No more kin exploring race

Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com No More Kin www.Ebook777.com Understanding Families Series Editors: Bert N Adams, University of Wisconsin David M Klein, University of Notre Dante This book series examines a wide range of subjects relevant to studying families Topics include parenthood, mate selection, marriage, divorce and remarriage, custody issues, culturally and ethnically based family norms, theory and conceptual design, family power dynamics, families and the law, research methods on the family, and family violence The series is aimed primarily at scholars working in family studies, sociology, psychology, social work, ethnic studies, gender studies, cultural studies, and related fields as they focus on the family Volumes will also be useful for graduate and undergraduate courses in sociology of the family, family relations, family and con­ sumer sciences, social work and the family, family psychology, family history, cultural perspectives on the family, and others Books appearing in Understanding Families are either single- or multiple- authored volumes or concisely edited books of original chapters on focused topics within the broad interdisciplinary field of marriage and family The books are reports of significant research, innovations in methodology, trea­ tises on family theory, syntheses of current knowledge in a family subfield, or advanced textbooks Each volume meets the highest academic standards and makes a substantial contribution to our understanding of marriages and families The National Council on Family Relations cosponsors with Sage a book award for students and new professionals Award-winning manuscripts are published as part of the Understanding Families series Multiracial Couples: Black and White Voices Paul C Rosenblatt, Terri A Karis, and Richard D Powell Understanding Latino Families: Scholarship, Policy, and Practice Edited by Ruth E Zambrana Current Widowhood: Myths & Realities Helena Znaniecka Lopata Family Theories: An Introduction David M Klein and James M White Understanding Differences Between Divorced and Intact Families Ronald L Simons and Associates Adolescents, Work, and Family: An Intergenerational Jeylan T Mortimer and Michael D Finch Families and Time: Keeping Pace in a Hurried Kerry J Daly Developmental Culture Parenting: Contemporary Issues and Challenges Edited by Terry Arendell No More Kin: Exploring Race, Class, and Gender in Family Anne R Roschelle Networks Analysis Anne R Roschelle No More Kin Exploring Race, Class, and Gender in Family Networks UNDERSTANDING L S A G E Publications I International Educational and Professional Publisfier Thousand Oaks London New Delhi Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Copyright © 9 by Sage Publications, Inc All rights reserved N o part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher For information: SAGE Publications, Inc 5 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California E-mail: order@sagepub.com SAGE Publications Ltd Bonhill Street London E C A 4PU United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd M - Market Greater Kailash I New Delhi 1 0 India Printed in the United States of America Data Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Roschelle, Anne R N o more kin: Exploring race, class, and gender in family networks / Anne R Roschelle p cm.—(Understanding families; v 8) Includes bibliographical references (p ) and index ISBN - - - (cloth: acid-free paper).—ISBN - - - (pbk.; acid-free paper) Family—United States Kinship—United States Household—United States Social networks—United States Minorities—United States—Family relationships Minorities— United States—Social networks I Title II Series HQ536R65 1997 306.85Ό973—dc21 99 00 01 Acquiring Editor: Editorial Assistant: Production Editor: Production Assistant: Typesetter/Designer: Indexer: Print Buyer: 97-4677 02 03 10 Margaret N Zusky Renee Piernot Diana E Axelsen Karen Wiley Yang-hee Syn Maresca Trish Wittenstein Anna Chin www.Ebook777.com Contents Preface vii Acknowledgments xvi The Cultural Context of Care Theoretical Frameworks Empirical Literature The Structural Context of Care 29 42 Theoretical Framework 43 Empirical L i t e r a t u r e 54 The Culture-Structure Nexus 69 Theoretical Framework Empirical L i t e r a t u r e 70 73 Conclusion 80 Race, Class, and Gender: Modeling the Intersections The Data Measures M e t h o d s o f Analysis 86 87 91 100 A New Context Emerges C o m p a r i s o n s of Giving and Receiving Help Based o n t Tests 105 106 C o m p a r i s o n s of Giving and Receiving Help for Family and Nonfamily Based on t Tests Conclusion Takin'Care: The Role of Women 129 132 133 Results 133 S u m m a r y and Conclusions 149 Helping Out: The Role of Men 158 Results 158 S u m m a r y and Conclusions 173 No More Kin 180 Contributions o f the Research and Implications for Future Research 187 Limitations o f the Research 191 T h e o r e t i c a l Implicadons 194 Policy Implications 199 Conclusion 201 Appendix 203 References 215 Index 225 About the Author 235 Preface Ί ^he vitriolic debate on welfare reform that is currently sweeping the nation assumes that if institutional mechanisms of social support are eliminated, impoverished families will simply rely on an extensive web of kinship networks for their survival Because extended support networks historically have been found in minority communi­ ties, this argument reflects the belief that welfare recipients are pri­ marily people of color Consequently, the political discourse surround­ ing poverty and welfare reform has become increasingly racialized The implementation of social policy that presupposes the availability of familial safety nets in minority communities could have disastrous consequences for individuals who not have access to extended kin networks Therefore, it is imperative for social scientists to determine whether or not extended social support networks traditionally found in minority communities continue to flourish.^ During the past 25 years, there has been much debate over the nature and extent of informal social support networks, especially among minority families The initial discussion centered around the argument that "pathological" elements inherent in minority cultures were responsible for deviant family structures Black families were depicted as being matriarchal, disorganized, and ultimately dysfunc­ tional, whereas Latino families were characterized as rigidly patriar­ chal (Bermudez, 5 ; Heller, 6 ; Lewis, 6 ; Moynihan, ; Rainwater, 1966) Extended households and elaborate social support viii NO M O R E KIN networks among minority families were seen as deviations from the norm of the middle-class White nuclear family As a direct response to and rejection of the pathological approach, alternative perspectives were advanced Some scholars suggested that extended kin networks were a reflection of positive cultural norms endemic to minority communities (Aschbrenner, ; Billingsley, 1968, 9 ; Hill, ; Montiel, ; Nobles, ; Romano, 1968) Other scholars argued that extended living arrangements and informal social support networks represent survival strategies used to mitigate against the deleterious effects of poverty (Adams, 1968a, ; Allen, 9 ; McAdoo, ; Stack, 1974) More recently, scholars have begun to integrate social structural and cultural perspec­ tives by examining how the intersections of race, class, and gender affect family organization.^ Using an integrative framework, this book examines extended kinship networks among African American, Chicano, Puerto Rican, and non-Hispanic White^ families in contemporary America I have selected these four racial-ethnic"* groups for several reasons First and foremost, my expertise in the area of racial and ethnic minorities is on African Americans, Chicanos, and Puerto Ricans In addition, although the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH), from which I draw my data, includes Native Americans and Cubans, in both cases they comprise less than 1% of the sample, making comparisons problematic Furthermore, the categories "other His­ panic" and "Asian American" consolidate distinct Latino and Asian American ethnic groups, homogenizing their unique sociohistorical experiences Finally, the inclusion of non-Hispanic Whites in the sample is necessary because the literature on minority families claims that they are less likely to participate in extended kinship networks than are Latinos and Blacks An important component of participation in kin networks is ex­ tended households Household structure is defined as extended if the household includes any nonrelatives or any relatives other than the spouse or children of the main householder This definition requires that some individuals other than the main householder's nuclear family be present (Anderson & Allen, 1984) Extended family mem­ bers may be children, or they may be adults, as long as they are not the spouse or children of the household head Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Preface ix In addition to extended living arrangements, a second major com­ ponent of kin networks is informal social support networks Informal social support networks are characterized by frequent interaction, close affective bonds, and exchanges of goods and services among family and nonfamily members who typically live in close proximity to one another but not in the same household The mutual aid that defines these networks can be either emotional or socioeconomic (see Litwak, 1960b; Sussman, 1965) Members of this informal social sup­ port network interact by choice and are connected to one another by means of mutual aid and social activities (Cantor, 9 ; Taylor, 1986) There are many different types of mutual aid exchanged in social support networks Expressive aid includes offering general daily ad­ vice and providing emotional support during times of crisis or stress The expressive function of the social support network is primarily to help solve socioemotional problems The exchange of emotional support does not necessarily require close proximity of network members, as in the case of frequent phone contact (Aldous & Klein, 9 ; Litwak & Kulis, 1987).^ Instrumental aid includes assistance with child care, grocery shop­ ping, and division of household labor Instrumental help can also include monetary exchanges; intrahousehold division of expenses; and exchanges of goods and services, such as food stamps, clothing, and furniture Although there are no exact statistics accounting for the prevalence of extended social support networks, there is an abundance of social science research that analyzes various aspects of these net­ works and depicts them as common elements of minority family life Women frequently comprise the core of the extended family network because of their role in child care and household work (e.g., see Adams, 1968b; Aschbrenner, ; Keefe, Padilla, & Carlos, 9 ; McAdoo, ; Stack, 1974) When talking about kinship networks, it is important to recognize that they customarily include both family and friends Network mem­ bers rarely differentiate between blood relatives, relatives acquired through marriage, and fictive kin Therefore, in my discussions of social support networks, unless I specifically make a distinction be­ tween family and nonfamily network members, I am referring to both Because of the historical significance of extended networks in racial-ethnic communities, many scholars and political analysts www.Ebook777.com References 221 Nobles, W W (1978) Toward an empirical and theoretical framework for defining Black families Journal of Marriage and the Family, 40, 679-690 Ortiz, V (1991) Latinos and industrial change in New York and Los Angeles In E Melendez, C Rodriguez, 8c J B Figueroa (Eds.), Hispanics in the labor force: Issues and policies (pp 119-132) New York: Plenum Padilla, R (1987) Puerto Rican Chicago South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press Parish, W L., Hao, L-X., & Hogan, D Ε (1991) Family support networb and the welfare and work experiences of young American mothers Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 203-215 Parsons, T (1943) The kinship system of the contemporary United States American Anthropologist, 45, 22-38 Penalosa, F (1968) Mexican American iamily roles Journal of Marriage and the Family, 30, 680-689 Rainwater, L (1965) Crucible of identity: The Negto lower-class family In T Parsons & K B Clark (Eds.), The Negro American (pp 160-204) Boston: Beacon Press Rainwater, L (1966) Crucible of identity: The Negro lower-class family Daedalus, 95, 172-216 Rainwater, L (1970) Behind ghetto walls Chicago: Aldine Raley, R K (1995) Black White differences in kin contact and exchange among never married iduhs Journal of Family Issues, 6, 77-103 Reskin, B F., & Hartmann, H (1986) Women's work, men's work: Sex segregation on the job Washington, DC: National Academy Press Rodman, H (1971) Lower class families New York: Oxford University Press Rogler, L H., & Santana Cooney, R (1984) Puerto Rican families in New York City: Intergenerational processes Maplewood, NJ: Maplefront Press Romano, O (1968) The anthropology and sociology of Mexican Americans: The distortion of Mexican American history El Grito: A Journal of Mexican American Thought, 2, 13-26 Roschelle, A R (1997) Declining networks of care: Ethnicity, migration, and povetty in a Puerto Rican community Race, Gender, and Class in the World Cultures, 4(2), 1-19 Rossi, A S., & Rossi, Ε (1990) Of human bonding: Parent-child relations across the life course New York: Aldine de Gruyter Rothenberg, Ε (1995) Race, class, and gender in the United States: An integrated study New York: St Martin's Rubel, A J (1966) Across the tracks: Mexican Americans in a Texas city Austin: University of Texas Press Rudoff, A (1971) The incarcerated Mexican-American delinquent./ΟΚΓΛΛ/ of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, 62, 224-238 Samora, J (1971) Losmojados: The wetback story South Bend, IN: University of Notte Dame Press Santana Cooney, R., 8c Colon, A (1980) Work and family: The recent struggle of Puerto Rican females In C Rodriguez, V S Korrol, 8c J O Alers (Eds.), The Puerto Rican struggle: Essays on survival in the U.S (pp 58-73) Maplewood, NJ: Waterfront Press Santana Cooney, R., 8c Min, K (1981) Demographic characteristics affecting living arrangements among young cutrently unmarried Puerto Rican, non-Spanish Black, and non-Spanish White mothers Ethnicity, 8, 107-120 222 NO M O R E KIN Scanzoni, J (1971) The Black family in modern society Boston: Allyn and Bacon Scheirer, M A (1983) Household structure among welfare families; Correlates and consequences Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45, - 7 Sena-Rivera, J (1979) Extended kinship in the United States; Competing models and the case of la familia Chicana./ΟΜΓΜΛ/ of Marriage and the Family, 41, - Sidel, R (19 86) Women and children last: The plight of poor women in affluent America New York; Penguin Simms, M., & Malveaux, J (1986) Slipping through the cracks: The status of Black women New Brunswick, NJ; Transaction Books Smith, B (1983) Introduction In B Smith (Ed.), Home girls: A Black feminist anthology (pp xix-xxvi) New York: Kitchen Table Press Smith, S Α., & Tienda, M (1988) The doubly disadvantaged: Women of colot in the U.S labor force In A H Stromberg & S Harkess (Eds.), Women working (pp - ) Palo Alto, CA; Mayfield Sokolof, N J (1980) Between money and love: The dialectics of women's home and market labor New York; Praeger Spitze, C , & Ward, R (1995) Household labor in intergenerational households./o«r«a/ of Marriage and the Family, 57, 5 - Stack, C (1974) All our kin: Strategies for survival in a Black community New York; Harper 8c Row Staples, R (1973) The Black woman in America Chicago: Nelson-Hall Staples, R (1981) The myth of Black matriarchy In R Steady (Ed.), The Black woman cross culturally (pp 3 - ) Cambridge, MA; Schenkman Staples, R (1988) The Black American family In C H Mindel, R Habenstein, 8c R Wrigth, Jr (Eds.), Ethnic families in America: Patterns and variations (pp 3 ­ 324) Englewood Cliffs, NJ; Prentice-Hall Staples, R (1989) Changes in Black family structure: The conflict between family ideology and structutal conditions In B J Risman Sc Ρ Schwartz (Eds.), Gender in intimate relationships: A macrostructuralapproach (pp - 4 ) Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Staples, R., 8c Johnson, L B (1993) Black families at the crossroads: Challenges and prospects San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Staples, R., 8c Mirande, A (1980) Racial and cultural variations among American families; A decennial review of the literature of minority families Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42(4), - Stimpson, C R (1980) The new scholarship about women: The state of the art Annals of Scholarship: Metastudies of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 2, 2-14 Sudarkasa, N (1981) Interpreting the African heritage in Afro-American family organi­ zation In H Ρ McAdoo (Ed.), Black families (pp - ) Beverly Hills, CA; Sage Sussman, M B (1965) Relationships of adult children with their parents in the United States In E Shanas 8c G F Streib (Eds.), Social structure and the family: Generational relations (pp 62-92) Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Sussman, M B., 8c Burchinal, L (1962) Kin family network; Unheralded structure in current conceptualizations of family functioning Marriage and Family Living, 24, 231-246 Sweet, J , Bumpass, L., 8c Call, V (1988) The design and content of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH Working Paper No 1) Madison; University of Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology References 223 Taylor, R J (1985) The extended family as a source of support to elderly Blacks The Gerontologist, 25, 8 - Taylor, R J (1986) Receipt of support from family among Black Americans demo­ graphic and familial differences./o«m www.Ebook777.com 231 Index culture of poverty theory and, 12-14, Pathology: 24, 27 as inherent in minority cultures, defined, xiv-xv (n3) vii-viii, 201 extended kinship networks, , See also Culture of Poverty Patriarchy: 25-27, 62-63, 75, 155-156 familism and, xv (n8), - , , 103 gender inequality and, 198 (n2), 156 (nl), 174, 179 (n), 2 (n) in Black families, , 4-5 help given/received, by race, 107-113 in Chicano families, - , 2 - (tables), 125-128 (tables), , in Puerto Rican families, - (tables), - (tables) West African, 15 household repair help given by men, Physical abuse, - , - (tables), 167 Polyandry, West African practice of, household repair help received by 15-16 men, 168-169 (table), 171 (table) Polygyny: immigration patterns, - , - , Aztec ptactice of, - 110, , 140, , (n3), West African practice of, 16 174, 188 Poverty: informal social support networks, Black support networks and, 5 - , - , 7 - , 1 , 129 - , - , 153 poverty o^ - , - , , Black unemployment and, - 4 , , strength resiliency theory and, - , 198, 0 37-38 Chicano, , - , 153 unemployment and, , extended kinship networks and, 50-52,55-60, 62-65, 182-183, , 197-198 informal social support networks Racial-ethnic cultures: and, viii, - , - , - , coding for, in NSFH study, , 103 153-154, 177-178, 197-198, 200 (n4, 5) macroeconomic shifts and, - , declining suppott networks in, x-xi, - , - , 157 (n4), xiv (nl), - , 174, 184, 194, 182-183,200 197-198 Puerto Rican, - , - , , defined, xv (n4) unmarried mothers and, - , See also specific racial-ethnic groups - , - , - , - , 183 Regional effects, on support networks, See also Culture of poverty; - , - , , , 150 Unemployment Rogler, L H., , - Proximity: as indicator of familism, , - 3 , 35, ^ , 77, 81, 89, 90, 95-96 in culture/structure study, - , , Santana Cooney, R., , - Schaffer, D M., , , 103 (n6), 135-138 (tables), Scheirer, M Α., - (table), - , Senior citizens, family networks - (table), 6 - , , supporting, - , - 178, 8 - Sexual abuse, 13 Puerto Ricans: Sexual promiscuity: child care help given by women, Blacks and, 3 - (tables), 0 Chicanos and, child care help received by women, Puerto Ricans and, 12-13 144 (table), 146 (table), 0 www.Ebook777.com 232 Siblings: help given/received by gender, 1 - 1 (tables) help given/received by race, - 1 (tables) help given/received by race and gender, 1 - (tables) proximity of, - (table), , 144 (table), , - (table), 6 - , - (tables), , 178 Slavery, 2A, , 16-17, , 34 Social support networks See Extended kinship networks; Informal social support networks; specificracial-ethnic groups Socioeconomic resources, in culture/structure nexus study, , (table), (table), - 4 (table), - (table), - , 157 (n4), , 161 (table), 164 (table), 6 - , 169 (table), - , 7 - , 182, - Stack, Carol, xiv (nl), - , - , , 183 Staples, Robert, 8, Strength resiliency theory: as refutation of stereotypes, 14, 18-19, 2 - , - , - Black families and, 14-19, - 3 , - , - , 181 Chicano families and, 19-24, - , 39-41 Puerto Rican families and, - , 37-38 Subfamilies See Extended kinship networks Taino Indians, - Taylor, R J , - 7 Teenagers: effects of presence of, 1 , (n8), 137 (table), 139 (table), 140, 144 (table), 146 (table), , 156, 161 (table), - (table), 169 (table), 171 (table), , 179 socialization of See Gender roles, division of labor NO M O R E KIN Tienda, M., 4 - , - , - Transportation help: given/received by gender, 9 , 1 - 1 (tables), , - (tables) given/received by race, - (table), 1 - 1 (table), - (tables) given/received by race and gender, 117-128 (tables), - (tables) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Unemployment: and crime, 149 Black, 7-8, 43-44, , , , 198, 0 female household heads and, , 147, 198 Puerto Rican, , See also Employment; Poverty Urban poverty See Poverty Violence See Crime; Physical abuse Wage equality, and gender, , 7-8, 182 Wagner, R M., , , Welfare: recipient studies, - , - , reform, vii, , , 0 West Africa, family patterns in, - , 18 Whites: child care help given by women, 136, 138, , child care help received by women, 143, , 149 economic advantages of, , (n7), 128 elderly support networks, 7 - , extended kinship networks and, - , - , - , - , 186 familism and, , , , , 181, - gender roles and, 12 help given/received, by race, - 1 (tables), 117, - 2 (tables), - , - (tables), - (tables) Index household repair help given by men, 160, - , household repair help received by men, 168, informal social support networks, ^ , - , 7 - , , 109 kinship networks research and, xiii, XV {n7), Wilson, Pete, (n2) Wilson, W J , 51 Women: as core of extended kinship networks, 17, , , , - as household heads, - , - , , 5 - , - 6 , - , , 128, 147, 198 233 Black family roles, - , 18-19 Chicana family roles, - , , Puerto Rican family roles, - , , 27 strength resiliency theory and, 17, 18-19, , , wage equality and, , 7-8, White gender roles, 12 See also Child care help; Mothers W omen Infant Child (WIC) recipient study, - Z avella, E , 31 Z inn, Maxine Baca, Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com About the Author Anne R Roschelie is Assistant Professor of Sociology and Director of the "Women's Studies Program at the University of San Francisco She received her Ph.D in sociology from the State University of New York at Albany The analytical framework of her research and teaching focuses on the intersection of race, class, and gender She has con­ ducted workshops on integrating race, class, and gender into the curriculum and is on the Editorial Board of the journal Race, Gender, & Class in the World Cultures Her current research involves qualita­ tive analysis of homeless and formerly homeless families in the San Francisco Bay Area 235 www.Ebook777.com ... Challenges Edited by Terry Arendell No More Kin: Exploring Race, Class, and Gender in Family Anne R Roschelle Networks Analysis Anne R Roschelle No More Kin Exploring Race, Class, and Gender in Family... are economically disenfranchised Given that individuals with more education and economic resources were more likely to participate in kin and nonkin networks, it is evident that cultural norms... determine whether or not Black and Latino famiUes are more familistic (i.e., attitudes, values xii NO M O R E KIN and beliefs that give primacy to the family over the individual) than non-Hispanic White