In this chapter, the following content will be discussed: The graph of the monopolist, how monopolist’s profits are calculated, the monopolist in the short run and long run, barriers to entry, limits to monopoly power, economies of scale and natural monopoly, what makes bigness bad?
Chapter 23 Monopoly Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 231 Chapter Objectives • • • • • • • The graph of the monopolist How monopolist’s profits are calculated The monopolist in the short run and long run Barriers to entry Limits to monopoly power Economies of scale and natural monopoly What makes bigness bad? Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 232 Monopoly Defined • A monopoly is the ONLY firm in an industry – No one else sells what the monopolist is producing – There are local monopolies • Some examples are a hardware store, a dry cleaners, and a drugstore – There are national/regional monopolies • Some examples are diamonds dealers, gas and electric companies, and local phone companies • A monopoly produces ALL the output in an industry • There are no close substitutes for the product or service Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 233 The Graph of the Monopolist • Monopoly is the first of three types of imperfect competition – The other two are monopolistic competition and oligopoly • The distinguishing characteristic of imperfect competition is that the firm’s demand curve slopes downward to the right – This means the imperfect competitor has to lower price to sell more Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 234 The Graph of the Monopolist • The imperfect competitor has to lower price to sell more P1 P2 D Q1 Q2 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 235 Hypothetical Demand & Cost Schedule for a Monopoly Output Price TR MR TC ATC MC 1 $16 2 15 3 14 4 13 5 12 6 11 7 10 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 236 Hypothetical Demand & Cost Schedule for a Monopoly Output Price TR MR TC ATC MC 1 $16 $16 2 15 30 3 14 42 4 13 52 5 12 60 6 11 66 7 10 70 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 237 Hypothetical Demand & Cost Schedule for a Monopoly Output Price TR MR TC ATC MC 1 $16 $16 $16 2 15 30 14 3 14 42 12 4 13 52 10 5 12 60 8 6 11 66 6 7 10 70 4 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 238 Hypothetical Demand & Cost Schedule for a Monopoly Output Price TR MR TC ATC MC 1 $16 $16 $16 $20 $20 2 15 30 14 30 15 3 14 42 12 36 12 4 13 52 10 42 10.50 5 12 60 8 50 10 6 11 66 6 63 10.50 7 10 70 4 84 12 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 239 Hypothetical Demand & Cost Schedule for a Monopoly Output Price TR MR TC ATC MC 1 $16 $16 $16 $20 $20 2 15 30 14 30 15 $10 3 14 42 12 36 12 6 4 13 52 10 42 10.50 6 5 12 60 8 50 10 8 6 11 66 6 63 10.50 13 7 10 70 4 84 12 21 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2310 Legal Barriers • Legal barriers include licensing, franchises, and patents – Licensing prevents just anybody from driving a taxi, cutting hair, peddling on the street, practicing medicine, burying bodies, etc • Often the licensing procedure is designed to hold down the number of people going into the field • This tends to keep prices high in that field Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2330 Legal Barriers • Legal barriers include licensing, franchises, and patents – Government franchises are the most important legal barrier – When the number is large, for example radio stations, usually there is no big problem – However, government franchises can be, (illegally) obtained through bribes – The most important form of local franchise is the public utility gas and electric companies Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2331 Legal Barriers • Legal barriers include licensing, franchises, and patents – Patents are granted to investors so they can have a chance to get rich before some one else can use their ideas (Patents are granted for 17 years) • Some times firms buy up patents to prevent competition • Some times, just before the 17 years are up, a firm makes a slight improvement and gets a patent for another 17 years Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2332 Required Scale for Innovation • Most inventors don’t have the wherewithal to produce and market their ideas • Most inventors would probably be quite happy to hand their ideas and innovations over to one of the big guys for a share of the profits • While individuals come up with all the great ideas, only large firms have the money and knowhow to bring them to the marketplace Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2333 Economies of Being Established • Companies that have been in business for a number of years have certain advantages – Recognizable brand names – The sales reps have established territories – The sellers and buyers have longstanding relationships • Sometimes these companies can set the standard for the industry, i.e., – Microsoft in software, MatsushitaVCR format Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2334 Limits to Monopoly Power • The ultimate limit to monopoly power may come from the government or from the market itself – If a firm gets too big or too bad, or both, the government may decide to step in using antitrust laws – The market limits monopoly power basically through the development of substitutes Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2335 Economies of Scale and Natural Monopoly • There are only two justifications for monopoly – Economies of Scale justify bigness because sometime only a firm with the capability of a very large output can produce anywhere close to the minimum point of its ATC – Natural Monopoly is a situation where one firm is able to provide a service at a lower cost than could several competing firms Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2336 One electric Company Is Better than Four A B Panel A shows a single electric transmission feeder cable serving all the homes in one block. Panel B shows four cables serving that same block. It is a lot more efficient (and cheaper) to have one cable than four Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2337 The Rationale for Natural Monopoly • Today the rationale for natural monopoly is disappearing – In more than half the states the electric power industry has been deregulated, so that local electric monopolies are getting a great deal of competition – Once the transmission cables had been laid, it became possible under deregulation for competition to develop, and the rationale for monopoly no longer was valid – The original local phone or electric company was a natural monopoly, but once we’re all connected, then let the competition begin Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2338 When Is Bigness Bad? • Monopolies tend to be inefficient because they do not produce at the minimum point on their ATC – This prevents resources from being allocated in the most efficient manner • Big business always has great political power – Economic power is easily converted into political power • The monopolist may engage in price discrimination Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2339 When Is Bigness Good? • Natural monopolies can take advantage of economies of scale and deliver services much more cheaply than a multitude of competing firms • It is probably all right if a firm is big because it is very good • If a firm is big because it is bad is another story Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2340 The Corporate Hierarchy Chief executivesÕpay As a multiple of manufacturing employeesÕpay, 1999 475 50 40 30 20 10 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2341 The Economic Case Against Bigness • Because there is no competition, there is no great incentive to control cost or to use resources efficiently • There is no need to spend much money on research and development, to improve processes, to develop new products, or to be responsive to customer needs • A monopolist can charge higher prices and provide poorer quality and service Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2342 Two Policy Alternatives • Two ways to prevent public utilities from charging outrageous prices – government regulation – government ownership Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2343 Conclusion • Natural Monopolies are probably all right, but only if they do not abuse their power • Monopolies based on other factors must be looked on with suspicion – They may be up to no good – They may even be illegal • Any monopoly must pass the test of whether or not there are close substitutes Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2344 ... 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 23 4 The Graph of the Monopolist • The imperfect competitor has to lower price to sell more P1 P2 D Q1 Q2 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 23 5... The perfect competitor would produce at an output of 5.1 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 23 23 The Monopolist in the Short Run and the Long Run • There is no distinction between the short ... Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 23 27 Control over an Essential Resource • In economics the basic resources are land, labor and capital • Some examples are