I VERB + BARE INFINITIVE -> Bare infinitive = an infinitive without TO (go rather than to go) -> Bare infinitive is used: + MODAL VERB + BARE INFINITIVE I must go + AUXILIARY VERB + BARE INFINITIVE Does she know Russian? + V + O + bare infinitive: LET/ MAKE Let's go + V + bare infinitive: WOULD RATHER/ HAD BETTER A: Shall we go by train? B: Well, I'd rather go by car C: I'm tired I'd rather not go out this evening, if you don't mind Note: Model verb must should may might can could shall will would II VERB + GERUND ( V + v- ing) admit = thừa nhận avoid = tránh anticipate = lường trước appreciate = tán thành complete = hoàn thành consider = xem xét deny = từ chối detest = ghét discuss = thảo luận defend = bảo vệ delay = trì hỗn despise = khinh thường enjoy = thích thú escape = thoát excuse = thứ lỗi fancy = đam mê forgive = tha thứ can't help = không imagine = tưởng tượng involve = bao gồm loathe = kinh tởm mind = phiền miss = hụt; lỡ mention = đề cập prevent = ngăn ngừa postpone = hoãn lại practice = thực hành resent = căm thù resist = kháng cự recall = gợi nhớ recollect = nhớ report = báo cáo, tường trình resume = cho risk = liều lĩnh can't see = không hiểu tolerate = tha thứ, chịu đựng understand = hiểu He admitted cheating on the test I can't see paying so much money for a car He denied committing the crime I don't mind helping you I loathe having to go to these conferences III VERB + INFINITIVE -> V + to V -> V + O + to V afford = đủ điều kiện agree = đồng ý appear = hóa ra; arrange = xếp ask = yêu cầu beg = van nài choose = chọn lựa challenge = thách thức claim = thỉnh cầu decide = định expect = mong đợi fail = quên; thất bại force = ép buộc happen = tình cờ hesitate = ngại ngùng hope = hy vọng instruct = dẫn invite = mời learn = học hành manage = xoay xở offer = tỏ ý muốn order = lệnh prepare = chuẩn bị pretend = giả promise = hứa persuade = thuyết phục plan = dự định refuse = từ chối remind = nhắc nhở swear = thề seem = dường threaten = cảnh báo; đe dọa tell = bảo; lệnh take = phải, yêu cầu tend = có khuynh hướng want = cần phải wish = mong muốn would like = muốn warn = I can't afford to lose a minute They choose him to be editor-in chief I wish to leave my property to my children She pretended not to see me She seems to sympathize with my friend IV VERB + INFINITIVE = VERB + BARE INFINITIVE -> V + V = V + to V dare = dám; thách help = giúp đỡ I have never dared go there = I have never dared to go there I helped him to find his things = I helped him find his things V VERB + O + INFINITIVE = VERB + GERUND -> V + O + to V -> V + Ving allow = cho phép advise = khuyên encourage = khuyến khích permit = cho phép, thừa nhận recommend = giới thiệu; khuyên răn require = đòi hỏi suggest = đề nghị teach = dạy bảo urge = thúc giục The certificate requires completing two courses = The certificate requires us to complete two courses They urge recycling bottles and paper = They urge other people to recycle bottles and paper She teaches swimming at school = She teaches children to swim at school VI VERB + INFINITIVE OR VERB + GERUND -> V + Ving: past or present action -> V + to V: future action * begin = bắt đầu * dread = kinh hãi * go on = tiếp tục * keep = tiếp tục * mean + Ving = có ý nghĩa * mean + to V = có ý định * need = cần phải remember = nhớ forget = quên finish = hoàn thành quit = từ bỏ regret = tiếc * start = bắt đầu stop = ngừng * try + Ving = thử * try + to V = cố gắng Remember to switch off the lights -> regard to the future (nhắc nhở làm việc tương lai) Do you remember switching off the lights? -> regard to the past (nhớ làm việc khứ) * Try to solve this riddle -> something complicated * Try talking to him -> it and see what happen * She began singing = She began to sing -> When BEGIN is used in non-continuous tenses, we can use either a gerund or an infinitive * She is beginning to sing -> When BEGIN is used in continuous tenses, an infinitive is used * She dreaded taking her test -> Usually DREAD is followed by a gerund * He dread to think of the consequences of his actions -> DREAD is sometimes used with infinitives such as THINK or CONSIDER "dread to think" = not want to think * She kept interrupting me -> KEEP + Ving = continue doing an action * The attackers kept hostages to prevent police from entering -> KEEP + O + to V = in order to * The house needs cleaning = The house needs to be cleaned -> Passive meaning * He needs to call his boss -> NEED + to V * He needs him to call his boss -> NEED + O + to V * Marge started talking really fast = Marge started to talk really fast -> When START is used in non-continuous tenses, we can use either a gerund or an infinitive * Marge is starting to talk really fast -> When START is use in continuous tenses, an infinitive is used * I started to learn Russian, but it was so much work that I finally quit the class -> In other situations, START + to V = not complete or continue an action VII VERB + O + INFINITIVE OR VERB + O + GERUND + V + O + bare infinitive: a complete action + V + O + Ving: an action in progress look at = nhìn watch = xem see = thấy notice = ý observe = quan sát hear = nghe listen to = lắng nghe perceive = nhận thấy VIII VERB + INFINITIVE = VERB + GERUND adore = tôn thờ can't bear = không chịu continue = tiếp tục cease = ngừng dislike = khơng thích hate = ghét intend = dự định like = thích love = yêu thích omit = chểnh mảng can't stand = không chịu đựng neglect = lãng prefer = thích propose = đề xuất He can't bear being alone = He can't bear to be alone I hate cleaning dishes = I hate to clean dishes The governement ceased providing free health care = The government ceased to provide free health care We love scuba diving = We love to scuba diving Drew proposed paying for the trip = Drew proposed to pay for the trip * Note: Although the difference in meaning is small with these particular verbs, and gerunds and infinitives can often be used interchangeably, there is still a meaning difference V + gerund = real activities or experiences V + Infinitive = potential or possible activities or experiences Because of this small difference in meaning, gerunds and infinitives cannot always be used interchangeably I like speaking French -> I like the experience of speaking French, and the way it makes me feel when I speak the language I like to speak French -> I prefer the option of speaking French when I am in France IX EXPRESSIONS ARE FOLLOWED BY GERUND be for = ủng hộ It's no good = không đạt kết It's no use = chẳng ích It's (not) worth = đáng giá It's a waste of time = phí thời gian It's a waste of money = phí tiền bạc be busy = bận rộn be used to = quen với get used to = quen dần với look forward to = chờ mong have experience (in) = có kinh nghiệm have a problem (with) = có vấn đề have (some) problems have no problem have a difficult time have a hard time have a thin time = trải qua gian đoạn buồn chán, khó khăn have a good time = có dịp vui have an easy time = hưởng thời gian vui thích have difficulty (in) = gặp khó khăn have no difficulty have fun = vui chơi object to = khó chịu spend (one's) time = bỏ thời gian spend (one's) money = bỏ tiền There's no point (in) = chẳng ích waste (one's) time = phí thời waste (one's) money = phí tiền bạc We look forward to hearing from you She had a hard time explaining the situation They had no difficulty finding a discount flight to London She always wastes her time playing video games X BE + ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE be amazed = sửng sốt be anxious = băn khoăn be ashamed = hổ thẹn be afraid = sợ hãi be astonished = kinh ngạc be bound = chắn be better = tốt be careful = thận trọng be certain = chắn be content = lòng be delighted = hài lòng be determined = be disappointed = thất vọng be difficult = khó khăn be eager = hăm hở be eligible = thích hợp be excited = sơi động be easy = dễ dàng be fortunate = may mắn be glad = sung sướng be good = đúng, phải, tốt be happy = vui lòng be interested = thích thú be hesistant = ngập ngừng be liable = be likely = (xảy ra) be lucky = hên, may be motivated = có động be pleased = vui mừng be proud = tự hào, hãnh diện be prepared = chuẩn bị be ready = sẵn sàng be reluctant = miễn cưỡng, bất đắc dĩ be relieved = thản be sad = buồn bã be shocked = bị sốc, sửng sốt be sorry = hối tiếc; lấy làm buồn be stunned = lý thú be surprised = ngạc nhiên be upset = rối bời be willing = tự nguyện He was ashamed to admit he had lied We were delighted to be invited to the wedding I would be glad to help out You were luckly to have such an opportunity She was really sad to leave XI VERB + PREPOSITION + GERUND -> V + prep + Ving -> * Exception: to She complains ABOUT bullying * Were are looking FORWARD TO working on the computer Laura dreams OF living on a small island Andrew apologized FOR being late Do you agree WITH staying in a foreign country? XII NOUN + PREPOSITION + GERUND -> N + prep + Ving The delay IN processing the visa caused problems His fear OF flying made travel difficult His love OF singing developed when he was a child The main reason FOR taking the course is to improve your language skills I don't know if I beleive his story ABOUT seeing a UFO XIII ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION + GERUND -> Adj + prep + Ving The girl is crazy ABOUT playing tennis Hannah is fond OF going to parties She is proud OF riding a snowboard I am worried ABOUT making mistakes Are you interested IN writing poems? XIV GO + Ving -> Some activities are commonly expressed in English by the phrase Go + Ving - Go fishing, go hiking, go diving, go surfing, go skiing, go roller skating, etc A: Would you like to go skiing this weekend? B: No, I'd rather go ice skating ... I have never dared go there = I have never dared to go there I helped him to find his things = I helped him find his things V VERB + O + INFINITIVE = VERB + GERUND -> V + O + to V -> V + Ving... clean dishes The governement ceased providing free health care = The government ceased to provide free health care We love scuba diving = We love to scuba diving Drew proposed paying for the trip... school VI VERB + INFINITIVE OR VERB + GERUND -> V + Ving: past or present action -> V + to V: future action * begin = bắt đầu * dread = kinh hãi * go on = tiếp tục * keep = tiếp tục * mean + Ving