Beginning with the question ‘Who is a Jew?’, this book proceeds to offer a lucid account of Judaism and the Jewish people Written for Jews and non-Jews alike, be they students or teachers or general interested readers, the book brings out the extraordinary richness and variety of Judaism: its historical depth, and the vigour and at times amazing endurance of its traditions – in the home, in the synagogue, in its literature, in individual and community life Nicholas de Lange writes as a Jewish scholar, a knowledgeable insider, explaining the history and details of inherited rituals and customs; of organised religion (be it Orthodox, Conservative, Reform or Liberal); of concepts such as Zionism, Diaspora, Messianism Half of the world’s Jews live in North America and the rest are widely scattered, and the book is sensitive to the global context of Judaism, both historically and in our postmodern age The philosophy and theology of Judaism are examined, particularly in the wake of the Holocaust, and there are speculations on the future Dr de Lange does not shirk the difficulties posed by questions of Jewish identity and by some of the irreconcilable differences which exist within Judaism as well as between Judaism and other cultures An Introduction to Judaism contains illustrative tables and maps, a full glossary, chronology, bibliography and index, and can be used for reference, to check details and dates, as well as read consecutively or dipped into at leisure This is a stimulating and comprehensive introduction to a major world culture Nicholas de Lange is Reader in Hebrew and Jewish Studies in the University of Cambridge A distinguished scholar and translator and a rabbi, he is author of the popular Atlas of the Jewish World and Judaism His many translations include novels by Israeli writers such as Amos Oz and A B Yehoshua With Cambridge, Dr de Lange has published Origen and the Jews and the English translation of Oz’s Under this Blazing Light This Page Intentionally Left Blank A N I N T RO D U C T I O N TO J U DA I S M NICHOLAS DE LANGE University of Cambridge PUBLISHED BY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS (VIRTUAL PUBLISHING) FOR AND ON BEHALF OF THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia http://www.cambridge.org © Nicholas de Lange 2000 This edition © Nicholas de Lange 2002 First published in printed format 2000 A catalogue record for the original printed book is available from the British Library and from the Library of Congress Original ISBN 521 46073 hardback Original ISBN 521 46624 paperback ISBN 511 00931 virtual (netLibrary Edition) For Alexander This Page Intentionally Left Blank Contents List of tables List of illustrations Preface Chronology Map of the Jewish world in Map of the Jewish world in the s page x xi xii xiv xvi xix The Jews in the world Who are the Jews? Facts and figures Natives or immigrants? The Jews throughout the world North America Israel Former Soviet Bloc countries The European Union Latin America The Jewish people and its past The Jewish nation Enemies of the nation Universalism Assimilation Individualism Dispersion Fragmentation Genocide Jewish books The Bible The prayer book vii viii Contents The Talmud The Shulhan Arukh The Zohar The Guide of the Perplexed The Jewish religion Traditional Judaism The modernist reform Radical alternatives The family The family as a unit The Jewish home: space The Jewish home: time Rites of passage The community The Jewish community and how it works The synagogue The worship of the synagogue Religious services The cycle of the year Moments of life Other communal institutions God and the Jewish people The Jews and God Sources of Jewish theology The Bible Midrash and Haggadah The philosophers Mystical approaches The liturgy as a source of theology God in the twentieth century Hermann Cohen and his legacy American Jewish theology God and the Shoah New issues Objectives Holiness Obedience Glossary recognised legal authority or by a community for the public good or to strengthen religious life tallit [Hebrew ·tallit] A striped shawl with tassels at the four corners, worn during prayer tashlikh [Hebrew] Private penitential ceremony performed near water (generally by a river or at the seashore) on the afternoon of Rosh HaShanah tebah [Hebrew tevah, ‘chest’] In Sephardi usage, the raised platform in the synagogue Cf bimah tefillah [Hebrew, ‘prayer’] Technical name of the amidah or shmoneh esreh In Sephardi usage, a prayer book tefillin [Hebrew] Phylacteries: black leather boxes containing parchment texts, and attached with straps to the forehead and upper arm during prayer terefah [Hebrew] Non-kosher food Also tref (among Ashkenazim) or taref (among Sephardim) teru ah [Hebrew] A blast on the shofar Hence Rosh Ha-Shanah is also termed yom teru ah, ‘day of blowing the shofar’ teshuvah [Hebrew] Repentance A ba al teshuvah is a person who repents of not observing a mitsvah Nowadays the term often designates a formerly non-religious Jew who has adopted traditional Judaism tevilah [Hebrew] Immersion in a mikveh or in running water tikkun [Hebrew tiqqun, ‘reparation’, ‘regulation’] Night vigil observed on various occasions, particularly but not exclusively among kabbalists tikkun olam [Hebrew tiqqun olam, ‘setting the world to rights’] In Lurianic Kabbalah, the process of repairing the cosmos; nowadays the term is given a variety of non-kabbalistic interpretations Torah [Hebrew, ‘instruction’] The Five Books of Moses, or by extension the whole sacred scripture The whole religious teaching of Judaism Tsaddik [Hebrew saddiq, ‘righteous’] An exceptionally righteous person In Hasidism, a charismatic teacher and spiritual leader See rebbe tsedakah [Hebrew s.edaqah, ‘righteousness’] Charity, almsgiving tseniut [Hebrew s.eni ut, ‘modesty’] Scrupulously seemly behaviour and dress, especially as required in traditional Judaism from women tsitsit [Hebrew s.is.it] tassel or fringe, as on the tallit, worn as a reminder of the commands of the Torah A fringed garment, generally worn under the clothes, also known as tallit katan (t allit qatan) Glossary viddui [Hebrew] Confession of sins, pronounced on Yom Kippur or on one’s deathbed yahrzeit or yortsait [Yiddish] Among Ashkenazim, anniversary of a death yamim noraim [Hebrew, ‘awesome days’] The ten penitential days at the beginning of the year, from Rosh Ha-Shanah to Yom Kippur yeridah [Hebrew, ‘descent’] In Zionist usage, emigration from Israel One who ‘descends’ is termed a yored Cf aliyah, oleh yeshivah [Hebrew, ‘sitting’] A traditional Talmudic academy yetser [Hebrew yes·er, impulse’] Human inclination, as used in the two contrasting terms yetser ha-ra (yes·er ha-ra ), impulse to evil, and yetser hatov (yes·er ha-tov), impulse to good yibbum [Hebrew] Levirate marriage Yigdal [Hebrew, ‘May [God] be magnified’] Hymn, based on Maimonides’ Thirteen Principles, sung at the end of Sabbath and festival evening services yihud [Hebrew yih·ud, ‘unity’] Declaration of God’s unity Seclusion of a man and a woman together, forbidden if they are not husband and wife, and required of the bride and bridegroom on the occasion of marriage Yom Kippur [Hebrew] Day of Atonement, the solemn autumn fast day Zemirot [Hebrew, pl of zemirah] Table songs that enliven the Sabbath meals Further Reading REFERENCE Encyclopaedia Judaica ( vols) Jerusalem, – Abramson, Glenda, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Jewish Culture: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present Oxford, Bacon, Josephine, The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization London, Barnavi, Eli, et al., eds., A Historical Atlas of the Jewish People: From the Time of the Patriarchs to the Present London, de Lange, Nicholas, Atlas of the Jewish World Oxford/New York, Friesel, Evyatar Atlas of Modern Jewish History New York/Oxford, Jacobs, Louis The Jewish Religion A Companion Oxford, Werblowsky, R J Zwi, and Geoffrey Wigoder, eds., The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion New York/Oxford, C H A P T E R T H E J E W S I N T H E WO R L D Bach, Hans I., The German Jew: A Synthesis of Judaism and Western Civilization, – Oxford, Bauer, Yehuda, Out of the Ashes: The Impact of American Jews on Post-Holocaust European Jewry Oxford, Gerber, Jane S., The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience New York/London, Glazer, Nathan, American Judaism nd edn Chicago, Heilman, Samuel C., Portrait of American Jews: The Last Half of the th Century Seattle, Hoffman, Charles, Gray Dawn: The Jews of Eastern Europe in the Post-Communist Era New York, Karp, Abraham J., Haven and Home: A History of the Jews in America New York, Laskier, Michael M., North African Jewry in the Twentieth Century: the Jews of Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria New York, Litvinoff, Barnett, A Peculiar People: Inside the Jewish World Today London, Lucas, Noah, The Modern History of Israel London/New York, Marcus, Jacob Rader, The Jew in the American World: A Source Book Detroit, Pinkus, Benjamin, The Jews of the Soviet Union: The History of a National Minority Cambridge, Further reading Ro’i, Yaacov, ed., Jews and Jewish life in Russia and the Soviet Union Ilford, Sachar, Howard M., A History of the Jews in America New York, A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time nd edn New York, Sarna, Jonathan, The American Jewish Experience New York, Schnapper, Dominique, Jewish Identities in France An Analysis of Contemporary French Jewry, tr Arthur Goldhammer Chicago/London, Wasserstein, Bernard, Vanishing Diaspora: the Jews in Europe since London, Wigoder, Geoffrey, Jewish-Christian Relations since the Second World War Manchester, Woocher, Jonathan S., Sacred Survival: the Civil Religion of American Jews Bloomington, IN, C H A P T E R T H E J E W I S H P E O P L E A N D I T S PA S T Avineri, Shlomo, The Makings of Modern Zionism: The Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State London, Bauer, Yehuda, The Holocaust in Historical Perspective Seattle, Bauman, Zygmunt, Modernity and the Holocaust Ithaca, NY, Beller, Steven, Herzl London, Ben-Yehuda, Nachman, The Masada Myth: Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel Madison, Wisconsin, Biale, David, Power and Powerlessness in Jewish History New York, Birnbaum, Pierre, and Ira Katznelson, eds., Paths of Emancipation: Jews, States, and Citizenship Princeton, NJ, Cohen, Mark R., Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages Princeton, NJ/Chichester, Forster, Brenda, and Joseph Tabachnik, Jews by Choice: a Study of Converts to Reform and Conservative Judaism Hoboken, NJ, Frankel, Jonathan, Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism and the Russian Jews, – Cambridge, Frankel, Jonathan, and Steven J Zipperstein, eds., Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe Cambridge, Friedlander, Saul, Memory, History, and the Extermination of the Jews of Europe Bloomington, IN, Gilbert, Martin, The Holocaust A History of the Jews of Europe during the Second World War New York, Haberer, Erich, Jews and Revolution in Nineteenth-Century Russia Cambridge, Halpern, Ben, The Idea of the Jewish State nd edn Cambridge, MA, Hertzberg, Arthur, The Zionist Idea, Westport, CT, Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews Rev edn, vols New York, Katz, Jacob, Tradition and Crisis; Jewish Society at the End of the Middle Ages New York, Further reading Out of the Ghetto: the Social Background of Jewish Emancipation, – Cambridge, Kochan, Lionel, The Jew and his History London, Jews, Idols and Messiahs: The Challenge from History Oxford, Kochan, Lionel, ed., The Jews in Soviet Russia since rd edn, London, de Lange, Nicholas ed., The Illustrated History of the Jewish People Toronto/New York/London Laqueur, Walter, A History of Zionism London, Lipstadt, Deborah, Denying the Holocaust: the Growing Assault on Truth and Memory New York, Mendes-Flohr, P R., and J Reinharz, The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History New York/Oxford, nd edn Myers, David N., Re-Inventing the Jewish Past: European Jewish Intellectuals and the Zionist Return to History Oxford/New York, Novak, David, The Election of Israel: the Idea of the Chosen People Cambridge, Ravitzky, Aviezer, Messianism, Zionism and Jewish Religious Radicalism Chicago, Reinharz, Jehuda, ed., Living with Antisemitism: Modern Jewish Responses Hanover, NH, Reinharz, Jehuda, and Walter Schatzberg, eds., The Jewish Response to German Culture: from the Enlightenment to the Second World War Hanover, Reinharz, Jehuda, and Anitas Shapira, eds., Essential Papers on Zionism London, Schorsch, Ismar, Jewish Reactions to German Anti-Semitism, – New York, From Text to Context: The Turn to History in Modern Judaism Hanover, NB, Schwarzfuchs, Simon, Napoleon, the Jews and the Sanhedrin London, Sorkin, David, The Transformation of German Jewry, – New York/ Oxford, Talmon, J L., Israel among the Nations London, Tobias, Henry J., The Jewish Bund in Russia, from its Origins to Stanford, CA, Vital, David, The Origins of Zionism Oxford, Yahil, Leni, Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, – New York, Young, James, The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning New Haven, CT, Zerubavel, Yael, Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition Chicago, Zweig, Stefan, The World of Yesterday New York/London, CHAPTER JEWISH BOOKS Appel, Gersion, The Concise code of Jewish Law: Compiled from Kitzur Shulhan Aruch and Traditional Sources: A New Translation with Introduction and Halachic Annotations Based on Contemporary Responsa New York, – Further reading The Authorised Daily Prayer Book of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth, based on the original translation of S Singer rd rev edn Cambridge/London, Blumenthal, David, Understanding Jewish Mysticism: A Source Reader vols New York, – Cohen, Boaz, The Shulhan Aruk as a Guide for Religious Practice Today New York, Donin, Hayim Halevy, To Be a Jew: a Guide to Jewish Observance in Contemporary Life: Selected and Compiled from the Shulhan Arukh and Responsa Literature, and Providing a Rationale for the Laws and the Traditions New York, Finkelman, Shimon, The Chazon Ish: The Life and Ideals of Rabbi Yeshayah Karelitz New York, Fishbane, Simcha, The Method and Meaning of the Mishnah Berurah Hoboken, NJ, Forms of Prayer for Jewish Worship, Edited by the Assembly of Rabbis of the Reform Synagogues of Great Britain, I Daily, Sabbath, and Occasional Prayers th edn [London], Guttmann, Julius, Philosophies of Judaism New York, Hertz, J H ed., Pentateuch and Haftorahs Hebrew Text, English Translation and Commentary vols Oxford/London, –; vol edn, London, ; nd edn, vol., London, The Holy Scriptures: the New JPS Translation Philadelphia, Kellner, Menachem, Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought, from Maimonides to Abravanel Oxford, Leaman, Oliver, Moses Maimonides London, Loewe, Raphael, Ibn Gabirol London, Maimonides, Moses, The Guide of the Perplexed, tr Shlomo Pines Chicago/ London, Scherman, Nosson, ed., Tanach: The Torah, Prophets, Writings (ArtScroll series) Brooklyn, Silman, Yochanan, Philosopher and Prophet: Judah Halevi, the Kuzari, and the Evolution of his Thought, tr Lenn F Shramm Albany, NY, Sirat, Colette, A History of Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages, tr M Reich Cambridge/Paris, Twersky, Isadore, ed., A Maimonides Reader New York, The Wisdom of the Zohar An Anthology of Texts, arranged by Fischel Lachower and Isaiah Tishby, tr David Goldstein vols Oxford, Yashar, Mosheh M., Saint and Sage: Hafetz Hayim New York, CHAPTER THE JEWISH RELIGION Borowitz, Eugene B., Liberal Judaism New York, Borowitz, Eugene B., ed., Reform Jewish Ethics and the Halakhah: An Experiment in Decision Making W Orange, NJ, Bulka, R P., ed., Dimensions of Orthodox Judaism New York, Further reading Gordis, R., Understanding Conservative Judaism New York, Grunfeld, I, ed and tr., Judaism Eternal: Selected Essays from the writings of Rabbi S R Hirsch London, Gunther Plaut, W., The Growth of Reform Judaism New York, Helmreich, W R., The World of the Yeshiva: An Intimate Portrait of Orthodox Jewry New Haven/London, Kogel and Katz, Judaism in a Secular Age: An Anthology of Secular Humanistic Thought Hoboken, NJ, Lilker, Shalom, Kibbutz Judaism: A New Tradition in the Making New Brunswick, NH, Meyer, Michael A., Response to Modernity A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism New York/Oxford, Prell, Riv-Ellen, Prayer and Community: The Havurah in American Judaism Detroit, Raphael, M L., Profiles in American Judaism: The Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist Traditions in Historical Perspective San Francisco, Rosman, Moshe, Founder of Hasidism: A Quest for the Historical Ba’al Shem Tov Berkeley, CA, Wine, Sherwin, Judaism Beyond God Hoboken, NJ, C H A P T E R T H E FA M I LY Biale, David, Eros and the Jews: From Biblical Israel to Contemporary America New York, Biale, Rachel, ed., Women and Jewish Law: The Essential Texts, their History, and their Relevance for Today New York, Cooper, John, Eat and Be Satisfied A Social History of Jewish Food London, Feldman, David M., Marital Relations, Birth Control, and Abortion in Jewish Law New York, Heschel, A J., The Sabbath: Its Meaning for Modern Man New York, Jacobs, Louis, Religion and the Individual A Jewish Perspective Cambridge, Kaufman, Michael, Love, Marriage, and Family in Jewish Law and Tradition Northvale, NJ, Klein, Isaac, A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice New York, Lamm, Maurice, The Jewish Way in Death and Mourning New York, Magonet, Jonathan, ed., Jewish Explorations of Sexuality Providence, RI/Oxford, Maybaum, Ignaz, The Jewish Home London, [] Rabinowicz, H., A Guide to Life London, Roden, Claudia, The Book of Jewish Food: An Odyssey from Samarkand and Vilna to the Present Day London, Talmon, Y., Family and Community in the Kibbutz Cambridge, MA, Weidman Schneider, Susan, Jewish and Female: Choices and Changes in Our Lives Today New York, Further reading CHAPTER THE COMMUNITY Black, Naomi, ed., Celebration: The Book of Jewish Festivals London, de Breffny, Brian, The Synagogue New York, Donin, Hayim Halevy, To Pray as a Jew: Guide to the Prayer Book and the Synagogue New York, Elbogen, Ismar, Jewish Liturgy, tr Raymond P Scheindlin Philadelphia etc., Heilman, S C., Synagogue Life: Study in Symbolic Interaction Chicago, Jacobs, Louis, Hasidic Prayer London, Meek, Harold A., The Synagogue London, Millgram, Abraham, Jewish Worship Philadelphia, Petuchowsky, Jakob J., Theology and Poetry London, Schwarzfuchs, Simon, A Concise History of the Rabbinate Oxford/Cambridge, MA, Weinberger, Leon J., Jewish Hymnography A Literary History London/Portland, OR, Wertheimer, J., ed., The American Synagogue: A Sanctuary Transformed Cambridge, CHAPTER GOD AND THE JEWISH PEOPLE Altmann, Alexander, Moses Mendelssohn: a Biographical Study London, Baeck, Leo, The Essence of Judaism, tr V Grubwieser and L Pearl London, Borowitz, Eugene B., A New Jewish Theology in the Making Philadelphia, Buber, Martin, I and Thou, tr W Kaufmann rd edn Edinburgh, Cohen, Arthur A., The Natural and Supernatural Jew London, Cohen, Hermann, Religion of Reason Out of the Sources of Judaism, translated by Simon Kaplan New York, Eisenstein, Ira, ed., Varieties of Jewish Belief New York, Frank, Daniel H., and Oliver Leaman, eds., History of Jewish Philosophy London, Heschel, A J., God in Search of Man: Philosophy of Judaism London, Jacobs, Louis, A Jewish Theology London/New York, Rosenzweig, Franz, The Star of Redemption, tr by William W Hallo London/New York, Sorkin, David, Moses Mendelssohn and the Religious Enlightenment London, Steinberg, Milton, Anatomy of Faith, ed A A Cohen New York, Wolf, Arnold J., ed., Rediscovering Judaism Reflections on a New Jewish Theology Chicago, CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Fackenheim, E., To Mend the World: Foundations of Post-Holocaust Jewish Thought nd edn Bloomington, IN/Indianapolis, IN, Further reading Frankel, Jonathan, ed., Jews and Messianism in the Modern Era: Metaphor and Meaning New York, Freehof, Solomon B., Current Reform Responsa Cinncinati, OH, Modern Reform Responsa Cinncinati, OH, Reform Responsa and Recent Reform Responsa New York, Jacobs, Louis, Faith London, Leibowitz, Yeshayahu, Judaism, Human Values and the Jewish State, ed E Goldman Cambridge, MA, Scholem, Gershom, Sabbatai Sevi, The Mystical Messiah, tr R J Zwi Werblowsky Princeton, NJ/London, Soloveitchik, J B., Halakhic Man, tr Lawrence Kaplan Philadelphia, The Halakhic Mind: an Essay on Jewish Tradition and Modern Thought New York, The Lonely Man of Faith New York, Vermes, Pamela, Buber on God and the Perfect Man London, C H A P T E R J U DA I S M A N D T H E F U T U R E Borowitz, Eugene B., Exploring Jewish Ethics: Papers on Covenant Responsibility Detroit, Renewing the Covenant: a Theology for the Postmodern Jew Philadelphia, Boyarin, Daniel, Unheroic Conduct: the Rise of Heterosexuality and the Invention of the Jewish Man Berkeley, CA, Cohen, Richard, Elevations: the Height of the Good in Rosenzweig and Levinas Chicago, Gibbs, Robert, Correlations in Rosenzweig and Levinas Princeton, NJ, Goldberg, Michael, Why Should Jews Survive?: Looking Past the Holocaust Toward a Jewish Future New York/Oxford, Hand, Seán, ed., The Levinas Reader Oxford, Jacobs, Louis, A Tree of Life: Diversity, Flexibility, and Creativity in Jewish Law Oxford, Marmur, Dow, Beyond Survival: Reflections on the Future of Judaism London, Novak, David, Jewish-Christian Dialogue: a Jewish Justification New York, Jewish Social Ethics New York/Oxford, Plaskow, Judith, Standing again at Sinai: Judaism from a Feminist Perspective San Francisco, Sacks, Jonathan, ed., Orthodoxy Confronts Modernity Hoboken, NJ/London, One People?: Tradition, Modernity, and Jewish Unity London, Webber, Jonathan, ed., Jewish Identities in the New Europe London/Washington, Wyschogrod, Edith, Saints and Postmodernism: Revisioning Moral Philosophy Chicago/London, Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations akedah , , Agudah, Agudas Yisroel , , agunah Ahad Ha‘am –, Albo, Joseph , Alkalai, Judah Aleynu –, –, , , Amidah , , –, , , , Aramaic language , , , , , Aristotelianism –, , Ark –, , Ashkenazim , , –, , , , –, , atheism –, –, , , Baal Shem Tov Baalei teshuvah Balfour Declaration – Bar Mitsvah, Bat Mitsvah , – bathing , , Benamozegh, Elia Bible –, , , –, , Baeck, Leo – Berkovits, Eliezer Birnbaum, Nathan birth control Bi’ur blessings –, – Borowitz, Eugene B Brandeis, Louis Buber, Martin , –, –, Bund , burial , – calendar – Caro, Joseph , cemeteries – charity , –, childbirth – circumcision – Cohen, Hermann –, , , –, Cohon, Samuel Coming Age , , – Columbus Platform confirmation – Conservative Judaism , –, , , , , creation , – Crescas, Hasdai , cremation daily prayers death –, – Diaspora , , divorce Dubnow, Simon , ecology , – education , – emancipation –, –, –, , , English language , , , – En Sof , –, Esther, Scroll of exile –, Exodus Fackenheim, Emil , feminism –, , festivals , , , –, Formstecher, Salomon Frankel, Zecharias , , Geiger, Abraham , –, Gemara –, Gersonides Ginsberg, Asher, see Ahad Haam Goldmann, Nahum , Gordon, Aaron David , Index Hafets Hayyim Haggadah halakhah , –, , –, , – hallel , , Hanukkah –, Hanukkat Ha-Bayit Haredim – Hasidism , , , , –, , , , , , , , –, – Haskalah , –, havdalah Havurot , , Hazon Ish head-covering , , , Hebrew language –, , , , , –, , , Hertz, Joseph H Herzl, Theodor –, –, Hess, Moses Heschel, Abraham J , , –, – Hirsch, Emil G Hirsch, Samson Raphael , –, , Hirsch, Samuel , Holdheim, Samuel – homosexuals , , –, Hovevei Zion – Humanistic Judaism , – Ibn Daud, Abraham Ibn Ezra, Abraham , Ibn Ezra, Moses Ibn Gabirol, Solomon , –, , Ibn Pakuda, Bahya – Israel, Judaism in –, –, –, –, – Isserles, Moses Jacob ben Asher Judah Hallevi , kabbalah , , –, , , , –, , –, – Kaddish , , , , , , , kalam , Kalischer, Zvi Hirsch Kallen, Horace Kaplan, Mordecai , , – Karaites , , , , , kashrut – kavvanah kibbutz , – Kimhi, David kneeling knowledge of God –, Kohler, Kaufmann , Kook, Abraham Isaac Lag Ba-Omer Lazarus, Moritz Leibowitz, Yeshayahu – Leoni, Meyer Levinas, Emmanuel Levirate marriage Lewandowski, Louis Liberal Judaism , , , , , , liturgical reform Luria, Isaac , , , , , – Luxemburg, Rosa Luzzatto, Moses Hayyim Luzzatto, Samuel David Mahzikei Ha-Das Maimonides, Moses , , , , –, , , , –, –, mamzer marriage –, –, –, , martyrdom , Masoretes , , – Masorti, see Conservative Judaism Maybaum, Ignaz , , , –, Mendelssohn, Moses , , , –, , , Messiah , , , – mezuzah , , Midrash , – mikveh , minyan Mishnah –, Mocatta, David mourning Musar , music , mysticism, see kabbalah Nahmanides , Naumbourg, Samuel negative theology , , Neoplatonism , , , new moon , New Year , –, niddah Ninth of Av , omer Orthodox Judaism , –, –, –, , –, , , – Oz, Amos – Pale of Settlement , Passover , –, , –, Pentecost , Philo , , Index philosophy –, –, – phylacteries, see tefillin pilgrimage Pinsker, Leon , Pittsburgh Platform , , pluralism , , , , -– postmodernism , – prayer – prayer book –, priests –, proselytes –, , , –, Purim , , rabbis –, , Rashi , , Reconstructionism –, , , , redemption –, – redemption of the firstborn – Reform Judaism –, , , –, , , , , , in USA , , –, , , see also Liberal Judaism reincarnation – repentance resurrection , , revelation , –, See also Sinai Rosenzweig, Franz , , –, Rossi, Salomone Saadya Gaon , , Sabbath –, –, –, Sacks, Jonathan Salanter, Israel Schechter, Solomon , Scholem, Gershom Schneerson, Menahem Mendel secular Jews , , , –, – Sefirot , –, , , – Sephardim , , , –, , , , , , , , , – sexual relations –, Shabbetai Tsvi – Shehita – Shekhinah –, , , – Shma , , –, –, , Shneur Zalman of Lyady , shofar , Shulhan Arukh –, Simhat Torah – Sinai, revelation at , , , , , –, , , , Singer, Simeon Sirota, Gershon Society for Ethical Culture Soloveitchik, J B soul – Spinoza, Baruch , Steinberg, Milton – Steinheim, Ludwig suffering , , – Sulzer, Salomon synagogue –, –, , – Tabernacles , tallit –, , , Talmud –, , –, – tanakh Targum , tefillin , , , , , , terefah – theology –, – tikkun, tikkun olam , – Tikkun Sofrim Torah scroll , , , , Torah study Tosafists unity of God , , , , – USA, Judaism in –, – Vilna Gaon , washing ; see also bathing Wise, Isaac Mayer , , World Jewish Congress World Zionist Organisation yeshivah –, –, Yiddish –, , Yigdal – Yom Kippur –, , , –, Zionism –, –, , , , –, –, Zohar –, , –, REVELATION ... careful to try to justice to the different strands, roughly in proportion to their numerical importance If I have been less than fair to secular Judaism that is because it does not yet seem to be... bibliography and index, and can be used for reference, to check details and dates, as well as read consecutively or dipped into at leisure This is a stimulating and comprehensive introduction to a major... identity and by some of the irreconcilable differences which exist within Judaism as well as between Judaism and other cultures An Introduction to Judaism contains illustrative tables and maps,