Labor Leisure Choices tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ án, bài tập lớn về tất cả các lĩnh vực kinh t...
The chart below shows the amount of leisure time enjoyed by men and women of different employment status. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. You should write at least 150 words. You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. model answer: The chart shows the number of hours of leisure enjoyed by men and women in a typical week in 1998-9, according to gender and employment status. Among those employed full-time, men on average had fifty hours of leisure, whereas women had approximately thirty-seven hours. There were no figures given for male part-time workers, but female part-timers had forty hours of leisure time, only slightly more than women in full-time employment, perhaps reflecting their work in the home. In the unemployed and retired categories, leisure time showed an increase for both sexes, as might have been expected. Here too, men enjoyed more leisure time over eighty hours, compared with seventy hours for women, perhaps once again reflecting the fact that women spend more time working in the home than men. Lastly, housewives enjoyed approximately fifty-four hours of leisure, on average. There were no figures given for househusbands! Overall, the chart demonstrates that in the categories for which statistics on male leisure time were available, men enjoyed at least ten hours of extra leisure time. Labor-Leisure Choices Labor-Leisure Choices By: OpenStaxCollege People not obtain utility just from products they purchase They also obtain utility from leisure time Leisure time is time not spent at work The decision-making process of a utility-maximizing household applies to what quantity of hours to work in much the same way that it applies to purchases of goods and services Choices made along the labor-leisure budget constraint, as wages shift, provide the logical underpinning for the labor supply curve The discussion also offers some insights about the range of possible reactions when people receive higher wages, and specifically about the claim that if people are paid higher wages, they will work a greater quantity of hours—assuming that they have a say in the matter According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S workers averaged 38.5 hours per week on the job in 2013 This average includes part-time workers; for full-time workers only, the average was 42.5 hours per week [link] shows that more than half of all workers are on the job 35 to 48 hours per week, but significant proportions work more or less than this amount [link] breaks down the average hourly compensation received by private industry workers, including wages and benefits Wages and salaries are about three-quarters of total compensation received by workers; the rest is in the form of health insurance, vacation pay, and other benefits The compensation workers receive differs for many reasons, including experience, education, skill, talent, membership in a labor union, and the presence of discrimination against certain groups in the labor market Issues surrounding the inequality of incomes in a market-oriented economy are explored in the chapters on Poverty and Economic Inequality and Issues in Labor Markets: Unions, Discrimination, Immigration Persons at Work, by Average Hours Worked per Week in 2013 (Total number of workers: 137.7 million)(Source: http://www.bls.gov/ news.release/empsit.t18.htm) Hours Worked per Week Number of Workers Percentage of Workforce 1–14 hours 6.9 million 5.0% 15–34 hours 27.6 million 20.1% 1/9 Labor-Leisure Choices Hours Worked per Week Number of Workers Percentage of Workforce 35–40 hours 68.5 million 49.9% 41–48 hours 11.9 million 8.6% 49–59 hours 13.3 million 9.6% 60 hours and over 9.3 million 6.8% Hourly Compensation: Wages, Benefits, and Taxes in 2013(Source: http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ecec.nr0.htm) Compensation and Benefits Hourly Amount Wages and salaries $21.50 Vacation and holiday pay $1.72 Sick leave and other leave $0.45 Bonuses and premium pay $0.73 Employee insurance (mainly health) $2.81 Retirement plans $1.47 Employer payments to Social Security $1.39 Unemployment and worker's compensation insurance $0.67 Other benefits (Medicare) $0.35 Total compensation per hour $31.09 The Labor-Leisure Budget Constraint How workers make decisions about the number of hours to work? Again, let’s proceed with a concrete example The economic logic is precisely the same as in the case of a consumption choice budget constraint, but the labels are different on a laborleisure budget constraint Vivian has 70 hours per week that she could devote either to work or to leisure, and her wage is $10/hour The lower budget constraint in [link] shows Vivian’s possible choices The horizontal axis of this diagram measures both leisure and labor, by showing how Vivian’s time is divided between leisure and labor Hours of leisure are measured from left to right on the horizontal axis, while hours of labor are measured from right to left Vivian will compare choices along this budget constraint, ranging from 70 hours of leisure and no income at point S to zero hours of leisure and $700 of income at 2/9 Labor-Leisure Choices point L She will choose the point that provides her with the highest total utility For this example, let’s assume that Vivian’s utility-maximizing choice occurs at O, with 30 hours of leisure, 40 hours of work, and $400 in weekly income How a Rise in Wages Alters the Utility-Maximizing Choice Vivian’s original choice is point O on the lower opportunity set A rise in her wage causes her opportunity set to swing upward In response to the increase in wages, Vivian can make a range of different choices available to her: a choice like D, which involves less work; and a choice like B, which involves the same amount of work but more income; or a choice like A, which involves more work and considerably more income Vivian’s personal preferences will determine which choice she makes For Vivian to discover the labor-leisure choice that will maximize her utility, she does not have to place numerical values on the total and marginal utility that she would receive from every level of income and leisure All that really matters is that Vivian can compare, in her own mind, whether she would prefer more leisure or more income, given the tradeoffs she faces If Vivian can say to herself: “I’d really rather work a little less and ...IELTS Speaking on Weekends, Sleep and LeisureStudent A- WeekendsPart OneHow did you spend last weekend?How do you usually spend your weekends?How do you think you will spend your weekends in 10 years’ time?How do you think your weekends will change as you get older?What would be the perfect weekend for you?What things are there to do at the weekend in or near your city?Do you have any plans for next weekend?How did you use to spend your weekends when you were a child?Part TwoDescribe a particularly memorable weekend.You should say:◊ Who you spent the time with◊ What you did◊ Where you wentand explain why this weekend stands out in your memoryPart ThreeHow do people your age in your country usually spend their weekends? Do you think that is a good way of using their time?Do you think more needs to be done in your country to make sure that school kids and working people are able to enjoy their weekends?InstructionsPart OneAsk any of the questions from that section for two minutes (as there is only one topic)Part TwoGive the usual Part Two instructions, then give the task to your partner. If they stop after more than one minute, ask one or two questions about what they said. If they haven’t stopped speaking after two minutes, interrupt them and ask those one or two questions. Part ThreeAsk any questions from the list. You can also ask follow up questions or similar questions on the topic. Written by Alex Case for UsingEnglish.com © 2010 IELTS Speaking on Weekends, Sleep and LeisureStudent B- LeisurePart OneDo you have any hobbies?How do you usually spend your spare time?How do you think you will use your leisure time in 20 years’ time?How do you think your leisure time will change as you get older?What relaxing things are there to do in or near your city?How did you use to spend your evenings when you were a child?Do you have any plans for this evening?Are there any new hobbies that you would like to take up?Part TwoDescribe one thing you do in order to relax.You should say:◊ What it is◊ When and where you do it◊ Why you find it relaxingand say what kinds of people you would recommend the same method of relaxation toPart ThreeHow do people your age in your country usually spend their free time? Do you think that is a good way of using their time?Do people in your country have enough time off? Is there anything that the government could do to remedy that?Do you think it is the responsibility of schools or parents to find hobbies for their children? Why/ Why not?InstructionsPart OneAsk any of the questions from that section for two minutes (as there is only one topic)Part TwoGive the usual Part Two instructions, then give the task to your partner. If they stop after more than one minute, ask one or two questions about what they said. If they haven’t stopped speaking after two minutes, interrupt them and ask those one or two questions. Part ThreeAsk any questions from the list. You can also ask follow up questions or similar questions on the topic. Written by Alex Case for UsingEnglish.com © 2010 IELTS Speaking on Weekends, Sleep and LeisureStudent C- SleepPart OneHow much sleep do you usually get?What are the consequences of a lack of sleep for you?Have you ever gone 24 hours without sleep? Please tell me about that timeHow important is sleep to you?Are you a light or heavy sleeper? What makes you say that?What things stop you sleeping?When do you usually catch up on your sleep?Do you have afternoon naps? Why/ Why not?Part TwoDescribe a time when you didn’t get enough sleep. You should include in your answer:◊ Why you didn’t sleep enough◊ What the effects of that was◊ How you caught up on your sleepAnd say how you could or do make sure that you get enough sleepPart ThreeDo people in your country tend to get enough sleep? Why do you think that is?Do you think tiredness is increasing or decreasing? What Leisure Time• How much free time (or time to relax) do you have (per week)? • How do you relax? • What do you do in your spare time (= free time)? • (In the evenings), do you prefer to relax at home and watch TV or go out with your friends? • (Similar to above) Would you prefer to relax at home and watch TV or go out with your friends? • (Similar to above) Would you prefer to relax at home and watch TV or go shopping? • Do you think it's important to (have time to) relax? • Do men and women relax ( = spend their free time) in the same way? • What do you usually do with your family? • Do you think modern people like to do things with others, in a group? • Do you often do things in a group? • Do you prefer to do things in a family group or in a group of friends? • How did you spend your last holidays (vacation)? foreign languagesin the labor market of vietnamdemands, supplies and recommendationAssoc. Prof. Dr. Phan Van Que, Hanoi Open University 1 introductionSince 1986, with the open door policy, Vietnam has been integrating successfully into the world community and at the same time into the world market. Due to economic, political and social changes, there are definitely new and growing linguistic needs and demands. The move from an agricultural society to becoming a society where services are the dominant activity, and the change toward a knowledge-based society, together with increasing internationalisation leads to the need to have a careful and closer look at foreign languages policies in connection with the labour market. Establishing future training needs of the labour market in developing countries is a difficult task that has faced manpower analysts and educational planners elsewhere. There is no easy solution because no one can forecast the future and, therefore, what labour demands are likely anymore than one can future economic growth rates. However, there is always a body of facts, evidence and experience available for policy makers, including foreign language policy makers.Foreign language policies thus are an integral part of a bigger task: manpower planning. All foreign languages have to speak the language of the market, that is the language of demand and supply. Manpower planning is largely concerned with labour supply. Thus it is interested in such questions as how many people are coming into the labour market, what are their education and training levels etc. It is largely concerned in determining what training needs there are so that the labour supply can be shaped to meet the demands of the economy. Manpower planning is also concerned with supply policies and, in particular, implications for education and training. Inevitably, this has to 2 concentrate on education and training policies, among them foreign languages policies. This is a huge task, then it is not only confined to the Ministry of Labour or Ministry of Education and Training, it is also concerned with human resource planning in the Ministry of Planning or Ministry of Finance. It concerns the whole society and it needs concerted actions.Addressing the issue, this paper will first have a broad look at the functions of foreign languages in the international market. Then it will attempt to produce a look closer at the demand for foreign languages in the context of Vietnam. After that, it will attempt to present the situation of foreign languages learning and teaching in Vietnam and existing foreign language policies. Finally and also most importantly, it will try to make some recommendations concerning foreign language policies in a larger context of manpower planning. Foreign languages in the international marketIn the international market, language skills, and intercultural skills which come along with them, do not form a sector, but they are essential“ skills across all industrial or commercial activities ” (CILT, 2008). Language and intercultural skills Guide to Retaining Employees What Are Their Choices in Today's Labor Market? P&G vs. Career Alternative (Dot.Com) Conclusions derived from Focus Groups of P&G employees interested in potential P&G dot- com work: Attraction of P&G Career Attraction of Dot-Com Career; P&G has the world's best training ground. Want to get experience in this space - good resume fodder (even multi-dot-com experience is considered a good thing on resumes). Exciting leading edge work with consumers - P&G examples are the case studies in marketing class for brand management. Changes the world - get in on the leading edge of the new economy Long term career development - high investment in developing individuals. Be an entrepreneur - would take a 50% cut in pay to get away from the P&G bureaucracy. Looking for a fundamental difference in the way work gets done. Balanced life style - work-life integration; time with family/friends; reasonable work hours. Location - exciting places to work: Boston, Seattle, San Francisco, New York (vs. Cincinnati). Career Choices MBA's Perceptions of Career Tradeoffs Consulting Consumer Products PRO'S CON'S PRO'S CON'S • High pay • Great perks • Intellectual challenge • Young environment • Do important work • Just like B-school • On the road 4 days/wk • 60-hour weeks • Never get to drive "up or out" • Decent pay • Decent perks • Great training • Run your own business • Good lifestyle • Decent hours • Lifetime employement • Dull location • No "get rich" oppty • May not like brands • Bureaucratic • Career growth slow Entrepreneurship pre-95 Entrepreneurship post-2000 PRO'S CON'S PRO'S CON'S • No bosses • Great challenge • High payout potential • Drive right now • 70-hr weeks • No training • High risk • High pressure • Under-market pay • High barriers to entry • Unsexy businesses • No bosses • Market pay • "Anybody can do it" • Huge upside potential • Gobs of financing • Sexiest of businesses • Ton of responsibility • Just like B-school • 70-hr weeks • No training • High pressure MBA View of a Dot.com Career The calculus of pursuing an entrepreneurial path has changed. • Risk: In today’s environment, there is very little professional risk, salary risk, or opportunity cost. • Reward: Everybody knows several people who have made HUGE fortunes even people who weren’t founders, and the day rate ain’t bad. • Responsibility: People can come straight out of school and be the boss of a public company, or at least be in charge of multi-million-dollar budgets. • Reputation: No question it’s cool to be in the Internet these days, and it’s even more powerful on the resume than P&G. The Dot.com Proposition MBAs have strong reasons to consider Dot.com employers • Title: MBAs may come in at the director or VP level, depending on the size of the organization. • Salary: $75,000 to $125,000 or more, plus possible bonus. • Options: From 10,000 on up, with VPs commanding from 0.5% to 3% of the company. • Resume: One dot com on the resume means an immediate bump in salary of 15%+, almost regardless of performance. • Responsibility: Marketing budgets are (or are planned to be) from $1-$20+ million per year. • Footnote: VPs of marketing are the single hardest position to recruit, and the most valued. Excerpts on Dot.com Industry 1. Booz-Allen says "10% of the dot.com start-ups will succeed and there will be significant fallout in the next 2-3 years. There is a lot of spending going into "share of mind" advertising to gain awareness, but not very many profitable businesses exist among the increasing clutter of ... taxes are cut 6/9 Labor- Leisure Choices Key Concepts and Summary When making a choice along the labor- leisure budget constraint, a household will choose the combination of labor, leisure, and income... shows Vivian’s possible choices The horizontal axis of this diagram measures both leisure and labor, by showing how Vivian’s time is divided between leisure and labor Hours of leisure are measured... of a wage increase? 8/9 Labor- Leisure Choices Visit the BLS website and determine if education level, race/ethnicity, or gender appear to impact labor versus leisure choices 9/9