374 Health resources, self-assessed, 361 Health, definition, 37 Health, Stress and Coping, 7, 8, 83, 92 Healthcare design procurement systems, 274 salutogenic theory, 272 Health-Promoting Hospitals (HPHs), 278 interlinks, salutogenesis, 291–292 intervention areas, 290 Health-related behaviours, 242 Health-related quality of life (HRQoL), 369 Health and well-being adaptive capacity and adaptive coping, 36 ease/dis-ease continuum, 31, 36, 37 health ease/dis-ease continuum, 36 mental health, 38 positive health, 36 Healthy ageing, 137, 140–145 community, 146–147 life course, 138 SOC and gender differences, 140 generalized resistance resources, 140 resilient ageing, 140 salutogenic qualitative research, 140 satisfaction with life, 140–145 Healthy City Network, 172–173, 175 children’s active lifestyle, 173 description, 172 evaluations, 175 Healthy mindedness, 83 Healthy organisation demand–strain relationship, 215 organisational–level determinants, 214 positive perspective, 214 Healthy Universities health promotion principles, 240 health promotion values, 240 healthy settings approach, 240 salutogenic theory, 239 systems-based approach, 240 whole system approach, 241 Hebrew salutogenesis literature knowledge reassessment, 392 sense of coherence, 393–394 students with learning disabilities, 394–395 updating salutogenic knowledge, 393–394 Index HEDE-Training®, 379 HiAP See Health in all policies (HiAP) Higher education academic literature, 241 asset-mapping and skills, 242 business performance and productivity, 240 contexts and determinants, 241 health and sustainability, 241 health-supportive environments, 242 intersectoral health promotion, 241 salutogenic policy, 243 school-focused evidence, 242 student-led clubs, 243 voice and shape policy, 243 Higher Education Funding Council for England, 238 Higher education institutions (HEIs), 237 Hitchhiker’s Guide to Salutogenesis: Salutogenic Pathways to Health Promotion, 3, 374 Holistic care, 286 Hospitals, 279–281, 283–290 exclusion criteria, salutogenesis, 282 financing mechanisms, 277 functioning on salutogenesis, 288 generalized resistance resources, 281 Health 2020, 278 medical interventions, 277 organizational capacities development, 281 patient-oriented interventions adapt treatment schemes, 287, 288 caring relatives, 288 self-care and self-management, 288 SOC as diagnostic tool, 286–287 professional bureaucracy, 278 quality of services, 278 reform concepts, salutogenic effects, 278 saluto- or pathogenic effects, surroundings, 278 salutogenic orientation catchment areas and communities, 279 healthcare staff, 279 neighborhood and catchment areas, 279 patients, 279 sense of coherence comprehensibility, 280 gender, age, and socioeconomic status, 285–286 healthcare staff, 280 hospital setting, 286 manageability, 280 meaningfulness, 281 mental symptoms, 284–285 patients’ family members, 286 physical symptoms, 283–284 and positive health, 285 and social outcomes, 285 salutogenic model, 286 staff, 277, 278 nurses, 289 occupational health, 289–290 SOC, 289 stressors, 289 Human identity development, 139 I Infant, 107–108 Instrumental/behavioral dimension, 97 Intellectual disability (ID), 117 Interdisciplinary framework 455 disciplines, 77 salutogenic paradigm, 77 salutogenic questions, 79 Intergroup relationships, 393 Interior design domain, 374 International Labor Organization (ILO), 198 International Positive Psychology Association, 84 International Union for Health Promotion and Education (IUHPE), 3, 4, 233, 437, 438 Introduction to the Sense of Coherence in the Salutogenic Model, 399 Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire (IEQ), 418 IVAC approach, 232 J Japanese salutogenic studies articles, 399 empirical studies, 401–403 grants-in-aid, 400 sense of coherence scale, 400, 401 Unraveling the Mystery of Health, 399 JD-R Health-SoC Model, 201 Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model, 12, 200, 201 Journal of Social Educational Work, 392 K KidsFirst childhood intervention programme, 166 L Lazarus cognitive theory, 93 Learning disabilities intervention programs, 395 resilience, emotional and social areas, 394 and salutogenic variables, 394 sense of coherence, 394 Life control connections, 367 and multidimensional health aspects, 367 rehabilitation, 370 sense of coherence, 367, 368 M Manageability, 97 Management domain, 374 Margin of Resources Model (MRM) long-termism, 49 marginal generalized resistance resources, 49 social–psychological mechanism, 49 socioeconomic position, 48 Maternal–fetal attachment (MFA), 418 Medical sociology and psychosomatic medicine, 379 Medical surgery, quality of life and eating behavior, 385 Mental health Polish studies, 410 sense of coherence scores, 410 Mental HealthCare Settings, 264 Mental health promotion, 361, 362 Mental healthcare constructive patterns, 302 emotional pain, 299 health promotion, 299, 302 obsessive compulsive disorder, 302 optimism and confidence, 302 psychoeducation, 302 456 Mental healthcare (cont.) psychological defence mechanisms, 300 psychological malfunctioning, 299 psychophysiological responses, 300 social support, 302 Metabolic syndrome (MetS), 369 Middle School Students Mental Health Scale (MSSMHS), 359 Mindfulness meditation learned resistance skills, 190 skill- and environment-based approaches, 190 Motivational dimension, 98 MRM See Margin of Resources Model (MRM) Multi-faceted Organizational Health Climate Assessment (MOHCA) scale, 250 Musical and Art Therapy, 365 N National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education, 237 National sense of coherence (NSOC), 79 Natural and urban environments, 184–185 Negative entropy, 25, 32 Neighborhood cohesion, 159 Neighborhoods See Communities and neighborhoods Non-detectable malignant cells, 93 O Occupational health Chinese salutogenic literature, 359 SALSA questionnaire, 384 Work-SOC, 384 Zurich, 384 Occupational safety and health chronic stress, 247 and health research, 247 Older people community, 146 GRR and SRR, 140 (see also Healthy ageing) life course, 138 mental health, 138 social interaction, 138 Organisational health development (OHD), 201, 212, 215–217 configurational capacity building, 219–220 contingency, 219 economic profitability, 211 fidelity to figuration, 218 field research, 222 and groups, 217, 218 health-influencing pathways, 211 interventions, 219 model and participatory approaches, 221 on-the-job role clarification, 215 organisational-level factors, 214 practice and Research Context, 213 research model, 220–221 salutogenesis, 211 salutogenic Model, 221 salutogenic orientatio, 221 setting- or group-based sense, 214 social responsibility, 214 societal and cultural context, 212–213 two-dimensional integrative framework, 214 universalistic OHD, 218 Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ), 45, 97 Index Ottawa Charter, 226, 242 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 1986, 73 P Paradigm shift, 11 Parsonian view of social existence, 27 Participatory action research, correctional officers, 254 Participatory ergonomics (PE) programs, 251 Pathogenic orientation, 27, 30 Pathogenic perspective, 182 Pathway-to-work project, 321 Patient journey, psychiatric centres, 271 PExHP program, 251, 252 Physical health, Polish studies, 410 Poland, 409–411 sense of coherence measures, 411 research studies, 410, 411 textbooks, 409–410 Portugal, 417–419 convergent validity, 416 OLQ, 416 salutogenesis and Brucellosis, 417–418 families, psychosis, 418 health literacy, 419 MFA, 418–419 smoking cessation, 418 sense of coherence, physical and mental health, 416 translation challenges, 417 Positive approaches to health, 375, 376 Positive Deviance (PD) approach coherent eating habits, 54 generalized resistance resources, 53 healthy eating practices, 53 implementation steps, 53 multivariant logistic regression analysis, 53 positive deviants, 53 Positive health, 12, 36 hospitals, 285 Positive Occupational Health Psychology, 199 Positive psychology aim, 83 conferences, 84 dichotomy, positive and negative, 84 human system, 85 imaginary poles, wellness and illness, 85 presidential initiative, Seligman, M.E.P., 83 and salutogenic paradigm, 84 and SOC, 84–86 textbooks, 84 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 247 Poverty and health, 27 Practices for the Achievement of Total Health (PATH), 215 Predictive validity, 101 Pregnancy support programme, 75 Preschool, 107–108 Proquest, 109 Psychiatry, 386 PsychoInfo, 109 Psychological Science, 357 Psychometrics domain, 373 Psychophysiological stress recovery theory, 155, 186 Psychosocial stressors, 75 Index Psychosomatic complaints, 117 Psychotherapy, 386 Q Quality Criteria for Health Promoting Universities, 242 Quality of Carer–Patient Relationships (QCPR), 418 Questiona´rio Orientac¸a˜o para Viver (QOV), 416 R The Reasonable Person Model, 92 Rehabilitation, 319 Rehabilitation domain, 374 Rehabilitation setting See Vocational rehabilitation Reliability, 101 Residential aged care cognitive impairment, 333 multi-morbidity and dementia-related symptoms, 326 segregation processes, 326 social and healthcare, 325 traditional nursing homes, 325 Residential environments, 185 Resilience, 225 Resourcescapes, 162 Restoration perspective adaptive resources, 181 antecedent condition, 183 cultural, practice and research contexts, 184 depletion and renewal, 181 free of demands, 183 research on interventions, 189–190 resources, 182, 183 salutogenesis, 181, 190 similarities and dissimilarities, 181 social aspects, 187 social and physical demands, 183 stress and coping perspectives, 182 theoretical and empirical Research, 186 theory and research, 186 Restorative environment, 154–157 definition, 155 psychophysiological stress recovery theory, 155 Return to work (RTW) interventions, 320–322 Return to work (RTW) program, stress-coping abilities, 402 Riskscapes, 162 S SAGE, 109 Salutary factors, 262 Salutogenesis, 28, 46, 71, 161–162, 171–172, 281–282, 290–292, 325, 351–353, 357, 383, 391, 399, 405, 406, 409, 415, 417, 431, 440 Aaron Antonovsky’s theory, 367 activity/disengagement theory, 326 Afrikaans, 348 coherence and stress-related symptomatology, 352 coping strategies, 352 cross-sectional descriptive studies, 353 development programmes, 352 psychofortological factors, 352 psychological well-being, 352, 353 psychology and industrial psychology, 352 psychometric characteristics, 352 SOC, 351 social support, 352 457 South Africa ePublications data base of Sabinet, 351 stress management, 352 structural comparison model, 352 in aged and highly-aged, 332 age-dependent changes, 326 Antonovsky’s sense of coherence, 442 asking questions, 15 Bengt’s section, biopsychosocial processes, 443 books, 427 childhood and adolescence, 228 Chinese, 348 Chinese contributions (see Chinese contributions, salutogenesis literature) cities and towns (see Cities and towns) cognitively impaired individuals, 327 and communities (see Communities and neighborhoods) conceptualisations and measurement approaches, 440 cross-country comparison, 229 in cross-sectional studies, 330 cumulative research and knowledge production, 440 danger of tautology, 439 Danish literature, 348, 361 Danish population studies, 362 description, descriptive research, 327–331 developmental stage, 228 development psychology, 364 developments, disabled people, 365 disease and disability, 441 doctoral dissertations, 428 Dutch feature, 348 entropic processes, 326 epistemology, 92 era after Antonovsky, 43, 44 European countries, 227 evolution, 375 Finnish, 348 French language literature, 348 generalized resistance resources, 326 German language, 348 GRRs (see Generalized resistance resources (GRRs)) health care, 261 health definition, 440 health determinants, 444 health development processes, 447 health promotion, 385–386, 443, 444 health promotion conferences, 437 health promotion and disease prevention, 447 health promotion movement, 446 health professions and patient groups, 361–362 health promotion practice, 441 health and social sciences, 443 Healthy Cities movement, 363 Hebrew, 349 Hebrew scholars (see Hebrew salutogenesis literature) heuristic devices, 448 hospital functioning, 288 hospital patients, 282–286 hospitals (see Hospitals) hospital setting on patients, 286 HPH (see Health-promoting hospitals (HPH)) individual ability, 367 intervention studies, community dwellers, 331 Italian language research, 349 458 Salutogenesis (cont.) Japan (see Japanese salutogenic studies) language group networks, 347 life-domain-specific measures, 441 life satisfaction, 367 literature searches, 367 loss-of-control, 255 medical research, 385 medical sociologist, 91 medicine, 364–365 mental health, 364 model, 7–10, 12 mother tongue capability, 347 musical and art therapy, 365 Norwegian CRISTIN (Current Research Information System in Norway), 405 empirical quantitative approach, 406 environmental therapy, 406 GRRs, 405 health-related professions, 405 municipality health services, 406 NORA, 405 Nordic databases, 405 occupational health, 406 population groups, 406 salutogenic literature, 349 self-help and self-help groups, 406 SOC, 405 social medicine and public health, 406 occupational health, 384 ontology, 91, 92 organizational capacities, 281 organizational communications, 254 organizational context, 248 organizational health climate, 254 orientation, pathogenesis, 300 pathogenesis conceptions of health, 441 pathogenic orientation, 326 patient-oriented interventions, 286–289 Poland (see Poland) policies and practices, 249 policymaking and health promotion, 448 Polish academics, 349 political-policy-principle, 444 Portugal (see Portugal) Portuguese, 350 positive psychology, 443 post-modern health society, 442 practices, 191–192 programmatic interventions, 254 publications, 228, 282, 283 readers searching, relative isolation, 26 research, 190–191 research arena, residential aged care institutions (see Residential aged care) with residents and community dwellers, 328, 329 resistance resources, 91, 228 risk factors, 442 salutogenic model, 286 salutogenic orientation, 11–12 self and social competencies, 229 sense of coherence, 7, 10–11, 326, 327, 332 SMH (see Salutogenic model of health (SMH)) Index SOC, 443, 447 social construct, 439 social life, 447 social and personal resources, 442 social support, 327 social sustainability, 447 socioecological levels, 447 socioecological systems theory, 447 socioeconomic resources, 327 Spanish, 350 SRRs (see Specific resistance resources (SRRs)) stressful life event, 332 stress research, 26–28 stressful life situations, 441 supervisors and coworkers, 248 Swedish, 350 Swedish research (see Swedish salutogenesis research) Switzerland (see Switzerland) theoretical basis, 368 theoretical explanations and applications, 368–370 Total Worker Health®, 249 and urban environment, 171–172 (see also Antonovsky, A.) web, 415–416 workplace health research, 364 Work-SoC of correctional officers, 254 Salutogenesis for hospital staff health-related stressors, 277 manageability, 280 occupational health, 289–290 resource-oriented approach, 279 SOC, 289 statistical information, 289 stressors, 279 workplace health promotion, 278 Salutogenesis in health care, 262, 263 purposes, 261 Salutogenic architecture, 263 aesthetic design, 267 Antonovsky’s salutogenic theory, 267 ‘broad-stroke’ approaches, 267 comprehensibility, 273 evolutionary hypothesis, 267 for health and nursing care, 267 health and illness continuum, 267 hospital design, 267 meaningfulness, 274 mental and physical challenges, 267 Salutogenic capacity, 314–316 group’s, 312, 313 mental health professional, 310 self-tuning (see Self-tuning) Salutogenic health model, 432 Salutogenic interventions, 164 Salutogenic model of health (SMH), 26–34 adolescence, 75–76 Asset models, Health Promotion, 47–48 cancer patients support, 286 comparative studies, 328 Fortigenesis, 50 generalized resistance resources, 71 genetic and constitutional GRRs, 57 GRRs (see General resistance resources (GRRs)) Health Development Model, 46–47 health promotion, 38–39, 72 Health, Stress and Coping, 26 intra-person/extra-person differentiation, Index mediation, 328, 330 moderation, 330, 331 MRM, 48–50 Positive Deviance (PD) approach, 52–54 predictor for certain health outcomes, 331 psychosocial GRRs, 58 sense of coherence, 7, SOC, 31–34, 73 SRRs, 8, 10 stability of sense of coherence, 331 stressors, 34 stress research (see Stress research) supportive environments, 71–73 tension management, 50–52 Salutogenic orientation, 8, 10–12, 36, 39, 77 rehabilitation, 322 and salutogenic model, 292 (see also Hospitals) Salutogenic paradigm, 77 Salutogenic pathway cultural context, 198–199 dynamics of job resources, 201 health-promoting consequences, 197 individual-level interventions, 205 JD-R model, 207 job demands, 201 job resources, 202 participatory optimization processes, 205 practice context, 199 professional perspective, 207 salutogenic job characteristics, 197 stress symptoms, 199 two-faced matter, 197 volatility, 197 workplace health promotion, 205 work-SoC, 207 Salutogenic policies, 423, 425 Salutogenic self-identity, 303 Salutogenic Subjective Job-Analysis (SALSA) questionnaire, 384 Salutogenic talk therapy, 300, 301, 304 Salutogenic theory, 321 Scale of 29 questions (SOC-29), 97 School, 154 health-promoting program, 153, 386 related stress, 116 sense of coherence, 386 Schools for Health in Europe (SHE) network, 231 Scopus database, 228 Self-care or self-management, 288 Self-efficacy, 225 Self-regulatory insufficiencies, 189 Self-tuning health-promoting processes, 316 job engagement, 203, 204 pathogenic process, 203 qualitative exploration, 203 “salutogenic capacity building”, 204 self-care, 203 sense of calling, 203 sense of coherence, 314 sensing/reacting process, 204 service-quality, 204 Ugandan nurses, 314 work-related well-being, 314 Self-tuning model, 50–52 talk-therapy intervention, 50 459 Sense of coherence (SOC), 43, 71, 92, 123, 124, 131–133, 283–288, 357–359, 399–402, 410, 411 adjustment, 392 adolescence, 123 (see also Adolescents) adaptation, questionnaires, 124 coping, 123 family, school, peers, and community, 132–133 gender differences, 132 health, mental health, and psychosocial behavior, 132 Israeli adolescents, missile attacks, 131, 132 adulthood, 416 autonomous self-care behaviors, 341 children and adolescents, 118 childrens developmental stages, 107 children’s health, 118 Chinese literature, 357–359 adolescents, 359 Children’s Sense of Coherence Scale in Chinese Cultural Context, 358 and depression, 358 ECNU, 357 grade and gender difference, 358 health promotion behavior, 358 and medication adherence, 358 PTSD development, 359 resilience, 359 rural elderly, 359 self-efficacy and job burnout, policemen, 359 Shandong University, 357 SOC-13, 358 Tenth Chinese Conference of Psychology, 357 chronic illness, identity development, 341 comprehensibility, 139 comprehensibility, 32, 280 congenital heart disease, 365 cross-sectional scientific conference, 431 Danish population studies, 362 definition, 7, 32, 138 diagnostic tool, 286–287 dimensions, 226 distribution of studies, 98 early adulthood, 35 ease/dis-ease continuum, 97 EDS, 364 educational implications, 119 elementary school age stage, 115 emotion awareness, 341 emotional, psychiatric and somatic health, 268 entropy and negative entropy, 32 ethnic groups, 95 face validity, 98 factor X, 31 families’ characteristics, 116 general health behaviors, 340 global orientation, 95 group consciousness, 34 groups, 156 growth and adjustment, 109 GRRs, 72, 268 health and well-being, 392 health in children and adolescents, 229, 230 health, 35, 73 health-promoting factors, 198 health and well-being, 95 Hebrew literature, 391, 393–394 460 Sense of coherence (SOC) (cont.) hospitals adapting treatment schemes, 287–288 adjustment to disease, 285 gender, age, and socioeconomic status, 285–286 mental symptoms, 284–285 patients’ family members, 286 physical symptoms, 283–284 positive health, 285 social outcomes, 285 HPS movement, 225 infancy to adolescence/adulthood, 116, 117 intensive care systems, 268 intervention programs, 118 Israeli women, 95 Japan articles, 399 economic status, 402 empirical research, 399 intervention studies, 399 Introduction to the Sense of Coherence in the Salutogenic Model, 399 and QOL, 401 SOC scale, 400 job stress, 401 journal articles, 424 language difficulties, 109 learning disabilities, 109 life domains, 155 life orientation, 95 life orientation questionnaire, 139 long-term development, 155 manageability, 32, 139, 280 meaningfulness, 32, 139, 281 measurement, 11, 97 mental health, 139 middle-aged adult, 35 multidimensional construct, 99 multidimensional prevention, 119 nursing research, 432 older people dimensions, 138–139 ease/dis-ease continuum, 139 healthy ageing, 139–140 HeSSup study, 139 mental health, 139 social-psychological salutary factors growth, 139 origins, over time, 102, 103 overarching theory, 225 perceived health, 340, 341 Poland coping, 410 coping styles, 410 doctor–patient communication, 410 healthy aging, 411 mental health study, 410 somatic diseases, 410 teachers, 411 poor health management, 416 positive psychology, 85–86 positive psychology interventions, 342 preschool age stage, 109 psychological health, 401 QOL, 401 quality of life and well-being, 340, 341 questionnaire for children, 364 Index questionnaire, Swedish context, 431 questionnaires, 292 rehabilitation, 320 salutogenesis, 101, 103 SCO, 417 self-care and treatment adherence, 339 self and identity issues, 341 self-management issues, 341 self-regulation skills, 341 social environment, 34 social structures, 86 socioeconomic disparities, 401 socioemotional factors, 119 strengthening, 71 stress management and mental health, 416 stress reactions, 131, 132 stress regulation, 341 strong, 72 textbooks, 409, 410 three-item sense of coherence questionnaire, 364 transplant patients, 385 versions, 100 vocation, 319 WATIP, 418 at work, 199 work environment, 319 Sense of coherence—Antonovsky’s Orientation to Life Questionnaire (SOC-29), 411 Sense of Place, 174 Sentido de Coereˆncia (SCO), 417 Setting interdependencies, 188, 192 Shape Up project, 232 SOC questionnaires, 375 SOC-13, 98 SOC-29, 98 Social determinants of health, 73 Social Science and Medicine, 11 Social support and identity, 303 Social support and self-identity, 302, 303 Socialist ideology, 16, 22 SocioFile, 109 The Sociology of Health, 30 Spain, 428 article, salutogenesis literature, 423 health assets, 427 health assets model, 423 salutogenesis, doctoral dissertations, 428 salutogenesis books, 427 salutogenic approach, journals articles, 426 salutogenic policies, 425 school health promotion, 423 sense of coherence journal articles, 424 Spanish Salutogenesis Group, 425–428 Spanish Salutogenesis Group description, 425 principles, 425, 428 Special Education Laboratory, 108 Specific resistance resources (SRRs), 8, 29, 71, 72 definition, 73–75 equality in access, 76 older people, 140 pregnancy support programme, 75 SMH and generalized resistance resources, 71, 72 health logic equation, 71 sense of coherence, 72 supportive environments, 72 Index Stress-management programme, 379 Stressors, 25, 27–32, 34, 35, 39 Stress recovery attention restoration, 184, 186 physiological activation, 186 restoration, 186 stimulus patterns, 186 “undoing hypothesis”, 186 Stress research cognitive coping responses, 27 coping and tension management, 28 dis-ease state, 28 minority groups and marginal social situations, 27 Odyssey article, 27 poor people, 27 psychosocial stressors, 28 sociocultural factors, 27 stressors and disease, 27 why-question, 27, 28 ‘Students at the Heart of the System’, 238 Supportive environments, 71–73 Supportive interventions, relatives, 288 Supportive social environments, 138 Swedish salutogenesis research clinical research, 432 papers, 432 research sites, 434 selection papers, 433 seminars, 431–432 sense of coherence, 432 systematic research synthesis, 432 university level textbook, 433 workplace health research, 432 Switzerland health promotion, 385, 386 medical research, 385 occupational health, 384 psychiatry and psychotherapy, 386 publications, salutogenesis, 383 research projects, salutogenesis, 383 salutogenic capability approach, 383 T Talk-therapy groups description, 310 group leaders, 310, 311 parts, 311 sense of coherence, 311 Talk-therapy research, 50, 51 Tension management self-tuning, 51 talk-therapy research, 50 Tenth Chinese Conference of Psychology, 357 Textbooks, 367 Theory of collective restoration, 189 Theory of salutogenesis, 48 Total Worker Health®, 247 behavioral/lifestyle changes, 252 Training, health professionals, 264–265, 309–310 by doing and by being, 313 group leaders, salutogenic talk-therapy, 310–311 health promotion generalists group assignment, 309–310 461 stress and coping narrative, 309 introspection and sensibility, 316–317 reflection and sensibility, 316 self-tuning, 314–316 students, participatory methods, 311–313 U UK Healthy Universities Network, 238 ‘Umbrella concept’, 228 University, 154 University of Brighton, 242 Unraveling the Mystery of Health, 8, 17, 26, 31, 46, 379 Urban planning active living, 174 (see also Cities and towns) Healthy City Network, 171–173 V VINN-program, 303 Vocational rehabilitation coordinated and tailored multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs, 320 description, 319, 321 Green Care services, 320 physical and psychological stress factors, 320 recovery, definition, 319 return to work (RTW) interventions, 320 salutogenic orientation, 322 sense of coherence, 319, 320 settings, 265 workplace-based early rehabilitation, 320 W Web of Science, 109 Web-Assisted Tobacco Intervention Probe (WATIP), 418 WHO EURO H2020, 227 Whole School Approach, 226 Whole School Whole Community Whole Child’ model, 231, 232 Work, 154 Work ability, 205 Workers in prison, 154 Working Group on Salutogenesis, Workplace health promotion (WHP), 199 Workplace health research, 364 Workplace interventions, 251–252 Workplace stress mitigating effects, 248 salutogenic interventions, 248 Work-Related Sense of Coherence (Work-SoC) commitment and involvement, 202 conceptualization, 202 subdimensions, 202 Work-related sense of coherence scale (Work-SoC), 251, 384 corrections, 254 longitudinal analyses, 254 Work-related stress, 155 World Health Organization (WHO), 3, 198 Z Zarit caregiver burden interview (ZBI), 358 ZBI See Zarit caregiver burden interview (ZBI) ... developments in salutogenesis, as the structure of the book shows We reached out to salutogenesis scholars across the globe and found them eager to participate in the writing The seven parts of the book... Context of Salutogenesis Stephen Joseph and Shifra Sagy Part III 77 83 The Salutogenic Construct of the Sense of Coherence 11 The Sense of Coherence in the Salutogenic Model of. .. in other languages Key works by Aaron Antonovsky are out of print and hard to obtain in some parts of the world Salutogenesis major stream of research—measurement of the individual’s sense of