Social psychology delamater, john SRG

Social psychology delamater, john SRG Social psychology delamater, john SRG Social psychology delamater, john SRG Social psychology delamater, john SRG Social psychology delamater, john SRG Social psychology delamater, john SRG Social psychology delamater, john SRG

EIGHTH EDITION “If you’re looking for an undergraduate textbook in social psychology that is organized, presents up-to-date research findings and concepts from both sociological and psychological perspectives, and engages students in critical thinking and application processes, this textbook is for you.” —TERRI ORBUCH, OAKLAND UNIVERSITY Written by well-known sociologists John D DeLamater, Daniel J Myers, and Jessica L Collett, this fully revised and updated edition of Social Psychology is a highly accessible and engaging exploration of the question “what is it that makes us who we are?” With hundreds of real-world examples, figures, and photographs and grounded in the latest research, the text explores such topics as self, attitudes, social influence, emotions, interpersonal attraction and relationships, and collective behavior The book also explains the methods that social psychologists use to investigate human behavior in a social context and the theoretical perspectives that ground the discipline Each chapter is a self-contained unit for ease of use in any classroom, beginning with focal questions that establish the issues being discussed and ending with a summary of key points, a list of key terms and concepts, and a critical-thinking exercise JOHN D DELAMATER is Conway-Bascom Professor of Sociology at the University of WisconsinMadison He has been teaching social psychology courses since 1970 and his current research and writing are focused on the effects of life-course transitions on sexuality DANIEL J MYERS is vice-president and associate provost for faculty affairs and professor of sociology at the University of Notre Dame JESSICA L COLLETT is associate professor and director of graduate studies in the Department of Sociology at the University of Notre Dame, where she has been since 2006 Her research focuses on identity, emotion, and small group processes COVER IMAGE © TIM ELLIS/IKON IMAGES/CORBIS COVER DESIGN: MIGUEL SANTANA & WENDY HALITZER SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY “DeLamater, Myers, and Collett’s text has long been the standard for a truly integrative social psychology textbook that brings together the best of what the two disciplines at the heart of the field—psychology and sociology—have to offer Clear organization, lucid writing, and broad coverage of subject matter provide students with an introduction that is both accessible and thorough, and the book contains many examples that make concrete for students how social psychological concepts apply pervasively to everyday life.” —JEREMY FREESE, NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY DELAMATER MYERS COLLETT EIGHTH EDITION A Member of the Perseus Books Group www.westviewpress.com EIGHTH EDITION SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY JOHN D DELAMATER, DANIEL J MYERS, AND JESSICA L COLLETT Social Psychology 9780813349503.indb 5/16/14 1:50 PM 9780813349503.indb 5/16/14 1:50 PM e i g h t h e d i t i o n Social Psychology John D D e lamater Daniel J myerS JeSSica l collett A Member of the Perseus Books group 9780813349503.indb 5/16/14 1:50 PM Westview Press was founded in 1975 in Boulder, Colorado, by notable publisher and intellectual Fred Praeger Westview Press continues to publish scholarly titles and highquality undergraduate- and graduate-level textbooks in core social science disciplines With books developed, written, and edited with the needs of serious nonfiction readers, professors, and students in mind, Westview Press honors its long history of publishing books that matter Copyright © 2015 by Westview Press Published by Westview Press, A Member of the Perseus Books Group All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews For information, address Westview Press, 2465 Central Avenue, Boulder, CO 80301 Find us on the World Wide Web at www.westviewpress.com Every effort has been made to secure required permissions for all text, images, maps, and other art reprinted in this volume Westview Press books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the United States by corporations, institutions, and other organizations For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 2300 Chestnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19103, or call (800) 810-4145, ext 5000, or e-mail special.markets@perseusbooks.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data DeLamater, John D Social psychology / John D DeLamater, Daniel J Myers, Jessica L Collett — Eighth edition pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-8133-4950-3 (paperback) — ISBN 978-0-8133-4951-0 (e-book) Social psychology I Myers, Daniel J II Collett, Jessica L III Title HM1033.D45 2014 Proudly sourced and uploaded by [StormRG] 302—dc23 Kickass Torrents | TPB | ExtraTorrent | h33t 2014011421 Editorial production by Marrathon Production Services www.marrathon.net Design by Jane Raese Set in 10.5-point Warnock Pro 10 9780813349503.indb 5/16/14 1:50 PM Brief taBle of contentS Preface xv introduction to Social Psychology research methods in Social Psychology 31 Socialization through the life course 65 Self and Self-Presentation 117 emotions 177 Social Perception and cognition 205 attitudes 243 Symbolic communication and language 271 Social influence and Persuasion 311 10 altruism and Prosocial Behavior 343 11 aggression 369 12 interpersonal attraction and relationships 399 13 Understanding Groups 439 14 Group Processes 469 15 Social Structure and Personality 501 16 Deviant Behavior and Social reaction 541 17 collective Behavior and Social movements 579 Glossary 611 references 625 index 703 v 9780813349503.indb 5/16/14 1:50 PM 9780813349503.indb 5/16/14 1:50 PM exPanDeD taBle of contentS Preface xv archival research and content analysis 47 experiments 49 comparison of research methods 54 meta-analysis 55 IntroductIon to SocIal PSychology Research in diverse Populations 56 introduction ethical issues in Social Psychological Research 58 What is Social Psychology? Potential Sources of harm 58 institutional Safeguards 59 Potential Benefits 61 a formal Definition core concerns of Social Psychology Sociology, Psychology, or Both? Summary 62 theoretical Perspectives in Sociological Social Psychology Symbolic interactionism Group Processes 12 Social Structure and Personality 16 cognitive Perspectives 17 evolutionary theory 22 conclusion 25 Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Importance of Sampling 63 Summary 26 List of Key Terms and Concepts 62 SocIalIzatIon through the lIfe courSe 65 List of Key Terms and Concepts 27 introduction 66 Critical Thinking Skill: An Introduction to Critical Thinking 27 Perspectives on Socialization 67 reSearch MethodS In SocIal PSychology the Developmental Perspective 67 the Social learning Perspective 68 the interpretive Perspective 69 the impact of Social Structure 70 31 introduction 32 Questions about research methods 32 Characteristics of empirical Research 32 objectives of research 33 research hypotheses 33 Validity of findings 34 Research Methods 35 Surveys 35 field Studies and naturalistic observation 45 Agents of Childhood Socialization 70 family 71 Peers 77 School 79 mass media 80 Processes of Socialization 81 instrumental conditioning 81 observational learning 85 internalization 86 outcomes of Socialization 87 Gender role 87 linguistic and cognitive competence 90 vii 9780813349503.indb 5/16/14 1:50 PM ExpandEd TablE of ConTEnTs viii tactical impression Management 149 moral Development 93 Work orientations 97 managing appearances 150 ingratiation 152 aligning actions 156 altercasting 157 impression management online 158 the Life Course 98 components of the life course 99 influences on life course Progression 102 historical Variations 107 detecting deceptive impression Management 160 Summary 112 List of Key Terms and Concepts 114 Ulterior motives 160 nonverbal cues of Deception 161 Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Difference Between Truth and Validity 114 Self and Self-PreSentatIon ineffective Self-Presentation and Spoiled identities 164 117 Summary 172 introduction 118 List of Key Terms and Concepts 174 the nature and genesis of Self 120 Critical Thinking Skill: Defending Against Everyday Persuasive Techniques 174 the Self as Source and object of action 120 Self-Differentiation 120 role taking 122 the Social origins of Self 122 identities: the Self We Know 125 role identities 125 Social identities 126 research on Self-concept formation 127 the Situated Self 130 identities: the Self We enact 130 identities and Behavior 131 choosing an identity to enact 133 identities as Sources of consistency 135 Self-awareness and SelfDiscrepancies 136 Self-esteem 138 assessment of Self-esteem 138 Sources of Self-esteem 140 Self-esteem and Behavior 142 Protecting Self-esteem 142 Self-Presentation 144 Self-Presentation in everyday Life 147 Definition of the Situation 147 Self-Disclosure 148 9780813349503.indb embarrassment and Saving face 164 cooling-out and identity Degradation 167 Stigma 168 eMotIonS 177 introduction 178 defining emotions 179 Classical ideas about the origins of emotion 180 Universal emotions and Facial expressions 181 facial expressions of emotions 181 Cultural differences in Basic emotions and emotional display 184 emotional Display 185 the Social Psychology of emotions 189 cognitive labeling theory 189 emotion Work 192 Social emotions 194 Summary 201 List of Key Terms and Concepts 202 Critical Thinking Skill: Effortful Consideration of Ideas 202 5/16/14 1:50 PM ExpandEd TablE of ConTEnTs SocIal PercePtIon and cognItIon ix Cognitive Consistency 251 205 Balance theory 252 theory of cognitive Dissonance 254 introduction 206 the Relationship Between Attitudes and Behavior 258 Schemas 208 Do attitudes Predict Behavior? 258 accessibility and activation of the attitude 259 characteristics of the attitude 260 attitude-Behavior correspondence 262 Situational constraints 264 reference Groups 264 types of Schemas 209 Schematic Processing 210 Person Schemas and group Stereotypes 214 Person Schemas 214 Group Stereotypes 216 the Reasoned Action Model 265 impression Formation 223 Summary 266 trait centrality 223 first impressions 224 impressions as Self-fulfilling Prophecies 225 heuristics 226 List of Key Terms and Concepts 268 Critical Thinking Skill: Analyzing Attitudes 268 Attribution theory 227 Dispositional versus Situational attributions 228 inferring Dispositions from acts 229 covariation model of attribution 231 overattribution to Dispositions 233 focus-of-attention Bias 234 actor-observer Difference 235 motivational Biases 237 attributions for Success and failure 238 Summary 239 Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding Stereotyping 241 introduction 244 the nature of Attitudes 244 the components of an attitude 244 attitude formation 245 the functions of attitudes 248 Attitude organization 249 attitude Structure 249 9780813349503.indb Language and Verbal Communication 273 linguistic communication 273 the encoder-Decoder model 276 the intentionalist model 277 the Perspective-taking model 280 nonverbal Communication 282 List of Key Terms and Concepts 240 attItudeS SyMbolIc coMMunIcatIon and language 271 introduction 272 Bias and error in Attribution 233 243 types of nonverbal communication 282 computer-mediated communication 285 What’s in a face? 286 combining nonverbal and Verbal communication 286 Social Structure and Communications 288 Gender and communication 289 Social Stratification and Speech Style 291 communicating Status and intimacy 293 normative distances for interaction 299 normative Distances 299 5/16/14 1:50 PM 702 rEfErEnCEs Zuckerman, E., Kim, T.-Y., Ukanwa, K., & von Rittman, J (2003) Robust identities or nonentities? Typecasting in the feature-film labor market American Journal of Sociology, 108, 1018–1074 Zuckerman, M., DePaulo, B M., & Rosenthal, R (1981) Verbal and nonverbal communication of deception In L Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol 14, pp 59ff) New York: Academic Press 9780813349503.indb 702 Zuckerman, M., Koestner, R., & Alton, A O (1984) Learning to detect deception Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 519–528 Zurcher, L A., & Snow, D A (1990) Collective behavior and social movements In M Rosenberg & R H Turner (Eds.), Social psychology: Sociological perspectives (pp 447–482) New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction 5/16/14 1:51 PM inDex accommodation, 432 accounts, 145–157 action units (of facial expressions), 182, 183 (fig.) actor-observer difference, 235–237 adjustment, 227 affect, 179 affect theory of social exchange, 490 affective aggression, 375 aggravated assault, 376 aggression definition/description, 370– 371, 370 (photo) examples, 370 intervention with children/ violent media, 394 media violence and, 392–395, 395 (photo) pornography and, 81, 390– 392 reducing strategies, 384–386 summary, 395–396 violent media and, 393–394 violent television and, 392– 394 violent video games and, 81, 372, 394–395 See also targets (of aggression); specific aggressive behavior Aggression, causes (internal) averse emotional arousal, 374–375 instinct and, 371–372 social learning, 375–376 See also frustration-aggression hypothesis Aggression, causes (situational) aggressive cues and, 383–384, 384 (fig.) models and, 380–381 negative norm of reciprocity, 381–382 rewards and, 379–380 stress and, 382–383 temperature/heat and, 382– 383 aggressive pornography, 81, 391–392 alienation definition/description, 514 (photo), 533, 537–538 powerlessness, 535–537, 536 (photo) self-estrangement, 533–535, 535 (fig.) aligning actions, 156–157 altercasting, 157–158 altruism definition/description, 345 empathy-altruism model, 346–348 evolutionary perspectives of, 348–350 Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (AMT), 57 (box) ambivalent/anxious individual (attachment style), 73 (box) anchor, 227 anecdotal vs scientific evidence, 608–609 anger collectivist/individualist cultures and, 187 social status and, 188 (box) anomie/anomie theory definition/description, 543– 545, 544 (photo), 554 social class and, 545–546, 554 anxious/ambivalent individual (attachment style), 73 (box) archival research content analysis of, 48 costs and, 48 definition/description, 47 sources for, 47–48 strengths/weaknesses of, 48–49 attachment definition, 71–72 style of, 73 (box) attitude change components, 320 (fig.) definition, 312 See also communicationpersuasion paradigm; persuasion attitude inoculation, 337–338 attitude measures Likert scale, 40, 41 (box) overview, 40, 41 (box), 42 semantic differential scales, 40, 41 (box), 42 single items, 40, 41 (box) attitudes accessibility and, 259–260 activation and, 259 analyzing (critical thinking skills), 268–269 behavior and, 258–259, 260– 266, 263 (photo), 268 characteristics of, 260–262 components of, 244–245, 266 definition/description, 244 formation of, 245–247, 248 (photo) functions of, 248–249 Implicit Associations Test (IAT), 247 (box) organization of, 249–251, 251 (fig.) stereotypes/racism and, 247, 248, 248 (photo) See also balance theory; theory of cognitive dissonance attitudinal similarity, 412–414 attraction exchange processes, 408–412 physical attractiveness and, 405–408, 428–429 social norms and, 404–405, 405 (photo) See also availables; liking factors 703 9780813349503.indb 703 5/16/14 1:51 PM 704 attractiveness stereotype, 406–407 attribution, 206, 228 attribution theory actor-observer difference, 235–237 covariation model of attribution, 231–233, 233 (table) dispositional/situational attributions, 228–229, 230 (fig.) focus-of-attention bias, 234– 235, 235 (photo) inferring dispositions and, 227–228, 229–231 motivational biases, 237–238, 240 overattribution to dispositions, 233–234 summary, 240 attributions for success/failure, 238–239, 238 (table), 240 authority definition/description, 331– 333, 332 (photo), 339 experimental studies of obedience, 333–335, 336 factors affecting obedience to, 336–337 legitimate power, 329 (box) availables definition/description, 400– 401 Internet and, 401, 402 (fig.) meeting, 401–403, 402 (fig.), 403 (photo) See also attraction aversive affect, 374–375 aversive events, 454, 457–458 avoidant individual (attachment style), 73 (box) back-channel feedback, 290 (box), 305 back regions, 152 backtracking, 561 Bailey, J Michael, 59, 61 balance theory definition/description, 252– 254, 253 (fig.) imbalance/change and, 252– 254, 253 (fig.) 9780813349503.indb 704 IndEx behavior attitudes and, 258–259, 260– 266, 263 (photo), 268 causal factors/dimensions of, 28 culture and, 28 identities and, 131–133 self-awareness and, 136–137 self-discrepancy and, 137–138 self-esteem and, 142 stigma and, 169–170, 170 (fig.) belief perseverance, 237 Bem Sex Role Inventory, 58, 222–223 (box) biological aging, 103, 109 (photo) birth cohort definition, 105 historical trends/events and, 105–106, 107 (table), 111– 112 social change and, 106–107, 111–112 body language, 283, 283 (table), 284 (photo), 295–296, 295 (photo) borderwork, 79 (box) breach of confidentiality, 59 Bundy, Ted, 390 burden-of-proof process (in diffuse status characteristic), 475 bystander effect, 51 (photo), 361, 362 bystander intervention definition/description, 51 (photo), 498–499 steps in decision, 360, 361 (fig.) Cage, Nicolas, 163 (box) career definition, 99 overview, 99–101, 100 (photo) Carter, Jimmy, 327 (box) Castro, Ariel, 390 Castro, Fidel, 233–234 categorization, 208 catharsis, 386 cautious shift, 484 childhood socialization attachment and, 71–72 child care effects, 74 definition, 70–71 divorce effects, 76–77 family, 71–77 father and, 72, 74 infants in institutions and, 71 living arrangement diversity, 74–75, 75 (table) mass media, 80–81 maternal employment and, 72, 74 mother and, 71–72, 74 parental education and, 74 parenting styles and, 75–76 parent’s gender and, 72 peers, 77–79, 78–79 (box) race/ethnicity and, 75–76 schools, 79–80 single parents and, 72 children defined, 67 Clinton, Bill, 157, 327 (box) CMC (computer-mediated communication), 124–125, 158, 159, 285–286, 297 codability, 276 code switching and language, 296–297 coerced dispersal, 589 cognitions and attitudes, 244– 245 cognitive consistency description, 251–252, 266 See also balance theory; theory of cognitive dissonance cognitive dissonance definition, 254 selling/salespeople and, 258 (box) cognitive dissonance theory See theory of cognitive dissonance cognitive labeling theory context in interpreting others’ emotions, 191–192 others importance and, 191 overview, 189–191 cognitive perspectives cognitive theory overview, 17–18 dual-process theory of information processing, 19–20, 21 (fig.) limitations of, 22 5/16/14 1:51 PM IndEx schemas and, 18–19, 19 (photo) social identity theory overview, 20, 22 cognitive processes, 17 cognitive structure, 18–19 cognitive theory, 17–18 collective behavior definition/description, 580 precipitating incidents, 593 social control and, 597–599 strategies for protest policing, 598 summary, 608 underlying causes, 589–592, 591 (fig.) violence/high temperatures, 595–596, 596 (fig.) See also crowds; gatherings; riots collective identity, 602–603 collective task, 471 collectivist cultures definition, 185 emotional display, 185–189, 186 (photo) commonsense knowledge sources/description, 2–3 Test Yourself, (box) communication African-American Vernacular English, 292–293 combining nonverbal/verbal communication, 286–288 computer-mediated communication (CMC), 124–125, 158, 159, 285– 286, 297 definition, 272 face and, 286 gender and, 289, 290 (box), 291 importance of clear communication, 308–309 intimacy expression and, 296–299 normative distances and, 299–300 personal space and, 300–302, 301 (fig.), 302 (photo) resolving inconsistency, 288 silencing and, 296 social status and speech style, 291–292 social structure and, 307 9780813349503.indb 705 status expression and, 294– 296, 295 (photo) successful communication example, 286 (photo) See also conversation analysis; nonverbal communication; spoken language communication accuracy, 276–277 communication-persuasion paradigm, 314–315, 314 (fig.) See also message (persuasion); source (persuasion); targets (of persuasion) communicator credibility, 315 companion clusters, 588 comparison level, 408–409, 428 comparison level for alternatives, 409, 428 complexity–extremity effect, 213 compliance definition/description, 312, 325, 328, 339 promises and, 328, 330, 331 social power and, 329 (box) threats and, 328, 330–331, 330 (photo) See also authority Compliance (docudrama), 333 computer-mediated communication (CMC), 124–125, 158, 159, 285– 286, 297 conditioning, 14 confirmation bias, 207, 213 conformity Asch studies on, 446–448, 447 (fig.), 449 definition, 446 increasing, 450–452, 452 (fig.) intergroup conflict and, 454 reasons for, 448 Sherif studies on, 449–450 summary, 465 consensus (attribution theory), 232 consistency (attribution theory), 232 construct validity, 39 contagion, 582–583 content analysis, 48 contingencies (of self esteem), 138 705 control theory deviant behavior explanations and, 547–550 social bonds and, 547, 548 (photo), 554 convenience samples, 42 convergence (gatherings), 588 conversation analysis feedback/coordination, 305– 306 initiating conversions, 302– 304, 303 (photo) summary, 307 turn taking and, 304–305 conversion (social movements), 604 cooling-out, 167, 174 cooperative principle, 279 correspondence in attitudebehavior, 262–264 cosmetic surgery, 407 Costa Concordia sinking, 589 COYOTE, 565 criterion validity, 39 critical thinking skills analyzing attitudes, 268–269 anecdotal vs scientific evidence, 608–609 communicating clearly, 308– 309 creative thinking, 366–367 decision making/problem solving (relationships), 436–437 description/benefits, 27–28 evaluating persuasive messages, 340–341 persuasive techniques and, 174–175 promoting higher order cognitive skills, 466–467 research/policy decisions, 396 sampling importance, 63 on social performance effects, 202–203 stigmatizing labels and, 577 theory evaluation, 114–115 theory understanding/use, 498–499 thinking as hypothesis testing, 538–539 understanding stereotyping, 241 5/16/14 1:51 PM 706 crowds definition/description, 581, 582 (photo) myths on, 583–584 traditional perspectives of, 582–584 crowdsourcing, 57 (box) Cuban Missile Crisis, 233 cultural routines, 69–70 culture behavior and, 28 definition, 56 emotional display and, 185– 189, 186 (photo) gender role and, 88 love and, 424, 427–428 research results and, 56, 58 culture of honor, 377, 378 (box), 381 Southern states laws and, 551 subculture of violence, 551 Darley, John, 12 See also help in emergencies Darwin, Charles, 22, 180, 181, 201 decision making critical thinking skills and, 436–437 in group processes, 481–485, 497 definition of the situation, 147–148 deindividuation, 582 dependent variable, 34 desirability See attraction deterrence hypothesis, 567–568, 568 (photo) development process in children, 68 (table) deviant behavior definition/description, 542 See also norm violations deviant subculture, 564–565, 566 (photo) Diallo, Amadou, 207, 210, 212 differential association theory, 550–552 diffuse status characteristics, 475, 476 (photo) diffusion of responsibility, 362–363 disclaimer, 156 9780813349503.indb 706 IndEx discrepant message, 319, 320 (fig.) discrimination, 456 disinhibition, 386 displaced aggression, 379 display rules, 185 dispositional attribution, 228 distinctiveness (attribution theory), 232 distributive justice, 491–494 divorce effects on children, 76–77 longitudinal study on effects, 77 dual-process theory of information processing, 19–20, 21 (fig.) “Dude,” 299 dyadic withdrawal, 422 ebonics, 292–293 education ethnicity and, 507, 508 (table) gender and, 507–508, 508 (table), 511 (box) values (individual) and, 515– 516 women and science, 511 (box) effective social control, 561 egoism, 345–346 Ekman, Paul, 181–184, 182 (table), 183 (fig.) Elaboration Likelihood Model, 324 (fig.) embarrassment definition/description, 152 (photo), 164–165 expression of, 184–185 responses to, 165–167, 174 as social emotion, 197, 200 sources, 165 emergency dispersal, 589 emergent norm theory, 584, 586–587 emergent outcomes, 488 emotion work definition/description, 192 flight attendants and, 192, 193, 193 (table), 194 overview, 192–194 emotional deviance, 194 emotional intelligence, 198–199 (box) emotional labor, 194 emotions classical ideas on origins, 180–181, 201 components of, 179 criticism of universal emotion studies, 184 cultural differences in, 184– 185 cultural norms and emotional display, 185–189, 186 (photo) definition/description, 179, 201 display rules, 185 genetics and, 180, 181 universal emotions/facial expressions and, 181–184, 182 (table), 183 (fig.) See also facial expressions of emotions; social emotions; specific emotions empathy, 346 empathy-altruism model, 346–348 empirical research definition, 32 See also research encoder-decoder model, 276, 276 (fig.) equitable relationships, 429–430 equity, 14–15 equity/justice Affordable Care Act and, 490–491 distributive justice principles, 491–494 procedural justice, 495–496 responses to inequality, 494– 495 ethical issues See research ethical issues ethnocentrism, 456 event schemas, 209–210 evolutionary perspectives attractiveness, 407–408 of helping, 348–350 evolutionary psychology, 22 evolutionary theory human behavior and, 22–25, 23 (box), 24 (photo) limitations of, 25 overview, 22–24 exchange theory, 408, 485 (photo) 5/16/14 1:51 PM IndEx experimenter effects, 53–54 experiments characteristics/description, 49 dependent variable and, 49, 50, 51, 52 emergency situations/help, 50–52, 51 (photo), 57 (box) field experiments, 50 independent variable and, 49, 50, 51, 51 (photo), 52 laboratory experiments, 49– 50 mundane/experimental realism and, 54 random assignment and, 49 strengths, 52 validity and, 52, 53, 54 weaknesses, 50, 52–53 external validity, 35 extraneous variable, 34 extrinsically motivated, 85 face validity, 39 facial expressions of emotions computer software/uses and, 183 criticism/limitations of Paul Ekman’s work, 184 Ekman’s work, 181–183, 183 (fig.) involuntary/voluntary expressions, 181 fateful events, 526–527 (box) feeling rules, 192 field studies description/examples, 45–46 informed consent and, 47 participant observation, 46 strengths/weaknesses of, 46–47 unobtrusive measures, 46 five-factor model, 325 fixed-interval schedule (reinforcement), 83 fixed-ratio schedule (reinforcement), 83 flirting (courtship signaling), 303 (photo), 410–411 (box) focus-of-attention bias, 234–235, 235 (photo) forewarning, 338 formal social controls, 565–566 frames, 147–148 9780813349503.indb 707 framing (social movements), 601 Freud, Sigmund, 71, 181 front regions, 152 frustration, 372 frustration-aggression hypothesis definition/description, 8, 372–373, 373 (photo) frustration legitimacy and, 373–374, 374 (fig.) frustration strength and, 373 fundamental attribution error, 234 game, 123, 123 (photo) Gandhi, Mahatma, 385 gatherings assembling, 587–588 behavior/activities, 587, 588 definition/description, 587 dispersal types, 589 gender role books/stories and, 88–89 children’s play and, 87–88 definition, 88 ethnicity and, 88, 90 helping and, 356 influences, 87, 88–90, 89 (photo) parents/family influence, 87, 88 religion and, 88 women’s work/attitude changes, 108–110, 110 (fig.) general strain theory, 546–547 generalized other, 123–124 Genovese, Catherine (Kitty) murder/witnesses, 359– 360, 361, 362, 498–499 Gestalt psychology, 17–18 goal isomorphism, 445 gossip, 349 (box) grief expression and cultural differences, 186 (photo), 187–188 group cohesion definition/description, 441– 442, 443 (box) intergroup conflict and, 453 sources/consequences of, 443–444, 444 (photo) types, 442–443 707 group goals, 444–445 group norms definition/description, 445– 446, 446 (photo) intergroup conflict and, 454 See also conformity group polarization, 484–485 group processes categorization scheme for interactions, 472 (fig.) decision making, 481–485, 497 group size/member acts initiations, 471, 473 (table) limitations of, 16 participation studies/findings, 471, 473–474 status and, 15–16, 475–481 status construction/value, 480–481 status generalization and, 476–480 summary, 496–497 See also groupthink; social exchange group schemas See stereotypes group self-esteem, 145 (box) groups definition/attributes of, 440– 441 goals, 444–445 summary, 464–466 systematic studies beginnings, 471, 473–474 See also intergroup conflict groupthink avoiding, 483–484 Bay of Pigs invasion example, 481–482, 483 causes, 483 definition/symptoms of, 482– 483 guilt, 195–196 halo effect, 216 health (mental) and social influences gender and, 525 marital status and, 525, 528– 529 occupation and, 522–523, 525 summary, 537 See also stress 5/16/14 1:51 PM 708 health (physical) and social influences gender and, 519–520 marital status and, 520–521 model of influences, 521 (fig.) occupation and, 516, 518–519 physical exercise and, 517–518 social class and, 521–522 stress and, 516–517, 518 (photo) summary, 527 heat/high temperatures aggression and, 382–383 riots and, 595–596, 596 (fig.) help in emergencies diffusion of responsibility, 362–363 evaluation apprehension, 362 experiments, 50–52, 51 (photo), 57 (box) interpreting the situation, 361–362 See also bystander effect; bystander intervention help recipient obligation and, 363 provider similarity and, 364 self-esteem and, 363–364 helping definition/description, 345 normative factors and, 353– 356 helping/characteristics of the needy acquaintanceship/liking person, 350 deservingness, 352–353, 353 (photo) similarities to self, 350–352, 351 (box) helping motivation altruism/empathic concern, 346–348 egoism, 345–346 evolutionary perspectives, 348–350 helping/situational influences costs and, 358–359, 359 (photo) helping models and, 357 mood and, 357–358 heuristics definition, 20, 226 overview, 226–227 9780813349503.indb 708 IndEx hierarchy of identities, 133, 135–136, 135 (photo) HIT (human intelligence task), 57 Holocaust and compliance, 334 homogeneous (groups), 471 hook-ups, 210, 211 (table), 389, 411 human intelligence task (HIT), 57 hypotheses cause and, 34 definition, 33–34 thinking as hypothesis testing, 538–539 types, 34 IAT (Implicit Associations Test), 247 (box) identities behavior and, 131–133 choosing, 133–134, 172 consistency and, 135–136 definition, 13, 125 online networks and, 124– 125, 134 self-verification strategies, 136 situational opportunities and, 134 social networks and, 133–135 support and, 134 identity control theory, 132 identity crisis, 136 identity degradation, 167–168, 174 identity theory, 13 ideology (social movements), 600–601 illusion of out-group homogeneity, 458 Implicit Associations Test (IAT), 247 (box) implicit personality theory, 215– 216, 215 (table), 239 impression formation continuum model, 21 (fig.) definition/description, 223 first impressions and, 224– 225 heuristics and, 226–227 self-fulfilling prophecies and, 226 trait centrality and, 223–224, 239–240 independent variable, 34 individualist cultures definition, 185 emotional display and, 186– 189 informal social control, 565 informational influence, 448– 450 informed consent Bailey’s sexual behavior study and, 59 description/elements of, 61 ingratiation definition/overview, 152–153 tactics, 153–156, 155 (box) ingratiator’s dilemma, 161 institutional review board (IRB), 60–61 institutionalization of deviance, 560–561 instrumental conditioning definition/overview, 81, 82, 82 (photo) motivation and, 85 negative reinforcement, 83 positive reinforcement, 83 punishment, 83–85, 84 (fig.) reinforcement schedules, 83 intentionalist model, 277–280, 278 (table) interdependence affect theory of social exchange and, 490 in families, 493 with group members, 440, 444, 452, 464–465, 490, 493 relationships and, 421–422, 493 superordinate goals and, 460 See also group cohesion intergenerational similarity, 66 intergroup conflict definition/description, 452– 453 effects on within-group processes, 453–454 leadership and, 453–454 persistence and, 458–460 resolving, 460–464 sources of, 454–458 summary, 465–466 intergroup contact hypothesis, 461 5/16/14 1:51 PM IndEx internal validity, 34–35 internalization, 86–87 interpersonal attraction, 400 interpersonal spacing (proxemics), 283–284, 283 (table) intersubjectivity, 280 interview surveys, 36 (photo), 37 intrinsically motivated, 85 IRB (institutional review board), 60–61 J-curve theory, 591, 591 (fig.) jealousy, 197 Johnson, Lyndon, 593 justice procedural justice, 495–496 See also equity/justice Kennedy, John, 481–482, 483 King, Martin Luther, 602 King, Rodney, 593 Kohlberg, 95–96 Kohlberg’s model of moral development, 95–96, 96 (table) labeling consequences overview, 560– 561 secondary deviance and, 561–656, 562, 563, 576 stigmatizing labels and, 577 labeling (formal) biases and, 570–573, 571 (photo) functions, 567–569, 568 (photo) long-term effects, 573–575 overview, 566–567, 576 process of, 569–570, 570 (fig.) labeling theory, 555–561 language components of, 90–91 as evolving, 299 private speech, 92 as socialization outcome, 90–92 stages of acquisition/ development, 91–92 Lanza, Adam, 586 Latané, Bibb, 12 See also help in emergencies learning structure, 544 9780813349503.indb 709 Legally Blonde (movie) and schemas, 19 (photo) legitimate means (goals), 543 legitimate power, 329 (box) life course careers, 99–101, 100 (photo) change and, 98–99, 107 components of, 99–102 definition, 99 historical trends/events, 105– 107, 107 (table) historical variations and, 107–112 identities and, 101 influences on, 102–107, 104 (photo) personal impact of events, 110–112, 111 (table) self-esteem and, 101 stress/satisfaction and, 101– 102 summary, 113–114 women’s work/attitude changes, 108–110, 110 (fig.) life events, 102 Likert scale, 40, 41 (box) liking reciprocal liking, 415 shared activities, 414–415 similarity/importance, 412– 414 liking vs loving, 422–423 linguistic intergroup bias, 281 linguistic relativity hypothesis, 274–275 (box) loneliness, 433 (box) longitudinal surveys See panel studies (longitudinal surveys) looking-glass self, 122 love as a story, 426–428 culture and, 424, 427–428 liking vs loving, 422–423 passionate love, 423–424, 425 (box) romantic love ideal, 424–426 as social emotion, 200–201 love story, 426–428 majority influence, 446–448, 447 (fig.) Man Who Would Be Queen, The (Bailey), 59, 61 709 Martin, Trayvon, 207 mass campaign, 326–327 (box) mass media, 326 (box) mass psychogenic illness (MSI), 583 matching hypothesis, 405–406, 405 (photo) mate poaching, 23 (box) mate selection and evolutionary theory, 23–24 mechanism, 17 media childhood socialization and, 80–81, 89–90 childhood use by age, 82 (fig.) children’s gender role and, 89–90 See also aggression media campaigns, 326–327 (box) mere exposure effect, 403 message (persuasion) discrepancy, 318–319, 320 (fig.) fear arousal, 320–322 media campaigns, 326–327 (box) one-/two-sided messages, 322 meta-analysis, 55–56 methodology, 32 microaggressions, 525 middle-range theories, Milgram, Stanley/obedience studies, 334–335, 336–337 minimal group paradigm, 456, 457 (fig.) mobilization (social movements), 603–604 modeling See observational learning mood, 180 moral development definition, 95 Kohlberg’s model of, 95–96, 96 (table) moral judgment, 95–97, 96 (table) overview, 93–97 Piaget’s work on, 95 social rules/norms and, 93–95 movie theater shooting (2012), 526 5/16/14 1:51 PM 710 multiracial heritage and identity, 129–130 My Lai Massacre and compliance, 334 National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 593– 594, 595 naturalistic observation See field studies negative norm of reciprocity, 381–382 negative reinforcement, 83 negative-state relief hypothesis, 358 negotiated dispersals, 589 network multiplexity, 552 nonaggressive pornography, 390–391 nonstandard speech African-American Vernacular English, 292–293 deficit theories and, 292 definition/description, 291– 292 nonverbal communication summary, 307 types, 282–285, 283 (table), 284 (photo) See also specific types nonverbal leakage, 161 norm of homogamy, 404–405 norm of reciprocity, 355 norm of reciprocity in disclosure, 149 norm violations control theory and, 547–550, 554 crime and age, 549, 549 (fig.) crime and gender, 553 description, 543 deviant behavior definition/ description, 542 differential association theory and, 550–552 general strain theory, 546– 547 labeling theory and, 555–556 routine activities perspective and, 553 self-rejection and, 563–564, 563 (fig.) suicides and publicity, 554– 555 (box) 9780813349503.indb 710 IndEx summary, 575–576 See also anomie/anomie theory; labeling; reactions to norm violations normative influence, 448 normative life stage, 104–105, 104 (photo) normative transition, 105 norms definition, 13 groups and, 445–452 moral development and, 93–95 nudists, 565, 566 (photo) obedience See authority observational learning overview, 85–86, 86 (photo) studies on, 86 occupational status attainment factors summary, 506 (fig.) description, 503–504, 504 (table) education and, 505, 506 (fig.), 507 gender and, 507–508, 508 (table) occupational segregation, 508–510, 509 (photo) social networks and, 510, 512 socioeconomic background, 505–507, 506 (fig.) upward mobility and, 504–505 opportunity structure, 544–545 overreward, 494–495 panel studies (longitudinal surveys), 44 paralanguage, 282–283, 283 (table), 295 parenting practices authoritarian parenting, 75–76 authoritative parenting, 75, 76 evolution and, 24–25 physical/psychological punishment, 83–84, 84 (fig.) self-esteem and, 140 social class differences, 16–17 values and race/ethnicity, 76 passionate love, 423–424, 425 (box) peers borderwork and, 79 (box) childhood socialization and, 77–79, 78–79 (box) gender and, 78, 78–79 (box) race and, 78 rebellion against authority and, 78 (box), 79 perceived behavioral control, 265 person schemas, 209, 214 personal effects, choice of (nonverbal communication), 283 (table), 284–285 personal norms and helping, 355–356 personality theory (schemas/ assumptions), 214 perspective-taking model, 280–282 persuasion critical thinking skills and, 174–175, 340–341 definition, 314 Elaboration Likelihood Model, 324 (fig.) resisting, 337–339 summary, 339 See also communicationpersuasion paradigm physiognomy, 286 play, 122–123 playing dumb, 155 (box) politics and public opinion polls, 36 population (in survey), 42 pornography and aggression, 81, 390–392 position (in social system), 502 positive reinforcement, 83 power and prestige order, 475 powerlessness, 535–537, 536 (photo) prejudice, 248 primacy effect, 225 primary groups, 441 primary relationship, 502 priming, 451–452, 452 (fig.) primitive belief, 250 principle of covariation, 232 procedural justice, 495–496 promise (compliance), 328, 330–331, 329 (box) 5/16/14 1:51 PM IndEx prosocial behavior definition/description, 344– 345, 347 (photo) gossip as, 349 (box) philanthropy, 364 summary, 365–366 volunteering, 364–365 See also altruism; helping prototype, 208 proxemics (interpersonal spacing), 283–284, 283 (table) psychology defined, public opinion polls organizations specializing in, 36, 37 politics and, 36 punishment aggression and, 385 definition, 83 effectiveness, 84 long-term consequences, 84–85, 375 use in US, 83–84, 84 (fig.) questionnaire surveys, 37 race complexity-extremity effect and, 213 prototypes and, 208 self-esteem and, 145 (box) random assignment, 49 rape myths, 387, 388 (box), 391 reactance, 338–339 reactions to norm violations actor characteristics and, 557–558 audience characteristics and, 558–559 consequences of labeling, 560–561 determinants of, 557–560 gender of actor and, 558 labeling theory and, 555– 556 rule breaking, 556–557 secondary deviance and, 564–565 situational characteristics and, 559–560 stigma and, 562 summary, 576 See also labeling 9780813349503.indb 711 realistic group conflict theory, 455–456 recency effect, 225 reciprocity theory definition/description, 490 families and, 492–493 (box) referent power, 329 (box) reflected appraisal, 128–129 reflexive behavior, 120 reflexive self, 12 refutational defense, 337–338 relation (in social exchange), 485 relationships as linear/chaotic, 428 long-distance relationships, 415, 420–421 online relationships, 416–417 (box) secret relationships, 415 sexual gratification and, 422 summary, 434–436 See also attraction; availables; liking; love relationships ending differential commitment/ dissolution, 430–432, 431 (photo) responses to dissatisfaction and, 432, 434 unequal outcomes/instability, 428–430 relationship growth interdependence and, 421– 422 reciprocity/intimacy and, 416–419, 419 (fig.) self-disclosure and, 416–419 trust and, 419–421, 420 (table), 421 (fig.) relative deprivation, 591–592 reliability assessing, 38–39 of surveys, 38–39 Remember the Titans, 462–463 (box) representativeness heuristic, 226–227 research answering questions (love example), 53 (box) crowdsourcing and, 57 (box) diverse populations and, 56, 58 empirical research defined, 32 711 hypotheses, 33–34 meta-analysis, 55–56 methods comparison, 54–55, 55 (table) methods summary, 62 objectives, 33 policy decisions and, 396 on self-concept formation, 127–130 validity and, 34–35 See also archival research; experiments; field studies; surveys research ethical issues breach of confidentiality, 59 considerations overview, 60 (box) false/negative feedback and, 58–59 institutional safeguards, 59 potential benefits and, 61–62 potential sources of harm, 58–59 risk-benefit analysis, 60–61 sexual behavior/ transsexualism study example, 59, 61 summary, 62 research updates emotions and social movements, 606–607 (box) evolution theory/mate poaching, 23 (box) flirting (courtship signaling), 410–411 (box) Implicit Associations Test (IAT), 247 (box) linguistic relativity hypothesis, 274–275 (box) motherhood as status characteristic, 478–479 (box) playing dumb, 155 (box) sorority attachments, 443 (box) response rate, 37 revolution, causes, 590–591, 591 (fig.) riots causes, 593–595 National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders and, 593–594, 595 5/16/14 1:51 PM 712 riots (continued) target selection, 596–597, 597 (photo) temperature/heat and, 595– 596, 596 (fig.) risk-benefit analysis, 60–61 risky shift, 484 “road rage,” 373 role definition, 13 in groups, 474 role differentiation (groups), 474 role identities adoption, 127 definition/description, 125– 126 role overload, 519 role schemas, 209 role taking, 11, 122–123 role theory, 13 romantic love ideal, 424–426 Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, 138, 139 (box) routine activities perspective, 553 routine dispersal, 589 rule breaking, 556 rumination, 383–384, 384 (fig.) rumor, 586 salience hierarchy, 133–134, 135–136 samples bias and, 43 overview, 42–43 types, 42–43 sampling, importance, 63 scapegoating, process, 568 schemas definition/description, 19, 208–209, 239 language/cognitive competence, 92–93 problems with schematic processing, 213–214, 214 (fig.) types, 209–210 why used, 210 schematic inference, 212 schematic judgment, 212–213 schematic memory, 210–212 schools childhood socialization and, 79–80 children’s gender role and, 88–89 9780813349503.indb 712 IndEx norms/moral development, 94–95, 94 (photo) social comparison, 80 scientific vs anecdotal evidence, 608–609 scripts defined, 80 scripts (in relationships), 409– 412, 412 (photo) See also event schemas secondary deviance, 564 secondary groups, 441 secure child/adult (attachment style), 73 (box) selective self-presentation, 154– 156, 159 (box) self concept, development, 11, 118–125, 121 (photo), 172 definition/description, 120, 172 online communication and, 124–125 self-awareness, 136–137 self-concept See self-schema self-deprecation, 154–156 self-differentiation, 120–122, 121 (photo) self-disclosure, 148–149, 149 (photo) self-discrepancy theory, 137–138 self-efficacy, 85 self-esteem assessment, 138, 139 (box) behavior and, 142 definition, 138, 173 minority status and, 145 (box) protecting, 142–144 sources, 140–142, 141 (photo) self-estrangement industrial technology and, 534 overview, 533–535, 535 (fig.) workplace organization and, 534, 535, 535 (fig.) self-evaluation, 125 self-fulfilling prophecy impressions as, 226, 240 labeling/deviant behavior, 562, 564 positive examples, 564 self-presentation definition/description, 146, 173 definition of the situation and, 147–148 front/back regions, 152 hazardous actions and, 159 (box), 173 impression management online, 158, 160 ingratiation/tactics, 152–156 product demonstrator example, 144, 146 self-disclosure and, 148–149, 149 (photo) See also tactical impression management self-presentation failures cooling-out, 167 identity degradation, 167– 168 See also embarrassment; stigma self-reinforcement, 85 self-schema definition/description, 118, 119 (box), 209 measuring, 119 (box) research on formation, 127– 130 self-discrepancy and, 137– 138 student self-descriptions and, 131 (fig.) self-serving bias, 237–238 semantic differential scales, 40, 41 (box), 42 sentiment, 179–180 sexism ambivalent sexism inventory, 266–267 (box) definition, 266 (box) sexual assault causes/perpetrators, 387, 388 (box), 389 definition/description, 386– 387 victims, 389–390 shame collectivist/individualist cultures and, 187 as social emotion, 196–197 shaping, 81, 83, 83 (photo) sign language, 273 (photo) significant others, 12, 122 simple random sample, 42–43 situated identity, 11, 148 situated self, 130 situational attribution, 228, 229, 230 (fig.) 5/16/14 1:51 PM IndEx situational constraint, 264 social age grading, 103–105, 104 (photo) social class, 504 anomie, 545–546 children’s peer groups, 78– 79 (box) mental health, 532–533 occupational status, 504–505 physical health, 521–522 powerlessness, 537 social control bias, 570–573 stress, 533 upward mobility, 505–507 social cohesion, 442 social-emotional specialist, 473–474 social emotions definition/description, 194– 195, 195 (photo) overview of specific emotions, 195–197, 200–201 social exchange commitment/trust and, 488– 489 definition/description, 14– 15, 485–486, 485 (photo), 497 in families, 492–493 (box) forms of, 489–490, 489 (fig.) power/dependence and, 486– 488, 487 (fig.) theories, 490 See also equity/justice social exchange perspective, 14–15, 485–486 social identities adoption, 127–128 definition/description, 126– 127, 128 (photo) in-group/out-group identity, 132 stereotypes and, 132–133 social identity theory, 20, 22, 558–559 social identity theory of intergroup behavior, 456–457 social impact theory, 317–318 social influence definition, 312 forms of, 312–313 resisting, 337–339 See also attitude change; authority; persuasion 9780813349503.indb 713 social movements definition/description, 599 ideology/framing, 600–601, 604 leaders, 603–604 media and, 602, 603 (photo) mobilization, 603–604 preconditions for, 599–600 recruitment, 601–603, 603 (photo), 604, 605 (fig.) recruitment to high-risk activism, 605 (fig.) research on emotions, 606– 607 (box) summary, 608 US conservative movements/ strategies, 604, 605–607 social networks definition, 502 stress and, 529–532, 530 (fig.), 531 (photo) social perception definition/description, 206– 207 race and, 207, 210, 212 social psychology core concerns of, 3–6, (fig.) definition, groups on groups impact, (fig.), groups on individuals impact, 5–6, (fig.) history, individuals on group impact, 5 (fig.), individuals on individuals impact, 4–5, (fig.) social context on individuals/ groups impact, (fig.), sociology/psychology relationship, 6–7 summary, 26 social responsibility norm, 354–355 social structure definition/description, 502– 503 See also specific components social structure and personality tradition limitations of, 17 overview, 16–17 socialization child living with deaf-mute mother example, 69 713 components, 70–71 definition/description, 66 development (heredity) perspective, 67–68, 67 (photo), 68 (table) interpretive perspective, 69–70 perspectives summary, 112 responsiveness to others, 67– 68, 67 (photo), 68 (table) social learning and development perspective, 69 social learning (environment) perspective, 68–69 social structure impact, 70 See also agents of childhood socialization socialization outcomes cognitive competence, 92–93 language and, 90–92 summary, 113 work orientation, 97–98 See also gender role; moral development socialization processes internalization, 86–87 observational learning, 85–86, 86 (photo) summary, 113 See also instrumental conditioning sociobiology, 348–350 sociolinguistic competence, 281–282 sociology defined, 6–7 source (persuasion) attractiveness/likability and, 317 definition, 312 expertise and, 315–316, 316 (photo) multiple sources and, 317–318 trustworthiness and, 316–317, 316 (photo) specific status characteristics, 475–476 speech act theory, 278 spillover (stress), 528–529 split-half method, 38–39 spoken language advantages, 274–275 basic components, 273–275 encoder-decoder model, 276, 276 (fig.) 5/16/14 1:51 PM 714 spoken language (continued) intentionalist model, 277– 280, 278 (table) perspective-taking model, 280–282 summary, 306–307 “stampede” at The Who concert, 585 (box) standard speech, 291–292 status definition/description, 15, 502, 537 See also occupational status status characteristics/types, 475–476, 476 (photo), 478–479 (box) status generalization definition/description, 476– 479 overcoming, 479–480 stereotype threat, 218–219 (box), 219 stereotypes as changing, 219–220 common stereotypes, 219– 220 definition/description, 209, 216–219, 217 (photo), 239 errors caused by, 221–222 gender stereotype study, 218–219 intergroup conflict and, 458– 459 origins, 220–221 understanding stereotyping, 241 stigma behavior effects, 169–170, 170 (fig.) coping strategies, 170–172, 174 definition, 156, 168 discomfort sources, 168–169 examples, 156, 168 stigmatizing labels and, 577 stratified sample, 43 stress definition, 102 fateful events/examples and, 526–527 (box) occupation and, 522–523 physical health and, 516–517, 518 (photo) 9780813349503.indb 714 IndEx social class and, 532–533 social networks and, 529– 532, 530 (fig.), 531 (photo) social status and, 527 (box) spillover and, 528–529 terrorist attacks (2001) and responses, 526–527 (box) test yourself on, 524 (box) unemployment and, 525 stressful life events, 102 subculture of violence, 551 subject effects (experiments), 53 subjective expected value (SEV), 331 subjective norms, 265 subtractive rule, 228–229 subtyping, 222 suicides and publicity, 554–555 (box) Summers, Lawrence, 511 (box) summons-answer sequence, 302–303 superordinate goals, 460–461 supplication, 154 supportive defense, 338 surveys analysis of data, 43–44 costs, 37 definition/example, 35–36 measuring attitudes, 40, 41 (box), 42 panel studies (longitudinal surveys), 44 purposes, 36–37 questions and, 39–40 reliability and, 38–39 response rates and, 37, 43 sample and, 42–43 sampling issues, 38 self-reporting issues, 45 strengths of, 44–45 threatening/embarrassing questions and, 40, 45 types, 37–38 validity and, 39 weaknesses of, 45 symbolic interactionism Calvin and Hobbes example, 10 (fig.) description/bottle example, 9, (photo) limitations of, 12 negotiating meanings/ examples, 9–11, 10 (fig.) roles and identities, 13 (box) self in relationship to others, 11–12 symbols, 272 tactical impression management appearance and, 150–152, 150 (photo) definition/description, 146, 149–150, 173 tactical impression management/detecting deception accuracy of detection, 162– 164, 163 (box) nonverbal cues, 161–162, 164, 173–174 ulterior motives and, 160– 161, 173 targets (of aggression) culture of honor and, 376– 377, 378 (box) displaced aggression, 379 gender and, 376–377, 377 (table) intention and, 377, 379 race and, 376, 377 (table) retaliatory capacity and, 379 targets (of persuasion) definition, 312 distraction and, 325 intelligence and, 322–323 issue involvement and, 323, 325 personality and, 325 task cohesion, 442–443 task specialist, 473 tattoos, 151 telephone interview, 37 test-retest method, 38 Test Yourself ambivalent sexism inventory, 266–267 (box) attachment in children/adults, 73 (box) detecting deception/smile, 163 (box) emotional IQ, 198–199 (box) gender schemas and stereotypes, 222–223 (box) measuring self-concepts, 119 (box) passionate love, 425 (box) rape myths, 388 (box) 5/16/14 1:51 PM IndEx response to stress, 524 (box) Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, 139 (box) social psychology/common sense, (box) theoretical perspectives definition/description, overview, 9–25 summary, 25–27 traditions/faces of social psychology, See also specific perspectives theory definition, 8, 33 understanding/using, 498– 499 theory of cognitive dissonance counterattitudinal behavior, 256–257 definition/description, 254, 266, 268 postdecisional dissonance, 254–256, 255 (fig.), 257, 257 (photo) theory of planned behavior, 265 theory of reasoned action, 265–266 theory of speech accommodation, 297–299 9780813349503.indb 715 threat (compliance), 328, 330– 331, 330 (photo), 329 (box) trait centrality, 223–224 traumas/traumatic events, 517, 518 (photo) trust definition/description, 419– 421 interpersonal trust scales/ scores, 420 (table), 421 (fig.) ultimate attribution error, 459 unanticipated deviance, 561 underreward, 494 upward mobility, 504 validity and research, 34–35 values (individual) education and, 515–516 labor union organizer example, 512–513 occupational role and, 514– 515, 514 (photo) theory/structure of, 513–514, 513 (fig.) vandalism, 535–536, 536 (photo) variable-interval schedule (reinforcement), 83 715 victim-blame (sexual assault), 389–390 video games (violent) and aggression, 81, 372, 394– 395 violence, 551 See also aggression voice (procedural justice), 495–496 weapons effect, 383 web surveys, 37–38 weight and self-concept, 128– 129 Weiner, Anthony/ embarrassment, 152 (photo) witch hunts, 568 work orientation gender/sexual orientation and, 98 socialization and, 97–98 working self-concept, 130 Zimmerman, George, 207 5/16/14 1:51 PM 9780813349503.indb 716 5/16/14 1:51 PM ... to sociAl Psychology introduction Social Structure and Personality 16 What is Social Psychology? cognitive Perspectives 17 a formal Definition evolutionary theory 22 core concerns of Social Psychology. .. Chapter Core Concerns of Social Psychology What IS SocIal PSychology? A Formal Definition We define social psychology as the systematic study of the nature and causes of human social behavior This... core concerns of Social Psychology Sociology, Psychology, or Both? Summary 62 theoretical Perspectives in Sociological Social Psychology Symbolic interactionism Group Processes 12 Social Structure