Text traslation computational processing

Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Silvia Hansen-Schirra, Stella Neumann, Erich Steiner Cross-Linguistic Corpora for the Study of Translations www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Text, Translation, Computational Processing Edited by Annely Rothkegel and John Laffling Volume 11 www.Ebook777.com Silvia Hansen-Schirra, Stella Neumann, Erich Steiner Cross-Linguistic Corpora for the Study of Translations Insights from the Language Pair English-German In collaboration with Oliver Čulo, Sandra Hansen, Marlene Kast, Yvonne Klein, Kerstin Kunz, Karin Maksymski and Mihaela Vela ISBN 978-3-11-026029-8 e-ISBN 978-3-11-026032-8 ISSN 1861-4272 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de 2012 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Typesetting: RoyalStandard, Hong Kong Printing and binding: Hubert & Co GmbH & Co KG, Göttingen ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Acknowledgements This book reports on the outcomes of the project Sprachliche Eigenschaften von Übersetzungen – eine korpusbasierte Untersuchung für das Sprachenpaar EnglischDeutsch (‘Linguistic properties of translations – a corpus-based investigation for the language pair English-German’) nicknamed CroCo (for Cross-linguistic Corpora) by a team fond of herding exotic fauna It was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) as projects no STE 840/5-1, STE840/5-2 and HA 5457/1-2 We are greatly indebted to an anonymous reviewer for a detailed and very constructive report which helped us to clarify many points and to improve the structure of the current volume The book would furthermore not have made it through the production process without Karin Maksymski’s thorough and patient formatting work Our heartfelt thanks go to her We gratefully acknowledge our proofreaders’ efforts: Paula Niemietz and Sarah Signer worked reliably and very fast Last but not least, we would like to thank the members of the CroCo team who collaborated with us on this volume: Oliver Čulo, Sandra Hansen, Marlene Kast, Yvonne Klein, Kerstin Kunz, Karin Maksymski, and Mihaela Vela, as well as several generations of diligent student assistants who helped compile and analyze the CroCo Corpus We are finally grateful to our editors at de Gruyter Mouton for supporting us in producing the volume Needless to say all remaining errors and misconceptions are ours entirely The authors Aachen, Germersheim, Saarbrücken July 2012 www.Ebook777.com Table of contents Acknowledgements v Erich Steiner Introduction I Texts – The CroCo resource Silvia Hansen-Schirra & Stella Neumann 21 Corpus methodology and design Stella Neumann & Silvia Hansen-Schirra Corpus enrichment, representation, exploitation, and quality 35 control II Global findings Erich Steiner Generating hypotheses and operationalizations: The example of explicitness/explicitation 55 Erich Steiner A characterization of the resource based on shallow statistics Oliver Čulo, Silvia Hansen-Schirra, Karin Maksymski & Stella Neumann 91 Heuristic examination of translation shifts III Case studies Sandra Hansen & Silvia Hansen-Schirra Grammatical shifts in English-German noun phrases 71 133 Marlene Kast Variation within the grammatical function ‘subject’ in English-German and 147 German-English translations viii Table of contents Yvonne Klein Cohesion in English and German 161 Kerstin Kunz 10 Some syntactic features of nominal coreferring expressions 11 Stella Neumann Register-induced properties of translations IV Computational applications Silvia Hansen-Schirra 12 Towards a parallel treebank 173 191 213 Oliver Čulo, Silvia Hansen-Schirra & Mihaela Vela 229 13 Applications in computational linguistics V Generalizations, Conclusions and Outlook Silvia Hansen-Schirra & Erich Steiner 14 Towards a typology of translation properties 255 Stella Neumann 15 Conclusions and outlook: An empirical perspective on translation 281 studies 289 References 309 Index Erich Steiner Introduction Topic Our topic Cross-linguistic Corpora for the Study of Translations: Insights from the language pair English-German covers at least two major sub-domains: On the one hand, we describe a corpus architecture, including annotation and querying techniques, and its implementation The corpus architecture is developed for empirical studies of translations, and beyond those for the study of texts that are in some sense inter-lingually comparable, that is to say for texts of similar registers The compiled corpus, CroCo, is a resource for research and is, with some copyright restrictions, accessible to other research projects On the other hand, we present empirical findings and discuss their implications for translation as a possible contact variety for the language pair EnglishGerman Beyond our main focus on translation, though, our interest in the longer run is in language comparison and language contact more generally The text property which is the focus of attention is relative explicitness of texts under comparison, and explicitation as a possible relationship between source texts and their translations in particular Explicitation has often been assumed to be a specific property of translated texts, alongside possible other properties, such as simplification, normalization, levelling out, sanitization, interference and shining through It is one of the motivations of the work reported on here to find out whether and to what extent the assumption of such properties can be supported through empirical work, and if so, whether these properties are interesting as influences on language contact phenomena Most of the research was undertaken as part of the DFG-Project CroCo, a corpus-based investigation into linguistic properties of translations for the language pair English-German.1 Motivation and goals The long-term goal of our research is a contribution to the study of translation as a contact variety, and beyond this to language comparison and language contact more generally with the language pair English-German as our object German Research Foundation (DFG) project no STE 840/5-1, STE840/5-2 and HA 5457/1-2 For current information cf http://fr46.uni-saarland.de/croco/ Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Erich Steiner languages This goal implies, in our methodology, a thorough interest in possible specific properties of translations, and beyond this in an empirical translation theory The methodology developed is not restricted to the traditional exclusively system-based comparison, where real-text excerpts or constructed examples are used as mere illustrations of assumptions and claims, but instead implements an empirical research strategy involving structured data (the sub-corpora and their relationships to each other, annotated and aligned on various theoretically motivated levels of representation), the formation of hypotheses and their operationalizations, statistics on the data, critical examinations of their significance, and interpretation against the background of system-based comparisons and other independent sources of explanation for the phenomena observed It is our belief that over the past couple of years sufficient progress has been made in corpus technologies and in extracting information on the data to render such an endeavor promising Theoretical foundations and state of the art Theoretical foundations of the developments outlined here are to be found – in the more textually-oriented and linguistically-based strands of translation studies (3.1), – in models of linguistic variation and register (3.2), – in the area of corpus design and implementation, and corpus technology more generally (3.3), – in studies of language comparison and contact, with a focus on languagespecific ways of encoding meaning (3.4) This introduction aims at an outline of the theoretical foundations on the most general level only, because individual chapters will review their own locally relevant state of the art However, there are some theoretical foundations which form a sort of macro-background for our overall enterprise, and it is this general background which will be sketched here 3.1 Translation studies There is a tradition of assumptions in the more textually-oriented and linguisticallybased strands of translation studies about specific properties of translated texts According to such assumptions, translations are characterized by specific textual www.Ebook777.com 298 References Hussy, Walter, and Anita Jain 2002 Experimentelle Hypothesenprüfung in der Psychologie Göttingen: Hogrefe Hwa, Rebecca, Philip Resnik, and Amy Weinberg 2002 Breaking the resource bottleneck for multilingual parsing In 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Liverpool: University of Liverpool http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/publications/cl2009/ Zifonun, Gisela, Ludger Hoffmann, and Bruno Strecker 1997 Grammatik der deutschen Sprache Berlin: de Gruyter Index addressee orientation 14, 15 – CroCo corpus 21ff, 282ff alignment 7, 35, 43, 45ff, 64ff, 84, 137ff, 151, 188, 216ff, 229ff, 268, 285 – of grammatical functions 92ff – corpus design 7ff, 21ff, 27ff, 33, 71, 271f – corpus representation 35ff, 50, 218ff corpus query processor (CQP) 48ff, 168 – sentence and clause alignment 93 CroCo annotation 7, 15, 23, 35ff, 137, 176, 213, – header 37 217ff, 229ff, 268 – Meta 36 annotation and alignment 50ff, 67ff, 94ff – XML 38, 94f, 234 API 47, 95 fn., 220, 230ff cross-cultural pragmatics 8f, 56f avoidance of repetition 3f crossing lines 95ff, 110ff, 224ff, 245, 268ff Baker 3f, 64, 104, 136, 160, 167, 201, 214, density 9ff, 55ff, 71ff, 84ff, 104, 205, 256, 273 262ff balance 24ff diglossia Berman 56 directionality of change 12, 134 bidirectional translation corpus 25f directness 9ff, 55ff, 135, 256 bilingualism disambiguation 3, 62, 233 Blum-Kulka 56, 106, 136 Doherty 3, 13, 15, 28, 57ff, 174, 188, 255 borrowing scale 8ff ellipsis 59, 65ff, 92, 161ff, 172 Carston 61ff, 278 empirical chunk layer 42 – method 12f, 21ff clarification 56 – research 5, 21ff clause alignment statistics 102 – translation theory 2, 283f code-/language switching empty links 91ff, 97ff cohesion 14ff, 56ff, 89, 151, 161ff, 196ff, 231, English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus 26 245, 262ff, 286 comparability 25 evaluation 50ff, 147, 232, 247 explicitation 1ff, 24f, 55ff, 97ff, 130ff, 167, compensation 92, 105, 160 congruence 56, 135f, 257f, 279 196ff, 255ff explicitness 1ff, 9ff, 55ff, 71ff, 106, 255ff, 282ff conjunction 52, 64, 77ff, 136, 167ff, 258ff consistency 23, 36, 50 Fabricius-Hansen 3ff, 57, 104, 126, 134, 167 contact variety 1, 9f FLOB Corpus 32 content orientation 14, 109f frequency of usage 12 contrast 15, 72, 160, 19, 356, 71ff, 119, 141, 160, 173ff, 223ff, 262ff, 282 GIZA++ 36, 50, 152 conventionalization grammatical corpus – functions 17, 36, 44ff, 93ff, 112ff, 142ff, 205ff, 268ff – corpus architecture 1ff, 38, 50, 55, 71, 216ff, 228, 237 – core corpus 26ff, 33 – metaphor 5, 60ff, 134ff, 286 – shifts 133ff, 147ff 310 Index Halliday 5ff, 63ff, 134ff, 192ff, 257ff MMAX2 36, 38, 176, 183ff Halliday and Hasan 28, 161ff, 192ff modularization of encoding 66 Hawkins 9f, 105, 135, 148, 162, 188, 223, 255 morphology 36, 42, 163, 223 MPRO 36, 43 House 3ff, 56ff, 256ff multi-layer annotation 7, 49, 223f hypotheses 55ff multilingual text production 8, 15, 261 hybridization 108, 138, 207, 272 multilingualism 8f MySQL database 46, 236 implicitation 55ff, 97, 121, 163ff, 256 IMS Corpus Workbench 47 Newmark 133, 194, 225 indexing 39, 249 interference 1, 8ff, 81ff, 133 non-agentive arguments/subjects 70, 148, 188, 208, 274 normalization 24, 103, 134, 188 Johansson 6, 24ff, 92, 147 language – comparison 1ff, 193ff objectivity 12 one to zero correspondence 92 operationalization 24, 55ff, 162, 282f – contact 1ff, 160, 275ff, 281ff parallel treebank 213ff, 243 lemmatization 36, 76ff, 194, 214 levelling out 1ff, 57, 200, 272 part-of-speech lexical – distribution 77ff – cohesion 66, 70, 162ff, 196f, 231, 245, 262 – density 1ff, 55, 71ff, 86, 262ff – variation 194ff, 263 linguistic – enrichment 23, 35 – variation 6ff logistic regression analysis 138ff – composition 55 – proportionalities 71ff – tagging 32, 50, 76, 214 personal pronouns 81, 162ff phrase structure 43ff, 151, 249f pre- and postmodifiers 107, 138f precision 23, 50f, 96, 150, 159, 215, 219 process-based translation studies 284 psycholinguistic experiments 145, 279 low-level – features 24, 60, 70, 76ff, 86 quantitative research 23 – statistics 266ff query results 50, 96, 151ff Matthiessen 10, 64ff, 134ff, 188, 257ff recall 23, 51, 96, 111, 151, 158, 215 metadata 26, 35 metafunction – diversification 64 – orientation reference 69ff, 161ff, 173ff, 205, 215 reference corpora 15, 31ff, 72, 76ff, 137f, register 21ff, 35ff, 191ff metaphor relevance theory 61ff, 261 – grammatical metaphor 5, 60ff, 134ff, 286 reliability 22, 26ff, 35f, 51, 196 143f, 199, 262f – de-metaphorization 5, 135ff, 258, 263, 266ff – re-metaphorization 5, 135ff, 258 samples 15, 25, 30 sanitization 1, 3f Index semantic roles 101, 148ff Thomason and Kaufman 8ff, 275 semantics-to-grammar mapping 135 TnT tagger 36, 50 sentence splitting 92, 126ff shallow statistics 16, 71ff tokenization 34, 39ff, 94 translation shifts – as a contact variety – cohesive shifts 161 – translation problems 3, 145, 223, 228, – shifts of conjunctions 167f 311 283 – grammatical shifts 133ff, 147ff – translation procedures 3, 257, 276 – modulation shifts 110ff, 133ff, 225 – translation properties 17, 57, 91, 98ff, 134, – shifts of personal pronouns 164 208, 225, 255ff – translation shifts 91ff, 133ff, 225, 240, 268ff – translation shifts 91ff, 133ff, 225, 240, 268ff shining through 1, 4, 84, 103ff, 125ff, 141, – translation unit 5, 15, 55, 70ff, 91, 255, 168ff 270ff simplicity 14 – translation universal 3f, 261, 268ff simplification 1, 4, 126ff, 215, 227, 260, 270 transposition 133ff, 225 source and target segments 92, 99 Traugott and Dasher 11ff source text 15, 56, 75, 92, 101ff, 127, 133ff, type-token 193ff, 214ff, 256ff, 277ff standardization 31 – relationship 14, 55, 66 – ratio 59, 67, 71, 76ff, 263ff sub-corpora 14ff, 31, 69ff, 104ff, 191ff subject variations 147ff validity 22 subjectivity 12, 14 variables substitution 66, 161ff – dependent variables 15, 71ff, 141, 145, systemic functional linguistics 271ff – explicitness 9ff, 64ff – independent variables 15, 144, 271ff – implicitness 64ff – register 6ff Vinay and Darbelnet 3, 57, 88, 110, 134ff, 190, 225 von Polenz 63f, 148, 257 tag set – STTS tag set 36 WinAlign 38 – Susanne tag set 36 WordNet 36, 219, 231, 245 target text 15, 25, 56, 75, 84ff, 91ff, 101ff, 133ff, 191, 218ff, 256 word class distribution TEI standard 36 Teich 3ff, 57, 105, 133, 148, 189, 262, 277 theory-driven 24, 35 – verbal 77ff XCES standard 7, 38, 45, 50, 219 theory-independent 35, 232 XML stand-off representation 46, 50, 219 – nominal 24, 77ff, 104f, 230ff Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com ... structures in target texts Levelling out is always predicated of sets of texts, for example when we hypothesize that a set of translated texts, when compared to a set of non-translated texts of a given... more generally The text property which is the focus of attention is relative explicitness of texts under comparison, and explicitation as a possible relationship between source texts and their translations...Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Text, Translation, Computational Processing Edited by Annely Rothkegel and John Laffling Volume 11 www.Ebook777.com