Click to edit Master subtitle style 2/28/10 MDI(Multiple Document Interfaces) 2/28/10 Tổng quát•Phần lớn các ứng dụng của Windows đều rơi vào một trong 3 loại sau: Single Document Interfaces (SDI) Explorer Interfaces Multiple Document Interfaces (MDI) 2/28/10 Single Document Interface•Mỗi tài liệu sẽ được thể hiện ở một cửa sổ đơn.•Trong Windows tiêu biểu cho loại giao diện này là Notepad hay Wordpad. 2/28/10 Cửa sổ SDI 2/28/10 Explorer Interface•Đây là cửa sổ mà thông tin sẽ được hiển thị theo một hệ thống phân cấp.•Thông thường một TreeView control sẽ dùng để hiển thị hệ thống phân cấp này.•Thông tin chi tiết của mỗi nút trên TreeView được chọn sẽ hiển thị trong một ListView control. 2/28/10 Cửa sổ Explorer Interface 2/28/10 Khái niệm cơ bản về MDI•Multiple Document Interface (MDI) là một đặc tả quản lý tài liệu trong Microsoft Windows.•Mô tả một cấu trúc cửa sổ và giao diện người dùng, cho phép người sử dụng làm việc với nhiều tài liệu trong một ứng dụng đơn. 2/28/10 Ví dụ•Windows duy trì nhiều ứng dụng Windows trong một màn hình đơn.•Một ứng dụng MDI duy trì nhiều cửa sổ tài liệu trong một vùng client đơn. 2/28/10 •Đặc tả MDI đã xuất hiện từ Windows 2.0, nhưng các ứng dụng MDI lúc đó rất khó viết và cần nhiều công sức lập trình.•Từ Windows 3.0 trở đi, nhiều chức năng đã được mở rộng và hỗ trợ được đưa vào. 2/28/10 Các thành phần của MDI•Cửa sổ ứng dụng chính của một chương trình MDI theo kiểu cổ điển gồm có Thanh tiêu đề. Một trình đơn. Một đường viền thay đổi kích thước. Một icon trình đơn hệ thống. Các nút minimize/maximize/close. [...]... trị từ Enumeration MdiLayout và sắp xếp tự động các cửa sổ. 2/28/10 Tổng quát • Phần lớn các ứng dụng của Windows đều rơi vào một trong 3 loại sau: Single Document Interfaces (SDI) Explorer Interfaces Multiple Document Interfaces (MDI) 2/28/10 • Trong một project có thể có nhiều MDI Parent. • Có thể chuyển đổi một MDI Child từ MDI Parent này sang MDI Parent khác bằng cách thay... child’s icons: minimize, restore and close Minimized child’s icons: restore, maximize and close Parent’s title bar displays maximized child 2/28/10 MDI SDI Single Document Interface MDI Multiple Document Interface 2/28/10 Single Document Interface • Mỗi tài liệu sẽ được thể hiện ở một cửa sổ đơn. • Trong Windows tiêu biểu cho loại giao diện này là Notepad hay Wordpad. 2/28/10 • Ngồi ra,... trình MDI theo kiểu cổ điển gồm có Thanh tiêu đề. Một trình đơn. Một đường viền thay đổi kích thước. Một icon trình đơn hệ thống. Các nút minimize/maximize/close. 2/28/10 2 loại MDI • Document application • Workspace application 2/28/10 • Đoạn chương trình sắp xếp theo kiểu Cascade private void mnuCascade_Click ( Object sender, System.EventArgs e) { this.LayoutMdi (MdiLayout.Cascade) } • ĐoạnMultiple Slit Diffraction Multiple Slit Diffraction Bởi: OpenStaxCollege An interesting thing happens if you pass light through a large number of evenly spaced parallel slits, called a diffraction grating An interference pattern is created that is very similar to the one formed by a double slit (see [link]) A diffraction grating can be manufactured by scratching glass with a sharp tool in a number of precisely positioned parallel lines, with the untouched regions acting like slits These can be photographically mass produced rather cheaply Diffraction gratings work both for transmission of light, as in [link], and for reflection of light, as on butterfly wings and the Australian opal in [link] or the CD pictured in the opening photograph of this chapter, [link] In addition to their use as novelty items, diffraction gratings are commonly used for spectroscopic dispersion and analysis of light What makes them particularly useful is the fact that they form a sharper pattern than double slits That is, their bright regions are narrower and brighter, while their dark regions are darker [link] shows idealized graphs demonstrating the sharper pattern Natural diffraction gratings occur in the feathers of certain birds Tiny, finger-like structures in regular patterns act as reflection gratings, producing constructive interference that gives the feathers colors not solely due to their pigmentation This is called iridescence A diffraction grating is a large number of evenly spaced parallel slits (a) Light passing through is diffracted in a pattern similar to a double slit, with bright regions at various angles (b) The pattern obtained for white light incident on a grating The central maximum is white, and the higher-order maxima disperse white light into a rainbow of colors 1/10 Multiple Slit Diffraction (a) This Australian opal and (b) the butterfly wings have rows of reflectors that act like reflection gratings, reflecting different colors at different angles (credits: (a) Opals-OnBlack.com, via Flickr (b) whologwhy, Flickr) Idealized graphs of the intensity of light passing through a double slit (a) and a diffraction grating (b) for monochromatic light Maxima can be produced at the same angles, but those for the diffraction grating are narrower and hence sharper The maxima become narrower and the regions between darker as the number of slits is increased The analysis of a diffraction grating is very similar to that for a double slit (see [link]) As we know from our discussion of double slits in Young's Double Slit Experiment, light is diffracted by each slit and spreads out after passing through Rays traveling in the same direction (at an angle θ relative to the incident direction) are shown in the figure Each of these rays travels a different distance to a common point on a screen far away The rays start in phase, and they can be in or out of phase when they reach a screen, depending on the difference in the path lengths traveled As seen in the figure, each ray travels a distance d sin θ different from that of its neighbor, where d is the distance between slits If this distance equals an integral number of wavelengths, the rays all arrive in phase, and constructive interference (a maximum) is obtained Thus, the condition necessary to obtain constructive interference for a diffraction grating is d sin θ = mλ, for m = 0, 1, –1, 2, –2, … (constructive), where d is the distance between slits in the grating, λ is the wavelength of light, and m is the order of the maximum Note that this is exactly the same equation as for double 2/10 Multiple Slit Diffraction slits separated by d However, the slits are usually closer in diffraction gratings than in double slits, producing fewer maxima at larger angles Diffraction grating showing light rays from each slit traveling in the same direction Each ray travels a different distance to reach a common point on a screen (not shown) Each ray travels a distance d sin θ different from that of its neighbor Where are diffraction gratings used? Diffraction gratings are key components of monochromators used, for example, in optical imaging of particular wavelengths from biological or medical samples A diffraction grating can be chosen to specifically analyze a wavelength emitted by molecules in diseased cells in a biopsy sample or to help excite strategic molecules in the sample with a selected frequency of light Another vital use is in optical fiber technologies where fibers are designed to provide optimum performance at specific wavelengths A range of diffraction gratings are available for selecting specific wavelengths for such use Take-Home Experiment: Rainbows on a CD The spacing d of the grooves in a CD or DVD can be well determined by using a laser and the equation d sin θ = mλ, for m = 0, 1, –1, 2, –2, … However, we can still make a good estimate of this spacing by using white light and the rainbow of colors that comes from the interference Reflect sunlight from a CD onto a wall ...Int. J. Med. Sci. 2010, 7 http://www.medsci.org 378 IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall JJoouurrnnaall ooff MMeeddiiccaall SScciieenncceess 2010; 7(6):378-384 © Ivyspring International Publisher. All rights reserved Case Report Non-syndromic multiple supernumerary teeth in a family unit with a normal karyotype: case report Francesco Inchingolo1, Marco Tatullo2, Fabio M. Abenavoli3, Massimo Marrelli4, Alessio D. Inchingolo5, Mattia Gentile 6, Angelo M. Inchingolo5, Gianna Dipalma7 1. Department of Dental Sciences and Surgery, University of Bari, Bari, Italy 2. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Biology and Physics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy 3. Department of “Head and Neck Surgery”, Hospital “Fatebenefratelli”, Rome, Italy 4. Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Calabrodental, Crotone, Italy 5. Department of Dental Sciences and Surgery, University of Milano, Milano, Italy 6. Department of Medical Genetic, Hospital “Di Venere”, Bari, Italy 7. Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Calabrodental, Crotone, Italy Corresponding author: Prof. Francesco INCHINGOLO, Piazza Giulio Cesare – Policlinico 70124 – Bari. E-mail: f.inchingolo@tin.it; f.inchingolo@doc.uniba.it. Tel.: 00390805593343 – Infoline: 00393312111104. Received: 2010.09.22; Accepted: 2010.11.03; Published: 2010.11.05 Abstract Introduction. Hyperdontia is an odontostomatologic anomaly characterized by an excess in tooth number. It seems to occur more often in patients with hereditary factors concerning this anomaly: this case represents a rare form of hyperdontia, with bilateral multiple super-numerary teeth, with evident penetrance of the phenotype in the family unit engaged in the present study. The karyotype determination excludes a pathogenesis on chromosomal basis. Case report. A 3 0 y e a r s o l d p a t i e n t c a m e t o o u r o b s e r v a t i o n w i t h f i v e i m p a c t e d t e e t h ( 1 . 8 , 2 . 8 , 3.8, 4.7 and 4.8), as well as with the presence of an impacted supernumerary tooth (disto-m o l a r 4 . 9 ) . T h e p a t i e n t w a s s u g g e s t e d t o a l l o w u s t o p e r f o r m a r a d i o l o g i c s c r e e n i n g t o h i s t w o sisters aged 17 and 13 years. T h e X -r a y p h o t o g r a p h y s h o w e d t h a t t h e e l d e r s i s t e r h a d n i n e i m p a c t e d t e e t h ; t h e s e w e r e 1 . 8 – 1.9 – 2.8 – 2.9 – 2.10 – 3.8 – 3.9 – 4.8 – 4.9; while the youngest sister had four impacted teeth, that is 1.8 – 1.9 – 2.8 – 2.9. Conclusions. The value of the present case r e p o r t c a n b e u s e d a s a p a r a d i g m f o r t h e a s s e s s m e n t of the hereditary factors predisposing the onset of hyperdontia, and for the consequent management by oral surgeon of family units in which the odontostomatologic anomaly was detected without any syndromic forms. Key words: Hyperdontia, supernumerary teeth, impacted teeth. Introduction Hyperdontia is an odontostomatologic anomaly characterized by an excess in tooth number, both e r u p t e d a n d n o n -erupted. It can be described as “real” if determined by an increased number of teeth, oth-erwise it is “false” if caused by a delay in shedding of deciduous teeth beyond the transition period 1, 2, 3, 5. In one of his studies, Tomes suggested a no-menclature for teeth in excess3: they were defined as “supplementary” if they present a Int. J. Med. Sci. 2010, 7 http://www.medsci.org 62IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall JJoouurrnnaall ooff MMeeddiiccaall SScciieenncceess 2010; 7(2):62-67 © Ivyspring International Publisher. All rights reserved Research Paper Autonomic Dysfunction Presenting as Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Khalil Kanjwal, Beverly Karabin, Yousuf Kanjwal, Blair P Grubb Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology Section of Electrophysiology, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA. Corresponding author: Blair P Grubb, MD, Director Electrophysiology Services, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Campus, University of Toledo Medical Center, Mail Stop 1118, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo OH 43614. USA. Phone 419-3833778; Fax: 419-383-3041. Received: 2010.03.01; Accepted: 2010.03.10; Published: 2010.03.11 Abstract Background: Autonomic dysfunction is common in patients suffering from multiple sclero-sis (MS) and orthostatic dizziness occurs in almost 50% of these patients. However, there have been no reports on postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) in patients suf-fering from MS. Methods: The patients were included for analysis in this study if they had POTS with either a prior history of MS or having developed MS while being followed for POTS. Postural or-thostatic tachycardia (POTS) is defined as symptoms of orthostatic intolerance(>6months) accompanied by a heart rate increase of at least 30 beats/min (or a rate that exceeds 120 beats/min) that occurs in the first 10 minutes of upright posture or head up tilt test (HUTT) occurring in the absence of other chronic debilitating disorders. We identified nine patients with POTS who were suffering from MS as well. Each of these patients had been referred from various other centers for second opinions. Results: The mean age at the time of diagnosis of POTS was 49±9 years and eight of the 9 patients were women. Five patients (55%) had hyperlipidemia, 3 (33%) migraine and 2 (22%) patients had coronary artery disease and diabetes each. Fatigue and palpitations (on assuming upright posture) were the most common finding in our patients (9/9). All patients also had orthostatic dizziness. Syncope was seen in 5/9(55%) of patients. Four patients (44%), who did not have clear syncope, were having episodes of near syncope. The presence of POTS in our study population resulted in substantial limitation of daily activities. Following recognition and treatment of POTS, 6/9(66%), patients were able to resume daily activities of living. Their symptoms (especially fatigue and orthostatic intolerance) improved. The frequency and severity of syncope also improved. Three (33%) patients failed to show a good response to treatment. Conclusion: Patients suffering from MS may manifest autonomic dysfunction by developing POTS. Early recognition and proper management may help improve the symptoms of POTS. Key words: Multiple sclerosis, Postural tachycardia syndrome, syncope, dizziness, fatigue. Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinat-ing inflammatory disorder, presumed to be of auto-immune etiology. Autonomic dysfunction (AD) is commonly seen in patients with MS. The most com-mon manifestations of the AD in patients with MS include bladder dysfunction, sleep disturabances, Int. J. Med. Sci. 2010, 7 http://www.medsci.org 63sweating, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular distur-bances. Another common symptom seen in patients of MS is Abstract of thesis entitledLinear Minimum Mean-Square-ErrorTransceiver Design for Amplify-and-ForwardMultiple Antenna Relaying Systemssubmitted byChengwen Xingfor the degree of Doctor of Philosophyat The University of Hong KongJuly 7, 2010Multiple-antenna communication system is an important research topic in thepast decades. It increases the data rate or diversity in reception, without occupy-ing additional frequency or time resource. On the other hand, amplify-and-forward(AF) relaying attracts a lot of attention lately, as it is suitable in cases where thesource cannot directly communicate with the destination, but is possible via a relayin the middle. The AF relay simply amplifies the received signal without decoding,thus its operation is favorable in implementation. The combination of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and AF relaying technique is cur-rently under consideration for several future wireless communication standards.With the source, relay and destination all equipped with multiple antennas, anatural question is how to allocate the limited power resource to make the commu-nication as efficient as possible. This problem is addressed by linear transceiverdesign in this thesis. Transceiver designs for point-to-point MIMO or multi-userMIMO systems have been widely addressed previously. However, for AF MIMO relaying system, due to the relaying operation, transceiver design becomes morechallenging.In this thesis, we start with a fundamental three nodes source-relay-destinationMIMO system. The forwarding matrix at relay and equalizer at destination arejointly designed, under the realistic scenario that channel estimates in both hopcontains Gaussian error. Two robust design algorithms are proposed to minimizethe mean-square-error (MSE) of the output signal at the destination. The first oneis an iterative algorithm with its convergence proved analytically. The other is anapproximated closed-form solution with much lower complexity than the iterativealgorithm.Next, we consider the AF MIMO orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) system over frequency selective fading channels. Again, the forwardingmatrix at relay and equalizer at destination are jointly designed by minimizing thetotal MSE of the output signal at the destination, under channel estimation errors.However, since OFDM is a multicarrier modulation, transceiver design in such sys-tem involves power allocation in both spatial and frequency domains, and thus ismore complicated than the first system. In the proposed solution, the second-ordermoments of channel estimation errors in the two hops are first deduced in the fre-quency domain. Then, the optimal designs for both correlated and uncorrelatedchannel estimation errors are investigated. The relationship between the proposedsolutions with existing algorithms is also disclosed. Finally, we consider the AF MIMO relaying system with multiple users. It cor-responds to the case where one base station communicates with multiple terminalsvia one relay station. In this system, the source precoder, relay forwarding matrixand destination equalizer are jointly designed by minimum MSE criterion. Bothuplink and downlink cases are considered. It is found that the uplink and downlinktransceiver designs share some common features and can be solved by a generaliterative algorithm. On the other hand, another proposed algorithm for fully loadedor overloaded uplink system is shown to include several existing results as specialcases.(Total words: 477)Chengwen Xing Linear Minimum Mean-Square-ErrorTransceiver Design for Amplify-and-ForwardMultiple Antenna Relaying SystemsbyChengwen XingB.Eng., Xidian University, Xi’an, P. R. ChinaA thesis submitted in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements DUBLIN CITY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Simulation of a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) wireless system John Fitzpatrick TC4 52140938 April 2004 B.Eng IN Telecommunications Engineering Supervised by Dr. Conor Brennan Simulation of a MIMO wireless system – John Fitzpatrick Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Conor Brennan for his guidance, assistance and approachability throughout this project. I would also like to thank John Diskin for his work on the ray tracing program. Finally I would like to thank my parents and Laura for their support throughout my project. Declaration I hereby declare that, except where otherwise indicated, this document is entirely my own work and has not been submitted in whole or in part to any other university. Signed: Date: . ii Simulation of a MIMO wireless system – John Fitzpatrick Abstract This project explores the development of a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) simulator using ray tracing techniques. This project gives an overview of ray tracing techniques, beamforming, MIMO channel models and MIMO systems. It explains the ability of MIMO systems to offer significant capacity increases over traditional wireless systems, by exploiting the phenomenon of multipath. By modelling high frequency radio waves as travelling along localized linear trajectory paths, they can be approximated as rays, just as in optics. The radio environment is then represented using a ray tracing C++ program. I highlight some of the different approaches used to realize a MIMO system, the most important being the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). I illustrate the development of the MIMO simulator, through explanations of the techniques and algorithms I developed and used. These algorithms model the system under ideal conditions with no noise distortions. I show the use of the MIMO simulator created, and investigate the MIMO channel. The results obtained show the affects of changing the different parameters of the system on the MIMO channel and the radio environment. Finally, in the conclusion, I discuss the future of MIMO systems and recommend further modifications, which could be made to the MIMO simulator, to create a more accurate and efficient system. iii Simulation of a MIMO wireless system – John Fitzpatrick Table Of Contents CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION .1 CHAPTER 2 - TECHNICAL BACKGROUND .2 2.1 MULTIPATH 3 2.2 RAY TRACING .3 2.3 BEAMFORMING .4 2.4 LINEAR ARRAYS 6 2.5 MIMO 7 2.5.1 MIMO Transmission .8 2.5.2 The MIMO Channel H 9 2.6 GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION .10 2.7 SINGULAR VALUE ... double 2/10 Multiple Slit Diffraction slits separated by d However, the slits are usually closer in diffraction gratings than in double slits, producing fewer maxima at larger angles Diffraction. .. number of slits is increased The analysis of a diffraction grating is very similar to that for a double slit (see [link]) As we know from our discussion of double slits in Young's Double Slit Experiment,... addition to having closely spaced lines 5/10 Multiple Slit Diffraction Section Summary • A diffraction grating is a large collection of evenly spaced parallel slits that produces an interference pattern