Introduction to Health Safety And At Work This publication is endorsed by NEBOSH as offering high quality support for the delivery of NEBOSH qualifications NEBOSH endorsement does not imply that this publication is essential to achieve a NEBOSH qualification, nor does it mean that this is the only suitable publication available to support NEBOSH qualifications No endorsed material will be used verbatim in setting any NEBOSH examination and all responsibility for the content remains with the publisher Copies of official specifications for all NEBOSH Â�qualifications may be found on the NEBOSH website – www.nebosh.org.uk Fifth Edition Introduction to Health Safety And At Work The Handbook for the NEBOSH National General Certificate Phil Hughes MBE, MSc, CFIOSH Chairman NEBOSH 1995–2001 President of IOSH 1990–1991 Ed Ferrett PhD, BSc (Hons Eng), CEng, MIMechE, MIET, CMIOSH Vice Chairman NEBOSH 1999–2008 AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA First edition 2003 Reprinted 2003 (twice) Second edition 2005 Reprinted 2006 Third edition 2007 Fourth edition 2009 Reprinted 2010 Fifth edition 2011 Copyright © 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2011 Phil Hughes and Ed Ferrett Published by Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved The right of Phil Hughes and Ed Ferrett to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is availabe from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-08-097070-7 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our web site at books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in Italy 11╇ 12╇ 13╇ 14╇ 15â•… 10╇ 9╇ 8╇ 7╇ 6╇ 5╇ 4╇ 3╇ 2╇ Contents PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABOUT THE AUTHORS HOW TO USE THIS BOOK AND WHAT IT COVERS LIST OF PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS HEALTH AND SAFETY FOUNDATIONS 1.1 The scope and nature of occupational health and safety 1.2 Moral, legal and financial reasons for promoting good standards of health and safety 1.3 The legal framework for the regulation of health and safety including sources and types of law 1.4 The scope, duties and offences of employers, managers, employees and others under the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 1.5 The scope, duties and offences of employers, managers, employees and others under the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1.6 The legal and organizational health and safety roles and responsibilities of clients and their contractors 1.7 Further information 1.8 Practice NEBOSH questions Appendix 1.1╇ Checklist for supply chain health and safety management Appendix 1.2╇ Summary of application and notification under CDM 2007 Appendix 1.3╇ Pre-construction information Appendix 1.4╇ Construction phase plan xi xiii xv xvii xix 21 26 27 33 33 36 37 38 39 HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS – POLICY 2.1 Key elements of a health and safety management system 2.2 Purpose and importance of setting a policy for health and safety 2.3 Key features and appropriate content of an effective health and safety policy 2.4 Further information 2.5 Practice NEBOSH questions Appendix 2.1╇ Health and safety policy checklist 41 42 48 49 52 53 55 HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS – ORGANIZING 3.1 Organizational health and safety roles and responsibilities of employers, directors and managers 3.2 Concept of health and safety culture and its significance in the management of health and safety in an organization 3.3 Human factors which influence behaviour at work 3.4 How health and safety behaviour at work can be improved 3.5 Emergency procedures and arrangement for contacting the emergency services 3.6 Requirements for, and effective provision of, first aid in the workplace 3.7 Further information 3.8 Practice NEBOSH questions Appendix 3.1╇ Detailed health and safety responsibilities Appendix 3.2╇ List of typical legislation requiring health and safety training 57 58 HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS – PLANNING 4.1 Importance of planning 4.2 Principles and practice of risk assessment 4.3 General principles of control and hierarchy of risk reduction measures 4.4 Sources of health and safety information 4.5 Safe systems of work 4.6 Permits to work 63 65 71 81 83 86 86 90 92 93 94 100 108 115 116 119 vi Contents 4.7 Further information 4.8 Practice NEBOSH questions Appendix 4.1╇ Hazard checklist Appendix 4.2╇ Example of a risk assessment record Appendix 4.3╇ Risk assessment example 2: Hairdressing salon Appendix 4.4╇ Risk assessment example 3: Office cleaning Appendix 4.5╇ Job safety analysis form Appendix 4.6╇ Essential elements of a permit-to-work form Appendix 4.7╇ Asbestos examples of safe systems of work 123 123 126 127 128 130 133 134 135 HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS – MEASURING, AUDIT AND REVIEW 5.1 Active and reactive monitoring 5.2 Health and safety auditing 5.3 Investigating incidents 5.4 Recording and reporting incidents 5.5 Review of health and safety performance 5.6 Further information 5.7 Practice NEBOSH questions Appendix 5.1╇ Workplace inspection exercises Appendix 5.2╇ Specimen workplace inspection report form Appendix 5.3╇ Workplace inspection checklist Appendix 5.4╇Page of Accident/incident report form – see full form at: www.elsevierdirect.com/companions/9780080970707 Appendix 5.5╇ Information for insurance/compensation claims 139 140 149 150 157 162 164 165 168 170 171 WORKPLACE HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL 6.1 Health, welfare and work environment requirements 6.2 Violence at work 6.3 Substance misuse at work 6.4 Safe movement of people in the workplace 6.5 Working at height 6.6 Excavations 6.7 Further information 6.8 Practice NEBOSH questions Appendix 6.1╇ Checklist of typical scaffolding faults Appendix 6.2╇ Inspection recording form with timing and frequency chart 177 178 182 185 187 192 203 205 205 208 209 TRANSPORT HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL 7.1 Safe movement of vehicles in the workplace 7.2 Driving at work 7.3 Further information 7.4 Practice NEBOSH questions 213 214 219 223 223 MUSCULOSKELETAL HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL 8.1 Work-related upper limb disorders 8.2 Manual handling hazards, risks and control measures 8.3 Manually operated load handling equipment 8.4 Mechanically operated load handling equipment 8.5 Further information 8.6 Practice NEBOSH questions Appendix 8.1╇ Workstation self-assessment checklist Appendix 8.2╇ Manual handling of loads: assessment checklist Appendix 8.3╇ A typical risk assessment for the use of lifting equipment Appendix 8.4╇ Examples of manually operated load handling equipment 225 226 230 234 236 243 244 247 250 253 254 WORK EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL 9.1 General requirements for work equipment 9.2 Hand-held tools 9.3 Machinery hazards 255 256 263 269 174 175 Contents 9.4 C ontrol measures – practical safeguards 9.5 Further Information 9.6 Practice NEBOSH questions 272 284 285 10 ELECTRICAL SAFETY 10.1 Hazards and risks associated with the use of electricity at work 10.2 Control measures 10.3 Further information 10.4 Practice NEBOSH questions 287 288 295 304 305 11 FIRE SAFETY 11.1 Principles of fire initiation, classification, spread and legal requirements 11.2 Fire risk assessment 11.3 Principles of fire prevention and prevention of fire spread 11.4 Fire alarm and fire fighting equipment 11.5 Evacuation of a workplace 11.6 Further information 11.7 Practice NEBOSH questions Appendix 11.1╇Fire risk assessment checklist (as recomÂ�mended in Fire Safety Guides published by the Department for Communities and Local Government in 2006) Appendix 11.2╇Example form for recording significant findings (as published in 2006 by the Department for Communities and Local Government in their Fire Safety Guides) Appendix 11.3╇ Typical fire notice Appendix 11.4╇ Example fire safety maintenance checklist 307 308 317 321 329 333 339 340 12 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL 12.1 Forms of, classification of, and health risks from hazardous substances 12.2 Assessment of health risks 12.3 Workplace exposure limits 12.4 Control measures 12.5 Specific agents 12.6 Safe handling and storage of waste 12.7 Further information 12.8 Practice NEBOSH questions Appendix 12.1╇ EU Existing Risk Phrases Appendix 12.2╇ EU Existing Safety Phrases Appendix 12.3╇ GHS Hazard (H) Statements (Health only) Appendix 12.4╇Hazardous properties of waste (as listed in the Hazardous Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2005) Appendix 12.5╇ A typical COSHH assessment form 349 350 354 361 363 371 379 381 382 386 387 389 13 PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL 13.1 Noise 13.2 Vibration 13.3 Radiation 13.4 Stress 13.5 Further information 13.6 Practice NEBOSH questions Appendix 13.1╇ Example of a noise assessment record form 393 394 400 404 409 410 411 413 14 CONSTRUCTION, ENVIRONMENTAL AND INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Construction activities 14.3 Environmental considerations 14.4 International issues 14.5 Further information Appendix 14.1╇ Summary of application and notification under CDM 2007 Appendix 14.2╇ Scaffolds and ladders Appendix 14.3╇ International travel tips Appendix 14.4╇ Emergency numbers in some countries world-wide 415 416 416 430 436 443 444 445 445 447 342 344 345 346 390 392 vii viii Contents 15 SUMMARY OF THE MAIN LEGAL REQUIREMENTS 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The legal framework 15.3 List of Acts, orders and regulations summarized 15.4 HSW Act 1974 15.5 Environmental protection Act 1990 15.6 Control of artificial radiation at work regulations 2010 15.7 Chemicals (Hazard information and packaging for supply) regulations 2009 (CHIP 4) 15.8 Confined spaces regulations 1997 15.9 Construction (Design and management) (CDM) regulations 2007 15.10 Construction (Head protection) regulations 1989 15.11 Health and safety (Consultation with employees) regulations 1996 15.12 Control of substances hazardous to health regulations (COSHH) 2002 and 2004 amendment 15.13 Dangerous substances and explosive atmospheres regulations (DSEAR) 2002 15.14 Health and safety (Display screen equipment) regulations 1992 15.15 Electricity at work regulations 1989 15.16 Employers’ liability (Compulsory insurance) Act 1969 and regulations 1998 amended in 2002, 2004 and 2008 15.17 Regulatory reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 15.18 Health and safety (First Aid) regulations 1981 as amended in 2002 15.19 Health and safety (Information for Employees) regulations 1989 15.20 Hazardous waste (England and Wales) regulations 2005 15.21 Ionising radiation regulations 1999 15.22 Lifting operations and lifting equipment regulations (LOLER) 1998 as amended in 2002 15.23 Management of health and safety at work regulations 1999 as amended in 2003 and 2006 15.24 Manual handling operations regulations (MHO) 1992 as amended in 2002 15.25 Notification of conventional tower cranes regulations 2010 15.26 Control of noise at work regulations 2005 15.27 Personal protective equipment at work regulations 1992 as amended in 2002 15.28 Provision and use of work equipment regulations 1998 (except Part IV) as amended in 2002 15.29 The reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations 1995 15.30 Safety representatives and safety committees regulations 1977 15.31 Health and safety (Safety Signs and Signals) regulations 1996 15.32 The supply of machinery (Safety) regulations 2008 15.33 Control of vibration at work regulations 2005 15.34 Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) regulations 1992 as amended in 2002 15.35 Work at height regulations 2005 as amended in 2007 15.36 Other relevant legislation in brief 15.37 Common Sense, Common Safety: Lord Young’s Report October 2010 451 453 453 456 458 462 472 473 480 482 494 494 496 499 501 503 16 STUDY SKILLS 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Find a place to study 16.3 Planning for study 16.4 Blocked thinking 16.5 Taking notes 16.6 Reading for study 16.7 Free learning resources from the Open University 16.8 Organizing for revision 16.9 Organizing information 16.10 How does memory work? 16.11 How to deal with exams 16.12 The examiners’ reports 16.13 The written examinations 16.14 NGC3 – the practical application 16.15 Conclusion 16.16 Further information 565 566 566 566 567 567 567 567 568 568 569 570 571 572 572 573 573 506 507 515 516 516 517 518 521 524 527 528 532 533 538 540 541 543 545 547 549 553 560 Contents 17 SPECIMEN ANSWERS TO NEBOSH EXAMINATIONS 17.1 Introduction 17.2 The written examinations 17.3 NGC3 – the practical application Appendix 17.1╇ Specimen candidate report Appendix 17.2╇ The practical assessment 575 576 576 581 585 587 18 SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND GUIDANCE 18.1 Introduction 18.2 How to search the Internet effectively 18.3 For-a-fee searches 18.4 Don’t forget the phone book 18.5 Privacy issues 18.6 Some useful web sites 593 594 594 596 596 596 596 INDEX 599â•… ix 162 5.5 Review of Health and Safety Performance The overriding message is that to comply with the protocols quick action is necessary It is also vitally important that records are accurately kept and accessible Lord Woolf made it clear in his instructions to the judiciary that there should be very little leeway given to claimants and defendants who did not comply What has been the effect of these reforms on day to day activity? At the present time there has been a dramatic drop in the number of cases moving to litigation Whilst this was the primary objective of the reforms, the actual drop is far more significant than anyone anticipated In large part this may simply be due to general unfamiliarity with the new rules and we can expect an increase in litigation as time goes by However, some of the positive effects have been: â•… n t he elimination of speculative actions due to the requirement to fully outline the claimant’s case in the letter of claim; n earlier and more comprehensive details of the claim allowing a more focused investigation and response; n ‘Part 36 offers’ (payments into court) seeming to be having greater effect in deterring claimants from pursuing litigation; â•…n overall faster settlement The negative effects have principally arisen from failure to comply with the timescales, particularly relating to the gathering of evidence and records and having no time therefore to construct a proper defence Whilst it is still too early to make a full assessment of the impact of Woolf there are reasons to be cautiously optimistic Appendix 5.4 provides a checklist of headings, which may assist in the collection of information It is not expected that all accidents and incidents will be investigated in depth and a dossier with full information prepared Judgement has to be applied as to which incidents might give rise to a claim and when a full record of information is required All accident/incident report forms should include the names of all witnesses as a minimum Where the injury is likely to give rise to lost time, a photograph(s) of the situation should be taken 5.4.4 Lessons learnt from an incident After a thorough investigation there should be an action plan for the implementation of additional risk control measures The action plan should have SMART objectives, i.e Specific, Measurable, Agreed, and Realistic, with Timescales See Chapter for objective settings A good knowledge of the organization and the way it carries out its work is essential to know where improvements are needed Management, safety professionals, employees and their representatives should all contribute to a constructive discussion on what should be in the action plan in order to make the proposals SMART, Not every recommendation for further risk controls will be implemented, but the ones accorded the highest priority should be implemented immediately Organizations need to ask ‘What is essential to securing the health and safety of the workforce today? What cannot be left until another day? How high is the risk to employees if this risk control measure is not implemented immediately?’ Despite financial constraints, failing to put in place measures to control serious and imminent risks is totally unacceptable – either reduce the risks to an acceptable level, or stop the work Each risk control measure should be assigned a priority, and a timescale with a designated Â�person to carry out the recommendation It is crucial that the action plan as a whole is properly monitored with a specific person, preferably a director, partner or senior manager, made responsible for its implementation Progress on the action plan should be regularly monitored and significant departures should be explained and risk control measure rescheduled, if necessary There should be regular consultation with employees and their representatives to keep them fully informed of progress with implementation of the action plan Relevant safety instructions, safe working procedures and risk assessments should be reviewed after an incident It is important to ask what the findings of the investigation indicate about risk assessments and procedures in general, to see if they really are suitable and sufficient It is also useful to estimate the cost of incidents to fully appreciate the true cost of accidents and ill health to the organization To find out more about the costs of accidents and incidents visit HSE’s website cost calculator at: www.hse.gov.uk/costs 5.5 Review of Health and Safety Performance 5.5.1 Purpose of reviewing performance When performance is reviewed, judgements are made about its adequacy and decisions are taken about how and when to rectify problems The feedback loop is needed by organizations so that they can see whether the health and safety management system is working as intended This feedback on both successes and failures is an essential element to keep employees at all levels motivated to improve health and safety performance Many successful organizations encourage positive reviews and concentrate on those indicators that demonstrate risk control improvements The information for review of performance comes from audits of RCSs (Risk Control Systems) and workplace precautions, and from the measurement of activities There may be other influences, both internal and external, such as re-organization, new legislation or changes in current good practice These may result in the necessity to redesign or change parts of the health and safety management system or to alter its direction or objectives CHAPTER Health and safety management systems – Measuring, audit and review SMART performance standards need to be established which will identify the systems requiring change, responsibilities, and completion dates It is essential to feed back the information about success and failure so that employees are motivated to maintain and improve performance In a review, the following areas will need to be examined: â•… n t he operation and maintenance of the existing system; n how the safety management system is designed, developed and installed to accommodate changing circumstances 5.5.2 People involved and planned intervals Reviewing is a continuous process It should be undertaken at different levels within the organization Responses will be needed as follows: â•… n b y first-line supervisors or other managers to remedy failures to implement workplace precautions which they observe in the course of routine activities; n to remedy sub-standard performance identified by active and reactive monitoring; n to the assessment of plans at individual, departmental, site, group or organizational level; â•…n to the results of audits Senior managers, departmental managers and health and safety professionals will be involved in many reviews where these are relevant to their responsibilities Review plans may include: â•… n m onthly reviews of individuals, supervisors or sections; n three-monthly reviews of departments; n annual reviews of sites or of the organisation as a whole â•… The frequency of review at each level should be decided upon by the organization and reviewing activities should be devised which will suit the measuring and auditing activities The review will identify specific remedial actions which establish who is responsible for implementation and set deadlines for completion Reviews should always be looking for opportunities to improve performance and be prepared to recommend changes to policies and the organization to achieve the necessary change The output from reviews must be consistent with the organization’s policy, performance, resources and objectives They must be properly documented since they will be the base line from which continual improvement will be measured 5.5.3 Items to be considered in reviews Reviews will be wide ranging and may cover one specific subject or a range of subjects for an area of the organization They should aim to include: â•… n e valuation of compliance with legal and organizational requirements; n incident data, recommendations and action plans from investigations; n inspections, surveys, tours and sampling; n absences and sickness records and their analysis; n any reports on quality assurance or environmental protection; n audit results and implementation; n monitoring of data, reports and records; n communications from enforcing authorities and insurers; n any developments in legal requirements or best practice within the industry; n changed circumstances or processes; n benchmarking with other similar organizations; n complaints from neighbours, customers and the public; n effectiveness of consultation and internal communications; n whether health and safety objectives have been met; n whether actions from previous reviews have been completed 5.5.4 Role of directors and senior managers Reporting on performance The management systems must allow the board and senior managers to receive both specific (e.g incidentled) and routine reports on the performance of health and safety policy Much day-to-day health and safety information need be reported only at the time of a formal review But only a strong system of monitoring can ensure that the formal review can proceed as planned – and that relevant events in the interim are brought to the board’s attention The board should ensure that: â•… n a ppropriate weight is given to reporting both preventive information (results of active monitoring), such as progress of training and maintenance programmes, and incident data (results of reactive monitoring), such as accident and sickness absence rate; n periodic audits of the effectiveness of management structures and risk controls for health and safety are carried out; n the impact of changes such as the introduction of new procedures, work processes or products, or any major health and safety failure, is reported as soon as possible to the board; n there are procedures to implement new and changed legal requirements and to consider other external developments and events â•… Good practice involves: â•… n e ffective monitoring of sickness absence and workplace health This can alert the board to underlying 163 164 n n n n 5.6 Further information problems that could seriously damage performance or result in accidents and long-term illness the collection of workplace health and safety data This can allow the board to benchmark the organization’s performance against others in its sector appraisals of senior managers which includes an assessment of their contribution to health and safety performance boards receiving regular reports on the health and safety performance and actions of contractors winning greater support for health and safety by involving workers in monitoring Reviewing health and safety Reviewing performance should be supported at the highest level in the organization and built into the safety management system A formal boardroom review of health and safety performance is essential It allows the board to establish whether the essential health and safety Â�principles – strong and active leadership, worker involvement, and assessment and review – have been embedded in the organization It tells senior managers whether their system is effective in managing risk and protecting people Directors will need to know whether they are provided with sufficient information to make sound health and safety judgements about the organization Performance on health and safety and well-being is increasingly being recorded in organizations’ annual reports to investors and stakeholders Board members can make extra ‘shop floor’ visits to gather information for the formal review Good health and safety performance can be celebrated at central and local level both inside and outside the organization (for example at RoSPA or IOSH annual awards) The board should review health and safety performance at least once a year The review process should: â•… n e xamine whether the health and safety policy reflects the organization’s current priorities, plans and targets; n examine whether risk management and other health and safety systems have been effectively report to the board; n report health and safety shortcomings, and the effect of all relevant board and management decisions; n d ecide actions to address any weaknesses and a system to monitor their implementation; n consider immediate reviews in the light of major shortcomings or events â•… Setting up a separate risk management or health and safety committee as a subset of the board, chaired by a senior executive, can make sure the key issues are addressed and guard against time and effort being wasted on trivial risks and unnecessary bureaucracy This is referred to in Chapter in more detail The results of these reviews needs to be properly recorded and fed into action and development plans for the coming year or so This committee can ensure on-going monitoring and review of performance and provide an annual report for the formal board review 5.6 Further information Successful Health and Safety Management (HSG65), HSE Books 1997 ISBN 978 7176 1276 http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg65.htm The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 see HSE management site at: http://www.hse.gov.uk/managing/index.htm The Reporting of Injuries, Disease and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 see HSE reporting web site: http://www.hse.gov.uk/riddor/index.htm Guide to the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 L73 HSE Books 2008 ISBN 978 7176 6290 http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/l73.htm Investigating Incidents and Accidents at Work HSG245 HSE Books 2004 ISBN 978 7176 2827 http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg245.htm RIDDOR Explained (HSE 31 Rev1) HSE Books ISBN 7176 2441 2(withdrawn from publication in 2007 – go to http://www.hse.gov.uk/riddor/index.htm) OHSAS 18001:2007 Occupational health and safety management systems– Requirements ISBN 978 580 50802 http://www.bsigroup.com/en/Assessment-andcertification-services/management-systems/ Standards-and-Schemes/BSOHSAS-18001/ CHAPTER Health and safety management systems – Measuring, audit and review 5.7 165 PracticeQuestions Please note: NEBOSH no longer use the command word ‘Sketch’ in its questions However, candidates may use sketches to illustrate answers when appropriate (i) O utline ways in which an organization can monitor its health and safety performance (ii) Identify EIGHT measures that could be used by an organization in order to monitor its health and safety performance (iii) Outline the reasons why an organization should review and monitor its health and safety performance utline TWO reactive measures and TWO active O measures that can be used in monitoring an organization’s health and safety performance Identify EIGHT reactive measures that can be used to monitor an organisation’s health and safety performance n employer intends to implement a programme of A regular workplace inspections following a workplace accident (i) Outline the factors that should be considered when planning such inspections (ii) Outline FOUR additional active methods that could be used in the monitoring of health and safety performance (iii) Identify the possible costs to the organization as a result of the accident (i) Identify the main topic areas that should be included in a planned health and safety inspection of a workplace (ii) Outline factors that would determine the frequency in which health and safety inspections should be undertaken in the workplace (a) Outline the benefits of using a checklist to undertake a health and safety inspection of the workplace (b) Other than checklists, identify the main features of a health and safety inspection (c) Outline the strengths AND weaknesses of using a checklist to complete a health and safety inspection of a workplace Identify the questions that might be included on a checklist to gather information following an accident involving slips, trips and falls NEBOSH A health and safety inspection has been carried out on one of a company’s workshops The inspection has found a number of unsafe conditions and practices and some positive issues (a) In addition to the date and time of the inspection was carried out, identify other issues that should also be included in the report to enable management to make an informal decision on possible remedial action to be taken (b) Explain how the report should be structured and presented in order to make it more effective and to increase the likelihood of action being taken by management (a) Define the term ‘safety survey’ (b) Outline the issues which should be considered when a safety survey of workplace is to be undertaken utline how the following techniques may be used 10 O to improve health and safety performance within an organization (a) Safety inspections (b) Externally led health and safety audits (c) Analysis of accident statistics 11 (a) Explain the meaning of the term health and safety ‘audit’ (b) Outline the issues that need to be considered at the planning stage of the audit (c) Identify TWO methods of gathering information during an audit 12 (a) Outline key areas that may be covered within a health and safety audit (b) Identify the documents that are likely to be examined during a health and safety audit (c) Explain how the findings of a health and safety audit can be used to improve health and safety performance 13 (a) Outline the differences between health and safety ‘audits’ and ‘workplace inspections’ (b) Identify issues to be considered when compiling an action plan on completion of a workplace inspection health and safety audit of an organization 14 A has identified a general lack of compliance with procedures (i) Describe the possible reasons for procedures not being followed 166 5.7 Practice NEBOSH questions (ii) Outline the practical measures that could be taken to motivate employees to comply with health and safety procedures 15 T he results of a health and safety audit have identified weaknesses in the organization’s safety management system and in particular their permitto-work system Outline the key elements in the safety management system which would have been examined during the audit 16 Identify the THREE advantages AND THREE disadvantages of carrying out a health and safety audit of an organization’s activities by: (i) an internal auditor; (ii) an external auditor 17 (a) Give FOUR reasons why an organization should have a system for the internal reporting of accidents (b) Outline factors that may discourage employees from reporting accidents at work 18 A n employee has been seriously injured after being struck by a reversing vehicle in a loading bay (i) Give FOUR reasons why the accident should be investigated by the person’s employer (ii) Outline the information that should be included in the investigation report (iii) Outline FOUR possible immediate causes and FOUR possible underlying (root) causes of the accident 19 (i) Identify the issues that should be included in a typical workplace accident reporting procedure (ii) Outline the stages of a workplace accident investigation n organization has decided to conduct an internal 20 A investigation of an accident in which an employee was injured following the collapse of storage racking (i) Outline FOUR benefits to the organization of investigating the accident (ii) Giving reasons in EACH case, identify FOUR people who may be considered useful members of the investigation team (iii) Having defined the team, outline the factors that should be considered when planning the investigation utline the factors to be taken into account to 21 O ensure an effective witness interview following a workplace accident 22 (a) Outline, using a workplace example, the meaning of the terms: (i) near-miss; (ii) dangerous occurrence (b) Explain the purpose and benefits of collecting ‘near-miss’ incident data (c) Outline how an ‘accident ratio study’ can contribute to an understanding of accident prevention xplain the differences between the immediate and 23 E the root (underlying) causes of an accident 24 O utline the immediate and longer term actions that should be taken following a major injury accident at work n employee slipped on a patch of oil on a ware 25 A house floor and was admitted to hospital where he remained for several days The oil was found close to a stack of pallets that had been left abandoned on the designated pedestrian walkway (i) Outline the legal requirements for reporting the accident to the enforcing authority (ii) Identify the possible immediate AND root causes of the accident (iii) Outline ways in which management could demonstrate their commitment to improve health and safety standards in the workplace following the accident 26 A n employee has fallen from a ladder resulting in a broken leg (a) State reasons why this accident should be investigated by the employer (b) Outline: (i) FOUR possible immediate (direct) causes; and (ii) FOUR possible underlying (root) causes of the accident (c) Identify the various documents which may need to be checked during the investigation process, giving reasons why EACH would need to be considered n employee broke their arm when they fell down a 27 A flight of stairs at work while carrying a box of letters to the mail room: (a) Identify the requirements for reporting the accident to the enforcing authority AND; (b) Give the information that should be contained in the accident report 28 O utline the key points that should be covered in a training session for employees on the reporting of accidents/incidents ith reference to the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases 29 W and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995: (i) Identify the legal requirements for reporting a fatality resulting from an accident at work to an enforcing authority CHAPTER Health and safety management systems – Measuring, audit and review (ii) Identify who should be informed of the accident, other than the enforcing authority (iii) Outline THREE further categories of workrelated injury (other than fatal injuries) that are reportable (iv) Identify the requirements for reporting an ‘over three-day’ injury 30 W ith reference to the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995: (i) Identify FOUR types of major injury (ii) Outline the procedures for reporting a major injury to an enforcing authority 31 W ith reference to the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995: (i) Explain, using TWO examples, the meaning of the term ‘dangerous occurrence’ (ii) Identify the requirements for reporting a dangerous occurrence 167 32 (a) Identify THREE occupational diseases reportable under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (b) Outline the legal requirements for reporting an occupational disease 33 (a) Identify TWO ill-health conditions that are reportable under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995 (b) Outline reasons why employers should keep records of occupational ill-health amongst employees n employee is claiming compensation for injuries 34 A received during an accident involving a fork-lift truck Identify the documented information that the employer might draw together when preparing a possible defence against the claim 168 Appendix 5.1 Workplace inspection exercises APPENDIX 5.1:╇ Workplace inspection exercises Figures 5.9 – 5.12 shows workplaces with numerous inadequately controlled hazards They can be used to practise workplace inspections and risk assessments To see the safe versions of these scenes with the corrected faults listed, visit the book’s companion site at: www.elsevierdirect.com/companions/9780080970707 Figure 5.9╇ Office Figure 5.10╇ Road repair CHAPTER Health and safety management systems – Measuring, audit and review 169 Figure 5.11╇ Workshop Figure 5.12╇ Roof repair/unloading 170 Appendix 5.2 Specimen workplace inspection report form Appendix 5.2:╇Specimen workplace inspection report form See Appendix 5.3 for inspection check list and Appendix 4.1 for hazard checklist ╇ Name of Company/ Organization Work area covered by this inspection Activity carried out in workplace Person carrying out inspection (PLEASE PRINT) Date of Inspection ╇ Observations List hazards, unsafe practices and good practices Priority/ risk (H, M, L) Actions to be taken (if any) Timescale List all immediate and longer-term actions required Immediate week, etc CHAPTER Health and safety management systems – Measuring, audit and review 171 APPENDIX 5.3:╇ Workplace inspection checklist PREMISES Work at height Access Working environment Welfare Services Ladders/step ladders Right equipment for the job? Level base? Correct angle? Secured at top and bottom? Equipment in good condition? Regularly inspected? Working platforms/ temporary scaffolds Suitable for the task? Properly erected? Good access? Maintained and inspected? Use of mobile elevating work platforms Suitable for task? Operators properly trained? Properly maintained? Access ways Adequate for people, machinery and work in progress? Unobstructed? Properly marked? Stairs in good condition? Handrails provided? Housekeeping Tidy, clean, well organized? Flooring Even and in good condition? Non-slippery? Comfort /health Crowded? Too hot/cold? Ventilation? Humidity? Dusty? Lighting? Cleaning Slip risk controlled? Hygienic conditions? Noise Normal conversation possible? Noise assessment needed/not needed? Noise areas designated? Ergonomics Tasks require uncomfortable postures or actions? Frequent repetitive actions accompanying muscular strain? Visual display units Workstation assessments needed/not needed? Chairs adjustable/comfortable/maintained properly? Cables properly controlled? Lighting OK? No glare? Toilets/Washing Washing and toilet facilities satisfactory? Kept clean, with soap and towels? Adequate changing facilities? Eating facilities Clean and adequate/Means of heating food? Rest room For pregnant or nursing mothers? Kept clean? First aid Suitably placed and provisioned? Appointed person? Trained first aider? Correct signs and notices? Eye wash bottles as necessary? Electrical equipment Portable equipment tested? Leads tidy not damaged? Fixed installation inspected? (Continued) 172 Appendix 5.3 Workplace inspection checklist Fire precautions Gas Equipment serviced annually? Water Hot and cold water provided? Drinking water provided? Fire extinguishers In place? Full? Correct type? Maintenance contract? Fire instructions Posted up? Not defaced or damaged? Fire alarms Fitted and tested regularly? Means of escape/Fire exits Adequate for the numbers involved? Unobstructed? Easily opened? Properly signed? Means of escape/Fire exits Adequate for the numbers involved? Unobstructed? Easily opened? Properly signed? Lifting equipment Thoroughly examined? Properly maintained? Slings, etc properly maintained? Operators properly trained? Pressure systems Written schemes for inspection? Safe working pressure marked? Properly maintained? Sharps Safety knives used? Knives/needles/glass properly used/disposed of? Vibration Any vibration problems with hand-held machinery or with whole body from vehicle seats, etc.? Tools and equipment Right tool for the job? In good condition? Manual handling Moving excessive weight? Assessments carried out? Using correct technique? Could it be eliminated or reduced? PLANT AND SUBSTANCES Work equipment Manual & mechanical handling Mechanical handling Fork-lifts and other trucks properly maintained? Drivers authorized and properly trained? Passengers only where specifically intended with suitable seat? Vehicles On site Speeding limits? Following correct route? Properly serviced? Drivers authorized? Road risks Suitable vehicles used? No use of mobile phones when driving? Properly serviced? Schedules managed properly? Flammable liquids and gases Stored properly? Used properly/minimum quantities in workplace? Sources of ignition? Correct signs used? 10 Dangerous substances CHAPTER Health and safety management systems – Measuring, audit and review 11 Hazardous substances Chemicals COSHH assessments OK? Exposures adequately controlled? Data sheet information available? Spillage procedure available? Properly stored and separated as necessary? Properly disposed of? Exhaust ventilation Suitable and sufficient? Properly maintained? Inspected regularly? 173 PROCEDURES 12 Risk assessments Carried out? General and fire? Suitable and sufficient? 13 Safe systems of work Provided as necessary? Kept up to date/Followed? 14 Permits to work Used for high risk maintenance? Procedure OK? Properly followed? 15 Personal protective equipment Correct type? Worn correctly? Good condition? 16 Contractors Is their competence checked thoroughly? Are there control rules and procedures? Are they followed? 17 Notices, signs and posters Employers’ liability insurance Notice displayed? In date? Health and Safety law poster Displayed? Safety Signs Correct type of sign used/signs in place and maintained? PEOPLE 18 Health surveillance Specific surveillance required by law? Stress or fatigue? 19 People’s behaviour Are behaviour audits carried out? Is behaviour considered in the safety programme? 20 Training and supervision Suitable and sufficient? Induction training? Refresher training? 21 Appropriate authorized person Is there a system like permits to work for authorizing people for certain special tasks involving dangerous machinery, entry into confined spaces? 22 Violence Any violence likely in workplace? Is it controlled? Are there policies in place? 23 Especially at risk categories Young persons Employed? Special risk assessments? New or expectant mothers Employed? Special risk assessments? 174 Appendix 5.4 Page of Accident/incident report form Appendix 5.4:╇Page of Accident/incident report form – see full form at: www.elsevierdirect.com/companions/9780080970707 ACCIDENT/INCIDENT REPORT INJURED PERSON: ……………………………….Date of Accident: ./ /20 Time……….am/pm POSITION: …………………………………………Place of Accident: …………………………………… DEPARTMENT: …………………………………… Details of Injury: …………………………………… Investigation carried out by: ……………………… …………………………………… Position: ……………………… Estimated Absence: ………………………………… Brief details of Accident (A detailed report together with diagrams, photographs and any witness statements should be attached where necessary Please complete all details requested overleaf.) Immediate Causes Underlying or Root Causes Conclusions (How can we prevent this kind of incident/accident occurring again?) Action to be taken: …………………………………Completion Date: / /20 Please ensure that an accident investigation and report is completed and forwarded to Personnel within 48 hours of the accident occurring Remember that accidents involving major injuries or dangerous occurrences have to be notified immediately by telephone to the Enforcing Authority or ICC Signature of Manager making Report: ……………………………Copies: Personnel Manager Health & Safety Manager Date: / /20 Payroll Controller INJURED PERSON: Surname ………………… Forenames ……………… ………… Male/Female Home address ……………………………………………………… Age………… Employee Consent to share this information with Safety Representatives Signature of Injured Person Date ./ / 20 Agency Temp Contractor Visitor Youth Trainee (Tick one box) CHAPTER Health and safety management systems – Measuring, audit and review 175 Indicate what kind of accident led to the injury or condition (tick one box) Kind of Accident Contact with moving Injured whilst handling machinery or material lifting or being machined Struck by moving including flying, or falling object Struck by moving vehicle indicate approx Struck against something fixed or stationary Slip, trip or fall on same level Fall from height Drowning or asphyxiation 13 Exposure to or Injured by an animal contact with harmful 10 Exposure to fire 11 Distance of fall………mtrs Trapped by something Contact with electricity or an electrical discharge Exposure to an collapsing or overturning explosion Detail any machinery, chemicals, tools etc involved 12 Violence Other kind of accident 14 15 16 Accident first reported to: Name …………………………………… Position & Dept…………………………………………………………………………………………… First Aid/medical attention by: First Aider Name ……………………Dept ………………………… Doctor Name ………………… Medical centre ……………………Hospital……………………… WITNESSES Name Position & Dept …………………………… …………………………… …………………………… …………………………… ………………………………………… ………………………………………… ………………………………………… ………………………………………… Statement obtained (yes/no) Attach all statements taken …………………… yes/no …………………… yes/no …………………… yes/no …………………… yes/no For Office use only If relevant: Date reported to Enforcing Authority Date reported to Company Insurers a) by telephone /… /20 b) by internet / ./20 c) on form F2508 …./… /20 … /… /20 Were the Recommendations Effective? If No say what further action should be taken Yes/No Appendix 5.5:╇Information for insurance/compensation claims Factual information needs to be collected where there is the likelihood of some form of claim either against the organization or by the organization (e.g damage to equipment) This aspect should be considered as a second objective in accident/incident investigation, the first being to learn from the accident/incident to reduce the possibility of accidents/incidents occurring in the future Workplace claims n n n n n n ccident book entry; a first aider report; surgery record; foreman/supervisor accident report; safety representatives accident report; RIDDOR report to HSE; 176 Appendix 5.5 Information for insurance/compensation claims n o ther communications between defendants and HSE; n minutes of Health and Safety Committee meeting(s) where accident/incident considered; n report to DSS; n d ocuments listed above relative to any previous Accident/incident identified by the claimant and relied upon as proof of negligence; earnings information where defendant is employer Documents produced to comply with requirements of the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999: n pre-accident/incident risk assessment; n post-accident/incident re-assessment; n Accident/incident Investigation Report prepared in implementing the requirements; Health Surveillance Records in appropriate cases; information provided to employees; n documents relating to the employee’s health and safety training Section D – Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 n m anual handling risk assessment carried out; n re-assessment carried out post-accident; n documents showing the information provided to the employee to give general indications related to the load and precise indications on the weight of the load and the heaviest side of the load if the centre of gravity was not positioned centrally; n documents relating to training in respect of manual handling operations and training records Section E – Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 Workplace claims – examples of disclosure where specific Regulations apply n a nalysis of work stations to assess and reduce risks; n re-assessment of analysis of work stations to assess and reduce risks following development of symptoms by the claimant; n documents detailing the provision of training including training records; n documents providing information to employees Section A – Workplace (Health Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 Section F – Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 n r epair and maintenance records; n housekeeping records; n hazard warning signs or notices (traffic routes) n r isk assessments and any reviews; n copy labels from containers used for storage handling and disposal of carcinogens; n warning signs identifying designation of areas and installations which may be contaminated by carcinogens; n documents relating to the assessment of the PPE; n documents relating to the maintenance and replacement of PPE; n record of maintenance procedures for PPE; n records of tests and examinations of PPE; n documents providing information, instruction and training in relation to the PPE; n instructions for use of PPE to include the manufacturers’ instructions; n air monitoring records for substances assigned a workplace exposure limit; n maintenance examination and test of control measures records; n monitoring records; n health surveillance records; n documents detailing information, instruction and training including training records for employees; n labels and health and safety data sheets supplied to the employers Section B – Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 n m anufacturers’ specifications and instructions in respect of relevant work equipment establishing its suitability to comply with Regulation 5; n maintenance log/maintenance records required; documents providing information and instructions to employees; documents provided to the employee in respect of training for use; n any notice, sign or document relied upon as a defence against alleged breaches dealing with controls and control systems Section C – Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 n d ocuments relating to the assessment of the PPE; n documents relating to the maintenance and replacement of PPE; n record of maintenance procedures for PPE; n records of tests and examinations of PPE; n documents providing information, instruction and training in relation to the PPE; n instructions for use of PPE to include the manufacturers’ instructions ... Table 1. 3 Accidents involving employees in the workplace Injury 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009 /10 Death 19 1 17 9 12 7 11 1 Major 28 544 28 19 9 27 894 26 0 61 Over 3-day 11 4 653 10 8 795 10 5 2 61 95 369... 16 .8 Organizing for revision 16 .9 Organizing information 16 .10 How does memory work? 16 .11 How to deal with exams 16 .12 The examiners’ reports 16 .13 The written examinations 16 .14 ... 5.5╇ Information for insurance/compensation claims 13 9 14 0 14 9 15 0 15 7 16 2 16 4 16 5 16 8 17 0 17 1 WORKPLACE HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL 6 .1 Health, welfare and work environment requirements 6.2