Contents Preface Introduction: Why Cultural Psychology? Making the human condition meaningful What is it all about? Cultural psychology: A new chance for the study of human psychological complexity Human Experience through the Lens of Culture: An invitation to psychology in a new key Why is psychology in trouble? Psychology: A science of the zone between the existing and the possible The roadmap of cultural psychology The nature of the core of the human psyche: The stem concepts The Self as culturally regulated: Meaning hierarchies in action Conclusion: Why psychology in a new key? What is Culture? And why human psychology needs to be cultural? History of European “culture-talk” Constructing the Nihon bunka Sharing food: The primary context of contrasting Self with the Other Varieties of culture: Crossroads of meanings and ideologies Psychology and culture: Behavior resisting cultivation Psychology’s rigidity: Overlooking culture Psychology’s chance: Where to (re)discover culture? Transcending the common sense: Culture as a process, not an entity Culture’s landscapes The importance of borders within the semiosphere Culture is in-between From culture to agency: The culture-maker Co-constructing the Mind Socially: Beyond a communion Living ahead: Between two intersubjectivities The communication act: Negotiating meaning Generalization through abstraction Conclusion: Going beyond the communion Cultural Processes on the Borders: Constructive internalization and externalization Processes of internalization and externalization Layers in the internalization/externalization processes Internalization/externalization and the semiosphere Back to the body: Texts of sensuality, heterosensuality, and ascetic purity Conclusion: Moving through the body into the semiosphere by way of internalization/externalization Creating Ourselves: Signs, myths, and resistances Signs: Their production, use, and transformation Types of signs: The system developed by C S Peirce From sign types to sign complexes Sign complexes: Myths, counter-myths, and mass media The power of signs: Mutual emulation Conclusion: Human beings construct both their unique subjectivities and collective illusions through signs Sign Hierarchies: Their construction, use, and demolition The nature of hierarchical models: Static vs dynamic Conditional rupture in intransitive structures: Where novelty emerges Constructing sign hierarchies by the mind Signs in time: Duality of the act Dynamic movement of semiotic fields The SWIB (sign with infinite border) Levels of affective semiosis Conclusion: Why hierarchies matter How Culture is Made through Objects Paradoxes in value construction: Commoditization and singularization Trust and commoditization The functional role of things—and their value Affordances for the future: Constructing goal-orientations Functional life courses of objects Acting upon objects: Constructing through the VALUEnon-VALUE tension Hyper-generalized values of objects: Post-utilitarian uses Things and objects: Turning a thing into Gegenstand The Gegenstand and the sign classes of C S Peirce The ownership of the self through another: Control and responsibility Quality of objects: Dynamics within Gegenstand When the actor is the object: The human body as Gegenstand The sensuality of bodily pain Wrapping our bodies: Clothes as objects Conclusion: Relating to objects––relating to oneself Cultivating Environments: Over-determination by meaning What is symbolic remove? Places we make: The future and past in the present How can landscapes become sacred? Cultivating nature: The nature of gardens Home and non-home: Creating home outside of home Homes for the dead—away from home Architectural forms: Perceptual suggestion for cultural values Meanings under construction, and decay Summary: Cultural structuring of human life environments Weaving Social Textures Together: Personal and collective culture in action Society and its dynamics Personal culture, collective culture, and their relations The collective culture Collectivepersonal culture relations Social participation and personal culture Conclusion: Relations of personal and collective cultures 10 Signs as Organizers: Maintaining and innovating tensions Super-normality in fashion design Tensions generated at distinction borders The general theoretical focus: Tensional unity of opposites Regulating tensions: Schematization and pleromatization The pleromatic pathway: The hidden side of our selves Tensions, their maintenance, and transformation From monologic to dialogic perspective: For every sign there is a counter-sign Breaking out of the cycle: From dialogical dynamics to dialectical synthesis Conclusion: Tension is the norm that allows for its own modification Epilogue: Cultural Psychology as a Science of Universality of Culture References Index An Invitation to Cultural Psychology SAGE has been part of the global academic communitysince 1965, supporting high quality research and learningthat transforms society and our understanding of individuals,groups, and cultures SAGE is the independent, innovative,natural home for authors, editors and societies who shareour commitment and passion for the social sciences Find out more at: www.sagepublications.com An Invitation to Cultural Psychology Jaan Valsiner SAGE Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC SAGE Publications Ltd Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B 1/I Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road New Delhi 110 044 SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 © Jaan Valsiner 2014 First published 2014 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers Library of Congress Control Number: 2013952465 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-4462-4877-5 ISBN 978-1-4462-4878-2 (pbk) Editor: Michael Carmichael Editorial assistant: Keri Dickens Production editor: Imogen Roome Marketing manager: Alison Borg Cover design: Wendy Scott Typeset by: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd, Chennai, India Printed in India at Replika Press Pvt Ltd Figures 1.1 A designed hole as a part of the architectural building (commercial center at Zeil, Frankfurt-am-Main) 1.2 A deeply symbolic form in a daily context (a street entrance to a small temple in a side street of Kyoto, Japan) 12 1.3 Svastik embedded in Ancient Greek ornament, 6th–5th century BC (Wilson, 1896, p 839) 13 1.4 The psyche in-between two infinities 14 1.5 A young Chinese woman praying in front of a Kannon figure in Shanghai 15 1.6 The structure of uncertainties in human lives: SELFOTHERS and PASTFUTURE (SC = Self as Center, turning towards various others around her/him) 17 1.7 Coordination within double uncertainty SELFOTHERS and PASTFUTURE 17 1.8 Adding predicates to the I → AM cycle 19 1.9 Stem concepts of human cultural self-organization 21 2.1 Typology of notions of culture 34 2.2 Contrast between the use of culture as a “container” (A) and as a process of relating (B) 40 2.3 Dynamics of interior and exterior loops in meaning construction 41 2.4 Boundaries on the beach 44 2.5 A monument to a soldier in Hangzhou, China 46 2.6 The dramatic nature of the semiosphere 47 3.1 From symmetry to asymmetry in relationships 52 3.2 The use of protective gloves in distancing the closeness of danger 52 3.3 The Organon Model modified: Generalization in irreversible time 54 3.4 Generalization and hypergeneralization 57 4.1 Cultural meanings on the skin: A permanent tattoo (on the border of private and public access) 64 4.2 Quadratic unity of INSIDEOUTSIDE and PASTFUTURE 66 4.3 Mutual feed-forward relations of internalization and externalization 70 4.4 Laminal model of internalization/externalization as double transformation 71 5.1 Triangles that are illusions 87 5.2 Moving through and passing by: interpreting on the move 88 5.3 C S Peirce’s triangle 89 5.4 The unity of icon, index, and symbol 91 5.5 Combination of representational sign types 93 5.6 Segregation of a minority in public 94 5.7 Symbolic segregation of smokers on an outdoor railway platform 95 5.8 How warning messages work for triggering resistance 96 5.9 The oppositional characters in tobacco 97 5.10 Cigars as belonging to dessert in a café menu 97 6.1 An intransitive hierarchy with a rupture point 111 6.2 The core of the dynamic semiotic perspective: Duality of the act 116 6.3 The emerged sign with functional longevity (feed-forward to the future) 117 6.4 Sign hierarchy as an inhibitory sign (IN) emerges and blocks the meaning (S) 118 6.5 Extension of the sign hierarchy to include the Inhibitor of the Inhibitor and Demolishing decay, 197 decency, 208–209 decorations, 192 deductive generalization, deities, 15, 60, 75, 92, 101n, 179 demolishing signs, 119–120 dependent independence, 179n Deutsch, Helene, 105–106 Devil, 125, 232, 252 dharma, 131–133 diachronic, 34, 35 dialectical synthesis, 249–250 dialectics, 37, 246–249 dialogicality, 41 dialogue, 53 dicent signs, 90, 92–93, 154–155 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 29n, 42n dirtyclean dynamics, 157–163 distancing, psychological, 173, 201 distinction borders, 235 distinctions, 230 domesticity, in women, 218–221 Dorazio-Migliore, M., 27 Dorian columns, 194, 195, 198fig double negation, 250–253 Douglas, Mary, 157–158 dramatization, 23–24, 131–133 Driesch, Hans, drinking, 99 duality of the act, 116 duelling, 168 dynamic self-regulation, 109–110 dynamic semiosis, 22–23, 114 eating, 32–33 Eck, D.L., 180 economic bubbles, 138–140 Eden, Garden of, 182 Eliade, Mircea, 58–62 elk, Yukaghir hunting of, 250–252 embodiment, 163 embodyactment, 163 emergence, empathy, 192 emptiness, 9, 134, 253–254 Enfühlung, 192–193, 196 entrances, 241 environments architectural forms, 191–196 creation of places, 177–179 cultivation of nature, 181–185 cultural structuring of, 200–204 home and non-home, 186–187 places for the dead, 188–191 ruins, 197–200 sacred spaces, 177–179, 185–186 see also places equality, 102n execution, 259 externalization see internalization/externalization eyes, 136n fables, Russian, 246–247 failure, 211 familiarity, fashion, 170–171, 207, 230–234 FDR (fixed dominant regulator) signs, 121, 122 fears, 23 feeding see eating feelings, in affective semiosis, 126–131 fictional characters, 11, 259 fields, 53–55 fire, 102–103 Firtsirotu, M.E., 33 fixed dominant regulator (FDR) signs, 121, 122 flagellation, 76, 168–170, 252 flogging, 168–170 Flora’s Mallewagen, 140fig foods, 32–33, 137–138 Foucault, Michel, 127–129, 188 Freud, Sigmund, 11, 31n, 175, 207n funeral rites, 1, 3, 67 Ganges, 46, 180, 242 Garden of Eden, 182 gardens, 29, 31, 177, 181–185 Geary, P., 151 Gegenstand concept of, 96, 117 construction of, 153–154 dynamics within, 156–163 human body as, 163–164 and sign classes, 154–155 Gemeinschaft, 209, 217, 220 generalization, 9–10, 56–57, 62, 121, 123, 257–258 see also abstractive generalization; cognitive generalization; hyper-generalization genital theft, 124–125 Gesellschaft, 209–210, 217 Gibson, James, 141–145, 240 gifts, 150 Gigerenzer, Gerd, 11n, 203 Gonzales, Eva, 222fig Gothic churches, 193, 194fig Goya, Francisco de, 91–92, 169fig graphic designs, 12 gravestones, 190, 191fig guillotine, 259 Habermas, Tillmann, 135n hair, 221–224 hairdressers, 171–172 Hall, G.S, 23 hamman, 187 handles, 142–144 hardness, 156–157 Harré, Rom, 11, 21 headscarves, 223 Heinz/Ashok Dilemma, 131, 133 Herakleitos (Heraclitus) of Ephesus, 7, 238 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 29 Hess, Rudolf, 199–200 heterogenization, 50, 240n heterosensuality, 82–85 heterotopias, 188–189 hierarchies catalysis, 112–113 hierarchical models, 108–112 meaning hierarchies, 22–23 sign hierarchies see sign hierarchies hijab, 67–69 Hinduism, sacred places, 180 hip-hop, 231–232 holes, Holland smoking in, 98–100 tulip mania, 138–140 home and non-home, 186–187, 202 Homo sapiens, 1–2, 4, 108, 229 homogenization, 50, 82, 240n Hondagneu-Sotelo, 183 honey collecting, 12n Horney, Karen, 222n hunter-gatherers, 181 hunting, 16n, 181, 250–252 hyper-generalization, 57–62, 121, 123, 125–127, 151, 201, 210–212, 242–243 hypostatic abstraction, 20n Ichheiser, G., 211 iconic signs, 90, 91, 92, 93–94, 113–115, 125 iconoclasm, 197n, 200 identity, 245n idiographic science, 257 Ikegami, E., 44 illusory intersubjectivity, 51, 60 inauthentication, of the body, 171–172 indecency, 208–209 independent dependence, 179n indexical signs, 90, 91, 92, 93, 113–115, 125, 158 India bhakti tradition, 129n, 167n body coverage, 207–209 caste system, 208–209 Ganges, 46, 180, 242 honey-collecting, 12n women and domesticity, 220 inductive generalization, 9–10 infinities, 13–15, 40, 65–70, 79, 201–204, 228–229 see also SWIB (signs with infinite borders) Ingold, Tim, 178, 185 inhibitory signs, 118–120 intentionality, 8, 11–12, 228 internalization/externalization bodies, 85–86 boundaries, 70, 71–74 laminal model, 70–79 personal and collective culture, 213, 214, 215, 216–217 processes of, 64–65 quadratic unity, 65–70 and the semiosphere, 79–82, 85 interpretation, 87–88, 89, 92–93 intersubjectivities, 19n, 51, 60 intransitivity, 109–112 Ionian columns, 194, 195–196 Islam body covering, 67–69, 223 call to prayer, 100n conversion to, 67–69 public baths in Tunisia, 187 self-flagellation, 169 isomorphism, 39, 41, 175, 176, 214, 248 Jahn, H.F., 75–76 Jahoda, G., 29n, 30n, 31n, 33 Janet, Pierre, 117, 120 Japan bodily pain, 168 bunka, 31–32 foods, 32 rock gardens, 183–185, 203 social norms, 45 temples, 12 Järvinen, I.R., 189 jealousy, 47 Johnson, P., 189 Jones, R., 141, 142, 143 Joyce, James, 165–166, 226–228 Kaluli, 32–33 Karelia, Russia, 189 Kelley, D.R., 29n Kerala, breast coverage, 207–209 Kharlamov, N.A., 88n, 177n killing, 16n Klemm, Gustav, 30n Kluckhorn, Clyde, 33 Koffka, Kurt, 142 Kolenda, P., 220 Kopytoff, I., 137, 156 Koro syndrome, 124–125 Koslofsky, C., 190 Kroeber, Alfred, 33 Kubie, L.S., 160–161, 164 Kultur, 28–29, 30–31 Kulturgeschichte, 29, 30n Kvale, Steinar, 247–249 La Chignon, 222fig, 244 laminal model, 70–79 land, 185–186 landscapes, 177–179, 182–183 legisigns, 90, 91, 92 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 34, 96–97 Lewin, Kurt, 142, 177n, 178n, 246 life courses, 147–149, 256 liminality, 6, 43, 44, 189, 205–206, 216fig Lindahl, M., 183 lines, in architectural forms, 193–194, 203 Lipps, Theodor, 192–193, 194–195, 196, 203 literature, 259 Löfgren, O., 152, 153 Lotman, Juri, 24n, 43, 44, 45, 79–81 love, communication of, 58–62 Macdonald, S., 199 mandalas, 150 Maran, T., 29n Marsico, G., 253 Maruyama, Magoroh, 50n Marxism, 81 masculinity, 99, 100 Maslow, Abraham, 18, 240 massage, 82 masturbation, 83–85, 161 McGovern, S., 185n Mead, George Herbert, 30, 40 meaning construction, 40–41, 48–49, 174, 176–177 hierarchies, 22–23 Homo sapiens, 1–2 Lev Vygotsky, 197n nature, 45–46 polysemy, 174, 185 see also semiosphere; semiotic dynamics; semiotic mediation; signs meditation, 184–185 Meinong, Alexius, 260n Melodies of Living, 256 mereotopology, 70n Mernissi, Fatima, 24 metaphors, 57 Metz, Cathedral of, 241fig microsocialisation, 103–105 Migliore, S., 27 Mobius strip, 246, 250 Modenarr, 230 monasteries, 221 monological consumerism, 138 Morgando, M.A., 232 Morris-Suzuki, T., 31 Much, Nancy, 102n, 103, 131–133 Munich, 195 music, 35, 75–76 mutual emulation, 105–106 mythemes, 101 myths, 101–103 myth-stories, 234–235 Nadars, breast coverage, 207–209 nakedness, 182, 207–209 nature, 31–32, 178, 181–185, 191–192 Naturphilosophie, 201, 238, 249 Nazis, 180–181, 198–200 newspapers, 147–148 nightmares, 125 niqab, 223 normative psychology, 11 norms see social norms nothingness, 9, 134, 253–254 novelty, 110 nuclear weapons, 215n Nürnberg, 180–181, 199 Obeyesekere, Gananath, 48, 175–177 objects affordances, 141–147 and culture, 135 decay, 197 functional life courses, 147–149 Gegenstand see Gegenstand human bodies as, 155–156, 163–168 with hyper-generalized values, 151–153 quality of, 156–157 recycling, 147–149 sacred, 151–152 stylized, 172–173 transformation of things into, 153–154 value construction and transfer, 136–140, 149–150 Ojibwa, 97n, 98n opposites, unity of, 238, 245–246 Organon Model, 39, 53–56, 62, 214 Oswiecim, 200 outcasts, 67 over-determination, 174, 179, 185, 188, 201 pain, 160n, 168–170 paintings, Pamuk, Orhan, 77–79, 80 panic attacks, 124–125 paper, Parsons, Talcott, 38 paths, 45–46 patriotism, 75–76, 102 Pavlov, Ivan, 257 Peirce, Charles, 9, 89–93, 154–155, 245n Perrott, M., 186 personal and collective culture concept of, 46 examples of, 218–225 relations between, 212–218, 228–229 and social participation, 225–228 personology, 13–14, 42n, 65 pilgrimages, 241–242 places architectural forms, 191–196 creation of, 177–179 for the dead, 188–191 gardens, 181–185 home and non-home, 186–187, 202 political, 180–181 ruins, 197–200 sacred, 179–180, 185–186 pleromatization, 192, 203, 234, 238–245 Polanyi, M., 36 polysemy, 174, 185 power, 215 pragmatism, American, 211 praxis, 248–249 prayer, 14–15, 100n, 221 presentation, 90, 91 privatepublic opposition, 162–163, 225–228 profanation (Profanierung), 199 Protestant Reformation, 99, 152, 189, 190 proverbs, 57 psyche dual nature, 41–42 higher functions, 3–4, 6, 8, 256 personological perspective, 13–14 psychology cultural psychology see cultural psychology and culture, 35–37 developmental perspectives, 8–9, 11 as liminal science, as moral science, 212 problems as science, 7–11, 35–37, 257 psychotherapy, 37n, 41n, 116, 250, 252, 255 public baths, Tunisia, 187 publicprivate opposition, 162–163, 225–228 Purgatory, 190 Puritans, New England, 220 quadratic unity, 65–70 qualisign, 90, 91 quantification, 256 races, 30 Raumästhetik, 192–193 recycling, objects, 147–149 Reed, E., 141, 142, 143 Reformation, 99, 152, 189, 190 relationships, asymmetry in, 52–53 relaxation, 254 relics, 151–152 religion conversion, 67–69, 121–122 dramatization, 24 and psychology, 35 sacred places, 179–180 sacred relics, 151–152 sexuality, 128–129 temples see temples see also Buddhism; Christianity; Islam representation, 90, 91–92, 93 representational fields (Darstellungsfeld), 53–54 resistance, of objects, 153–154, 156 rhema signs, 90, 92, 154–155 rice, in Japanese culture, 32 Rinzai tradition, Zen Buddhism, 184 rivers, 179–180 Roberts, B.B., 99 Roche, D., 160 rock gardens, Japanese, 183n, 184–185 Rococo, 239n Romanee Conti, 158 Rommetveit, Ragnar, 51 ruins, 197–200 Runeberg, Arne, 209–210 ruptures, 8n, 61–62, 101n, 110–112, 122fig, 246, 247 Russia fables, 246–247 language, 79 music, 75 patriotism, 80–81 vodka, 32n Ryoanji Temple, 183n, 184–185 sacralization, 137 see also places, sacred saints, Christian, 151–152 Sambia, 33n, 163n Saussure, Ferdinand de, 93, 96n schematization, 238–245 Schieffelin, Edward, 32–33 Schlumbohm, J., 224 Schmidt, B., 98n, 99 science, psychology as, 6, 7–11, 35–37, 212, 257 La Seine, 159 self-protection, tools of, 53 self-reflexivity, 1, 18–22, 253 self-regulation, 109–110 semen-feeding, 33n, 163n semioalimentation, 32n semiosis see affective semiosis; dynamic semiosis; semiosphere; semiotic dynamics; semiotic mediation semiosphere borders, 44–47, 85, 154 concept of, 24n, 43 and culture, 42n generation of, 62 heterogeneous nature of, 101, 102 internalization/externalization, 79–82, 85 role of foods, 32n social representations in, 216 and time, 212 semiotic block, 22 semiotic dynamics, 85, 88, 90, 113, 116, 161, 200, 257 semiotic mediation, 15, 63, 174–175, 238, 243, 254, 257, 258 sensuality, 166, 167, 168–170 sexuality, 33, 83–85, 128–129, 161, 164–168, 226–228, 234–238 shame, 75, 182, 207 sharing, 214–215 short circuit, 246–247 Shweder, Rick, 131–133 sign hierarchies conduct regulation, 120–121 construction, 113–116 and social dramatizations, 131–133 SWIB (signs with infinite borders), 123–125, 126–131 signs counter-signs, 245–246 demolishing signs, 119–120 dicent signs, 90, 92–93, 154–155 fieldable, 53 fixed dominant regulator (FDR) signs, 121, 122 generalization, 125–126 hyper-generalized sign fields, 56–57, 58, 59, 62 see also hyper-generalization iconic signs, 90, 91, 92, 93–94, 113–115, 125 indexical signs, 90, 91, 92, 93, 113–115, 125, 158 with infinite borders (SWIB), 123–125, 126–131 internalization/externalization, 64–65, 105 legisigns, 90, 91, 92 levels of semiosis, 125–131, 242–243 mutual emulation, 105–106 nature of, 87–90 in Organon Model, 54fig, 55 pleromatic and schematic, 239–245 qualisign, 90, 91 rhema signs, 90, 92, 154–155 sign complexes, 93–100 sign hierarchies see sign hierarchies sinsigns, 90, 91, 92 symbolic signs, 55, 90, 91, 92, 93, 115 in time, 116–120 types, 90–93, 118–120, 121–122, 123–131, 154–155 silences, 74–75, 126 similarity, 7, 257n similes, 57–58 Simmel, Georg architectural forms, 191–192 columns, 198 death, 66 fashion, 170, 230–232 landscapes, 178 objective and subjective culture, 46n, 213 stylized objects, 173 vases, 143–144 singing, 12n singularization, 137 sinsigns, 90, 91, 92 skin, 63–64 slavery, 132–133, 137, 155–156 Slavin, S., 229 smoking, 94–100 social constructionism, 25 social dramatizations, 131–133 social networks, 205, 206fig social norms breast coverage, 207–209 in cemeteries, 189 clothing, 231 in cultural psychology, 11 hair, 222 Japan, 45 over-determined, 179 and stem concepts, 21–22 social participation, 225–228 social referencing, 16–18 social representations, 60, 104, 131, 211, 216–217, 219 social sciences, culture in, 33–35 society, 209–212 socio-cultural system, 33–35 softness, 156–157 South Carolina, 19th century women, 218–219, 220 souvenirs, 151, 152–153 Sovran, T., 7, 257 Spandau Prison, 199–200 speech act theory, 54–55 St Anthony, 235 statistics, 155n stem concepts, 18–22 Stern, William, 13–14, 15, 42n, 65, 201–202, 255–256 streets, 224 subjectivity, 6–7, 15, 56, 213, 228 see also intersubjectivities success, 211 super-normality, 232–234 swastika (svastik), 12–13 SWIB (signs with infinite borders), 123–125, 126–131 symbolic remove, 174–177 symbolic signs, 55, 90, 91, 92, 93, 115 symbols, 175–176 symptoms, 55 synchronic, 34, 35 Tantric practices, 166–168 Tarlow, S., 192 Tartu-Moscow School, 24n Tateo, L., 253 tatoos, 64, 86, 187, 223n temples, 12fig, 148, 167n, 180, 182, 183–184, 194–196, 198fig tensions counter-signs, 245–246 dialectical synthesis, 249–250 dialectics, 246–249 at distinction borders, 234–238 double negation, 249–253 maintenance and transformation, 245 relaxation, 254 schematization and pleromatization, 238–245 self as dynamic tension, 253–254 tensional oppositions, 231 unity of opposites, 238 texts, 79–82, 85, 101 theatre, 47 theatre box, 186 therapy, 37n, 41n, 116, 250, 252, 255 things, transformation into objects, 153–154 tobacco, 94–100 tombstones, 190, 191fig Tönnies, Ferdinand, 209 Toomela, Aaro, 37 tourism, 229 transitivity, 108–109, 110–112 trans-myths, 101n trauma, 255, 258 trifurcation, 112 true womanhood, 219 trust, 137–140 tulips, 17th-century Holland, 138–140 Turin Shroud, 158n Turner, Victor, 43, 205–206 Tylor, E.B., 30 Umwelts, 85, 174, 196, 228 uncertainty, 15–16, 17n unity of opposites, 238, 245–246 Urban, Greg, 135 values, 136–140 vases, 143–144 veils, Muslim, 67–69 Versailles, gardens, 182, 184n vodka, 32n Vogt, E.A., 28–29 Völkerpsychologie, 29 Vygotsky, Lev, 37, 197n, 243, 246–247, 257 Waitz, R., 223 walking, 229 wall paintings, Wallis, Mieczyslaw, 239 war, 12, 76, 127–129, 198–199, 210, 252–253, 258, 260 water, 158–160, 184n weapons, 150 Weiner, M.F., 219 Welter, B., 219 West, C., 211 Wierzbicka, Anna, 30n Wikan, Unni, 49, 207 Willerslev, Rane, 251 Wissenschaft, 25, 36, 212 witches, 220 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 10 Wölfflin, Heinrich, 239n women, 164, 218–224 Wörringer, W., 42n, 195–196 writing, 1–2 Yoon, H.K., 184n Yoruba, 252 Yukaghirs, 16n, 250–252 Zen Buddhism, 184 zero signifiers, 75, 101n, 126fig zoning, land, 186 ... undertaking can be mentioned Globalization brings together human beings who at first glance seem to understand one another—and, at a second, blatantly fail to so New closeness leads to new misunderstandings—and,... of affordances 146 Preface This book is not meant to persuade anybody to become converted to the new direction within psychology cultural psychology One role I have always resisted—and viewed... sciences Find out more at: www.sagepublications.com An Invitation to Cultural Psychology Jaan Valsiner SAGE Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC SAGE Publications Ltd Oliver’s Yard 55