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Thuvientailieu.net.vn An ARCO Book ARCO is a registered trademark of Thomson Learning, Inc., and is used herein under license by Peterson’s About The Thomson Corporation and Peterson’s With revenues of US$7.2 billion, The Thomson Corporation (www.thomson.com) is a leading global provider of integrated information solutions for business, education, and professional customers Its Learning businesses and brands (www.thomsonlearning.com) serve the needs of individuals, learning institutions, and corporations with products and services for both traditional and distributed learning Peterson’s, part of The Thomson Corporation, is one of the nation's most respected providers of SM lifelong learning online resources, software, reference guides, and books The Education Supersite at www.petersons.com—the Internet's most heavily traveled education resources—has searchable databases and interactive tools for contacting U.S.-accredited institutions and programs In addition, Peterson's serves more that 105 million education consumers annually For more information, contact Peterson’s, 2000 Lenox Drive, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648; 800-338-3282; or find us on the World Wide Web at: www.petersons.com/about COPYRIGHT © 2002 Thomas H Martinson and Julianna Fazzone Previous editions © 1991, 1994, 1998, 2001 Thomson LearningTM is a trademark used herein under license ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage and retrieval systems—without the prior written permission of the publisher For permission to use material from this text or product, contact us by Phone: 800-730-2214 Fax: 800-730-2215 Web: www.thomsonrights.com ISBN 0-7689-0974-0 Printed in the United States of America 10 04 03 02 Thuvientailieu.net.vn Contents Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson 10 Lesson 11 About the SAT II: Subject Tests Writing Test Literature Subject Test 53 French Subject Test 73 Spanish Subject Test 95 U.S History Subject Test 117 World History Subject Test 155 Mathematics Level IC/IIC Subject Tests 189 Biology E/M Subject Tests 249 Chemistry Subject Test 279 Physics Subject Test 303 Thuvientailieu.net.vn Lesson ABOUT THE SAT II: SUBJECT TESTS What Subjects Are Tested? Each SAT II: Subject Test is designed to measure your mastery of a particular topic The tests fall into five general categories: English Writing Literature History and Social Studies U.S History World History Languages Spanish French German Modern Hebrew Latin Italian Japanese Chinese Korean English Language Proficiency Mathematics Level IC Level IIC Science Biology E/M (Ecological/Molecular) Chemistry Physics This book provides material that will help you your best on the subject tests most students take Each test consists entirely of multiple-choice items (except Writing, which includes an essay component) The time limit for each test is 60 minutes HOW ARE THE SAT II TESTS SCORED? Scores on SAT II tests (except for the English Language Proficiency Test) are reported on a scale that ranges from 200 (the lowest) to 800 (the highest) This three-digit score is called the scaled score Your scaled score is a function of your raw score Your raw score is determined by the number of questions you answer correctly, less an adjustment factor for questions you have answered incorrectly Questions you omit not affect your score The adjustment factor for wrong answers is a fraction of a point The fraction depends upon the number of answer choices used in constructing that test For a test that uses five answer choices, the adjustment for a wrong answer is – 14 For a test that uses four answer choices, the adjustment for a wrong answer is – 13 For a test that uses three answer choices, the adjustment for a wrong answer is 12 ARCO ■ SAT II Subject Tests Thuvientailieu.net.vn www.petersons.com/arco Lesson HOW ARE SAT II SCORES USED? SAT II scores are used by colleges in two basic ways First, scores may be used by a college to decide which students to accept Colleges typically consider a wide range of factors, including grades, SAT scores, teacher recommendations, and extracurricular activities An SAT II score in a particular subject can give an admissions officer one more measure of an applicant’s academic achievements Second, colleges use scores to guide students in structuring their course of study For example, a good score on a particular Subject Test might suggest that a student should be exempted from taking a basic course and proceed directly to a more advanced level WHICH TESTS SHOULD YOU TAKE? To decide which tests you should take, consult the catalogs of the colleges to which you are applying Determine what tests, if any, are required In addition, try to determine whether there is any advantage to taking one or another subject test For example, you may be exempted from taking a freshman English composition course or part of a foreign language requirement if you score well enough on the appropriate test That would give you more flexibility in structuring your curriculum WHEN SHOULD YOU TAKE SAT II TESTS? SAT II tests are given six times each year For test dates and other information, contact your guidance counselor or the College Board: By mail: College Board SAT Program, Box 6200, Princeton, NJ 08541-6200 By phone: (609) 771-7600 (8:30 A.M.-9:30 P.M Eastern time) On line: www.collegeboard.com You should be aware that not every test is given at each administration Again, consult the catalogs from the colleges to which you are thinking of applying A school may have a deadline for receiving scores In that event, you will have to take the test sufficiently in advance of that deadline to ensure your scores will be received in time MULTIPLE-CHOICE TEST-TAKING TIPS Work as quickly as possible without sacrificing accuracy Since your score ultimately depends on the number of questions you answer correctly, you will want to answer as many questions as possible within the time limit On the other hand, since a fraction of a point is subtracted for each wrong answer, you can’t afford to be careless The practice tests in this book will help you find the right balance between speed and accuracy Don’t spend too much time on any one item Each question on the test has the same weight You don’t get any extra credit for a difficult item, so don’t waste time on a question that seems too difficult Skip it! You can come back to it at the end of the test if you have time Educated guessing is always a good idea When your raw score is computed, there is an adjustment for wrong answers, but this adjustment is not intended to be a penalty! The adjustment is designed to make sure that there is no advantage to guessing randomly Theoretically, if you guessed randomly on every item on a test, your raw score would be zero (The points subtracted for wrong answers would www.petersons.com/arco ARCO Thuvientailieu.net.vn ■ SAT II Subject Tests About the SAT II: Subject Tests balance out the lucky guesses.) Therefore, random guessing is probably not a good strategy On the other hand, if you can eliminate even one answer choice on an item, then statistically it is to your advantage to guess So random guessing is out; educated guessing is in! You don’t have to answer every question to well On an SAT II: Subject Test, you don’t have to get 80 percent or more of the items correct to get an A or a B score For most of the tests, if your raw score (the number of correct answers minus the adjustment for wrong answers) is equal to 80 percent of the maximum raw score, your scaled score will be in the high 600s or the low 700s And a raw score equal to 50 percent of the maximum is not an F score, but an average or above-average score Indeed, on the Math Level IIC test, a raw score of 40 out of a possible 50 is a scaled score of about 780! Code your answers in groups You will be given a test booklet containing the problems you are to work on and a separate answer sheet for recording your answers Recording answers is an extra administrative hassle Be careful! Make sure you code your responses neatly and completely Don’t leave any stray marks on your answer sheet Finally, code your answers in groups Work a few items without recording your responses Just circle the correct choice in your test booklet Then, as you reach the end of a group of problems or are about to turn the page in your test booklet, take out your answer sheet and tend to the clerical task of transferring choices This method of coding in groups is more efficient than entering responses one by one In addition, it minimizes the danger of your making a mistake in managing your answer sheet Of course, as time begins to run out, you should code your responses as you finish each item Bring a watch and set it for test time You don’t need a fancy stopwatch to keep track of time on the test A simple analog watch—one with hands—will be perfect At the start of the test, just set the minute hand of the watch to “12.” This way you can tell at a glance almost exactly how much time you have left Familiarize yourself with the directions before the test No additional time is given during the test to read directions Therefore, it is essential that you know what to expect before you go in Practicing the materials in this book will help you in this regard If you are familiar with the layout of the tests you plan to take before you take them, a quick glance at the directions will be sufficient ARCO ■ SAT II Subject Tests www.petersons.com/arco Thuvientailieu.net.vn Thuvientailieu.net.vn Lesson WRITING TEST The Writing Test includes three different types of multiple-choice questions (Identifying Sentence Errors, Improving Sentences, and Improving Paragraphs) and an essay component Each of the four question types is discussed below The Writing Test is designed to measure your ability to write and recognize standard written English It does not presuppose a technical knowledge of English grammar nor require the ability to write prize-winning prose, but it does require the ability to distinguish correct from incorrect usage and the ability to write clearly and correctly A multiple-choice item, for example, would not ask you to identify the tense of the verb had sung as the past perfect form of the verb to sing, but you would be expected to recognize that had sung is used properly in the sentence “Though she had sung the duet many times before, Natalie was afraid that she might forget the words.” And the essay component does not require a lengthy and literate treatment of some esoteric topic, but it does require two to four paragraphs of clear writing on a topic that you will have no trouble discussing The Writing Test has the following structure: Part A 20 minutes Essay Component Part B 40 minutes Multiple-Choice Questions 1–20 Identifying Sentence Errors 21–40 Improving Sentences 41–50 Improving Paragraphs 51–60 Identifying Sentence Errors The multiple-choice part of the Writing Test is scored in the same way as other SAT II tests: your score is a function of the number of questions you answer correctly minus a fraction of the number of questions you answer incorrectly The Essay Component is graded by two experienced teachers Each assigns the essay a score from (the lowest) to (the highest), and the essay score is the sum of the two individual scores The essay score is then combined with the score on the multiple-choice component of the test to produce a single score on the 200-to-800 scale Since the Writing Test focuses on standard written English, we will begin by reviewing the important principles that are tested by the Writing Test: grammar, sentence structure, expression, and punctuation (Punctuation is a matter of obvious concern on the essay component but is not tested by the multiple-choice questions.) After the English review, we will take up each individual question type ARCO ■ SAT II Subject Tests Thuvientailieu.net.vn www.petersons.com/arco Lesson ENGLISH REVIEW Grammar Subject-Verb Agreement As you know, a subject must agree with its verb EXAMPLE: The professor were traveling in Europe when she received notice of her promotion The construction were traveling is an error The subject is professor, a singular noun The verb were traveling should be was traveling The sentence should read: “The professor was traveling in Europe .” This example is very simple; the error is easy to spot because the subject and verb are next to each other Most errors occur when the subject and the verb are separated, when the sentence structure is inverted, or when you cannot recognize whether the subject is singular or plural A When the subject and the verb are separated EXAMPLES: The professor voted Teacher of the Year by the students were traveling in Europe when she received notice of her promotion Professor is singular, yet the verb were traveling is plural This is more difficult to spot in this version of the sentence because of the proximity of the noun students, which might be mistaken for the subject of the verb The sentence sounds correct to the ear: “ students were .” The sentence should read: “The professor voted Teacher of the Year by the students was traveling in Europe when she received notice of her promotion.” Most teachers, unless they have an appointment to a prestigious university, earns relatively less as a teacher than they might in business The subject of earns is teachers Teachers earns is incorrect The correct construction is “teachers earn.” But it’s easy to mistake university for the true subject of the sentence The sentence should read: “Most teachers, unless they have an appointment to a prestigious university, earn relatively less as a teacher than they might in business.” Many nutritionists now believe that a balanced diet and not large doses of vitamins are the best guarantee of health The true subject of the verb are is diet The phrase not large doses is not part of the subject The correct construction is: “diet is.” The corrected sentence should read: “Many nutritionists now believe that a balanced diet and not large doses of vitamins is the best guarantee of health.” Television comedies in which there is at least one really detestable character captures the interest of viewers The true subject of the verb captures is comedies The correct construction is “comedies capture.” The correct sentence is: “Television comedies in which there is at least one really detestable character capture the interest of the viewers.” www.petersons.com/arco ARCO Thuvientailieu.net.vn ■ SAT II Subject Tests Writing Test B When the sentence structure is inverted An inverted sentence is one in which the verb comes before the subject EXAMPLES: Although this is the wealthiest country in the world, within a few blocks of the White House there is scores of homeless people who live on the streets The subject of the verb is is not there but scores, which is plural The correct construction is: “there are scores.” The sentence should read: “Although this is the wealthiest country in the world, within a few blocks of the White House there are scores of homeless people who live on the streets.” Just a few miles from the factories and skyscrapers stand a medieval castle that looks exactly as it did in the 12th century The subject of the verb stand is castle The correct construction is: “stands a medieval castle.” The sentence should read: “Just a few miles from the factories and skyscrapers stands a medieval castle that looks exactly as it did in the 12th century.” C When the subject is tricky EXAMPLES: Either the governor or one of his close aides prefer not to have the senator at the head table When a subject consists of two or more parts jointed by or, the verb must agree with the element that follows the or So for the purpose of agreement, the subject of the sentence is one The correct construction is: “one prefers.” The sentence should read: “Either the governor or one of his close aides prefers not to have the senator at the head table.” Because they were surrounded by layers of excelsior, none of the crystal goblets were broken when the workers dropped the crate The subject of the verb were broken is none, and none is singular The correct construction is: “none was broken.” The corrected sentence is: “Because they were surrounded by layers of excelsior, none of the crystal goblets was broken when the workers dropped the crate.” John, his wife, and the rest of his family plans to attend the awards dinner to be given by the company for the employees with the most seniority A subject consisting of two or more elements joined by and is plural The correct construction is: “John, his wife, and the rest of his family plan to attend the awards dinner to be given by the company for the employees with the most seniority.” Pronoun Usage There are three areas of pronoun usage that frequently cause problems and should be reviewed: whether a pronoun has a proper antecedent, agreement between pronoun and antecedent, and choice of pronoun case A A pronoun should have a clear antecedent (also called a referent) The antecedent is the word for which the pronoun substitutes Setting aside certain idioms—such as It’s raining, in which the it does not have an identifiable antecedent—a pronoun that lacks a clear antecedent is used incorrectly ARCO ■ SAT II Subject Tests www.petersons.com/arco Thuvientailieu.net.vn 316 Lesson 11 59 The indices of refraction for pairs of media are given below In each case, light rays originate in medium and are incident upon the surface of medium Total internal reflection cannot occur in which pair? Index of Refraction Medium Medium (A) 1.33 1.00 (B) 1.38 1.33 (C) 1.49 1.77 (D) 1.65 1.36 (E) 2.42 1.89 60 Each of the following is a characteristic of an ideal gas EXCEPT: (A) random molecular motion occurs (B) elastic collisions occur (C) molecules occupy small portion of volume relative to volume occupied by gas (D) molecules attract each other readily (E) repulsion between molecules does not occur Question 61–62 The concentric lines of force for a magnetic field due to a current in a straight wire are illustrated below Assume the page represents a cross-sectional plane of the magnetic field 61 Which of the following most likely characterizes the direction of the current? (A) The current flows into the page (B) The current flows out of the page (C) The current flows to the right (D) The current flows to the left (E) The current alternates; it flows into the page and then to the right 62 Another wire is laid parallel to the first straight wire The current flowing in the second wire is equal in magnitude to the current flowing in the first wire However, the direction of current flow is exactly opposite Which of the following correctly describes the force between these wires? (A) An attractive force exists (B) A repulsive force exists (C) No force exists (D) Forces generated by each wire are always in the same direction (E) Forces violate Newton’s third law of motion 63 An astronaut orbits the earth in a space shuttle In this orbit, the astronaut feels “weightless.” Which of the following best explains such weightlessness? (A) Absence of gravity (B) Loss of frictional forces (C) Astronaut and space shuttle both accelerate toward earth (D) Gravitational forces affect space shuttle only (E) No external forces act on space shuttle 64 The linear momentum of an object at time t is zero Which of the following quantities is also necessarily equal to zero? I Velocity II Kinetic energy III Potential energy (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only (D) I and III only (E) I, II, and III 65 A 10 kg object is acted on by only two.forces, as illustrated above If the object’s acceleration is m/s2 to the left, what is the net force on the object? (A) 0.1N to the right (B) 0.1N to the left (C) 10N to the right (D) 10N to the left (E) 100N to the left www.petersons.com/arco ARCO Thuvientailieu.net.vn ■ SAT II Subject Tests Physics Subject Test 317 67 Which graph below best represents the time period 6-8 seconds? (A) Questions 66–67 relate to the graph below (B) 66 The approximate acceleration between the time period 4–5 seconds is (A) m/s2 (B) m/s2 (C) 10 m/s2 (D) 20 m/s2 (E) 40 m/s2 (C) (D) (E) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE ARCO ■ SAT II Subject Tests www.petersons.com/arco Thuvientailieu.net.vn 318 Lesson 11 68 The objective lens of a certain microscope has a magnification of 100x, while the eyepiece magnification is 100x The magnification of this microscope is (A) 0.1x (B) 110x (C) 1000x (D) 10000x (E) It is impossible to calculate from the data given 69 A charge of 5.0 × 10 ∠9C is in a uniform electric field of 5.0 ×104 N/C A force of magnitude 2.0 × 10–4 is applied but is unable to move the charge against the electric field How much work is performed on the charge? (A) J (B) 1.0 × 10–12 J (C) 5.0 × 10–8 J (D) 2.5 × 10–4 J (E) 5.0 × 10–4J 70 An impulse produced by a 50N force on an object is 2.5NS How long is the force acting on the object in order to produce such an impulse? (A) 0.05 seconds (B) 0.5 seconds (C) 3.0 seconds (D) 20.0 seconds (E) 125.0 seconds 71 The reaction shown above is an example of which of the following nuclear processes? (A) Alpha decay (B) Fusion (C) Fission (D) Beta decay (E) Nuclear binding reaction 72 A current of amperes flows through a conductor with a resistance of ohms The current flows for seconds How much heat energy develops in the conductor as a result of current flow? (A) 12 J (B) 24 J (C) 48 J (D) 96 J (E) 144 J 73 A person rotates with extended arms on a turntable Assume dissipative forces are negligible The person’s arms are then folded and held close to his chest Which of the following correctly describes the result of such an action? (A) The person increases his rotational inertia (B) The person’s angular velocity increases (C) The person’s rotational inertia is unchanged (D) The person’s angular velocity is unchanged (E) The person’s angular momentum increases 74 A pith ball electroscope possesses a certain charge A charged glass rod is then held close to the electroscope The pith ball moves noticeably toward the glass rod Which of the following accounts for such an interaction? (A) There are subtle gravitational forces between the glass rod and the pith ball (B) The glass rod and the pith ball each possess a net positive charge (C) The glass rod and the pith ball each possess a net negative charge (D) The glass rod and the pith ball are oppositely charged (E) The glass rod mass greatly exceeds the mass of the pith ball 75 A total of 100 J of energy is supplied to a machine The machine is then capable of displacing a 30N object 1.5m What is the approximate efficiency of the machine? (A) 15% (B) 20% (C) 30% (D) 45% (E) 60% STOP IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS TEST ONLY DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER TEST IN THIS BOOK www.petersons.com/arco ARCO Thuvientailieu.net.vn ■ SAT II Subject Tests Physics Subject Test 319 ANSWER KEY 10 11 E B D B C C A E C A D 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 B A C B B E D C E B D 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 D A B B C B C C D D E 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 D C D E B E E A C B E 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 A D D A C A C E A B C 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 E B B C D B B C C D A 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 D C A A B C B D D EXPLANATORY ANSWERS The correct answer is (E) Definition The correct answer is (B) Definition The correct answer is (D) Definition The correct answer is (B) See diagram below: The correct answer is (C) The ammeter measures current Recall that the unit of current is the ampere The correct answer is (C) Definition The correct answer is (A) Definition The correct answer is (E) When an object undergoing harmonic motion has a displacement of zero, it is at the equilibrium position The restoring force will therefore be zero If the force is zero, then the acceleration must necessarily be zero as well Recall the relationship: F = ma if F = 0, then ma = and∴ a=0 The correct answer is (C) The distance value is unchanged ARCO ■ SAT II Subject Tests www.petersons.com/arco Thuvientailieu.net.vn 320 Lesson 11 10 The correct answer is (A) Velocity is defined as the change in displacement (distance in this case) per unit time: ∆d v= ∆t Hence, (A) has the greatest constant velocity as it has the greatest change in distance per unit time Note that constant velocity is represented by a straight line in this diagram 11 The correct answer is (D) Acceleration is defined as the change in velocity per unit time: a= ∆v ∆t As lines A, B, and C are straight, each represents a constant velocity Therefore, as acceleration is the change in velocity per unit time, the acceleration of A, B, and C is zero The curvilinear representations—D and E—demonstrate positive and negative accelerations, respectively Object D has the greatest acceleration as it possesses the greatest change in velocity per unit time 12 The correct answer is (B) Definition The number of protons plus the number of neutrons within a given nucleus represents the mass number of the element 13 The correct answer is (A) The atomic number is the defining characteristic of an atom 14 The correct answer is (C) Definition 15 The correct answer is (B) Definition 16 The correct answer is (B) Centripetal force is defined by the equation: mv2 ∴F = r r Therefore, force is inversely related to the radius Consequently, if the radius of the circular path is doubled, the force will be halved F= 17 The correct answer is (E) As would be expected, the maximum range of an object in projectile motion is dependent on the initial velocity (vo), the launching angle (q), and the acceleration due to gravity (g) The equation which defines the horizontal range is V Range = sin 2Θ g 18 The correct answer is (D) A converging lens is said to possess a positive value for the focal length The thin lens equation relates the focal length, object distance, and image distance as follows: O = object distance i = image distance 1 + = O i f f = focal length Another concept used in this set of problems is magnification (m): m= i O if i = O, m = 1, image is same size as object In this question, -the copies (images) are the same size as the original Thus, magnification equals 1, and i must equal O The focal length is given as 10cm Using the first equation: 1 + = O i 10cm www.petersons.com/arco ARCO Thuvientailieu.net.vn ■ SAT II Subject Tests Physics Subject Test 321 and since O = i 1 + = O O 10cm = O 10cm O = 10cm = 20cm ( )( ) 19 The correct answer is (C) The images produced are twice the size of the original, so the magnification is 2: i m = and m = O i = 2O Substituting into the thin lens equation and solving: 1 1 = + = + f O i O 20 = + 10cm 20 20 = 10cm 20 2O = 10cm ( )( O= ) 30cm = 15cm 20 The correct answer is (E) No image is produced The rays of light not converge to form an image The image distance then, if the light rays not converge, can be said to be indefinite That is, the image distance approaches infinity If this is the case then, i → ∞ then So, if the term approaches zero, and i →0 i 1 = + f i O then 1 − = f O O rearranging 1 = or O = f f O Therefore, if the object distance equals the focal length, no image is produced ARCO ■ SAT II Subject Tests www.petersons.com/arco Thuvientailieu.net.vn 322 Lesson 11 21 The correct answer is (B) At a constant temperature, Boyle’s law states: P = pressure Pi Vi = Pf Vf where V = volume i = initial state f = final state Substituting the values given: ( atm)(2l ) = (8 atm) V f  atm   2l = V f   atm  1l = V f 22 The correct answer is (D) Density is not a vector quantity, while each of the other choices represent a vector quantity 23 The correct answer is (D) The force producing the acceleration of the blocks is provided solely by the suspended block The mass being accelerated however, is that due to both blocks Recalling the second law of motion: F = ma If the weight (force) of each block is 9.8N, and the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2, the mass may be calculated: F = ma 9.8N = m(9.8m/s2) m= 9.8 N 9.8 m / s2 m = kg Thus, the total mass being accelerated is 2kg (two blocks), and the force is the weight of the one suspended block, 9.8N Therefore: F = ma F 9.8 N a= = = 4.9 m / s2 m kg 24 The correct answer is (A) The wave trains in answer choices (B), (C), (D), and (E), when superimposed result in destructive interference That is, the sum of the individual displacements effectively cancel or lower the net amplitude The wave train pair in answer choice (A), however, adds constructively at each point, to produce an amplitude greater than either wave does alone 25 The correct answer is (B) The lines of force between a positive charge and a negative charge are directed from the positive charge to the negative charge The lines of force are also farther apart as the electric field weakens www.petersons.com/arco ARCO Thuvientailieu.net.vn ■ SAT II Subject Tests Physics Subject Test 323 26 The correct answer is (B) The resistance of a given conductor is defined by the following relationship: R = resistance P = resistivity L R = P where L = length of conductor A A = cross-sectional area of conductor This relationship makes sense The longer the conductor, the more likely a given charge will encounter resistance Also, the smaller the conductor’s cross-sectional area, the more likely a given charge will encounter resistance The resistivity is a constant specific for each conductor Substituting the new conditions: L R= p 2A R = original R 27 The correct answer is (C) The amount of sample remaining represents the amount left after five half-lives: ( ) The time of the half-life for this isotope is: 28 The correct answer is (B) Pressure is the force per unit area: P= F A Substituting and solving: P= ARCO ■ 10 N m2 = 2.5N / m2 = 2.5Pa SAT II Subject Tests www.petersons.com/arco Thuvientailieu.net.vn 324 Lesson 11 29 The correct answer is (C) The potential difference across the labeled capacitor may be calculated from the relationship: Q = charge Q = CV where C = capacitance V = voltage (potential difference) First, the effective capacitance of the circuit must be calculated Then, the charge may be calculated Finally, the potential difference across the specific component may be determined For capacitors in series: The charge on the plates: Q = CV = 3.3àF(12V) = 4.0 ì 105 C The potential difference across component “X”: Vx = Q 4.0 × 10 −5 C = = 4.0 volts Cx 10 × 10 −6 F 30 The correct answer is (C) The rate of flow (R) through a pipe is defined by the following equation: R = vA where v is fluid speed and A is cross-sectional area of pipe From the equation of continuity, it is known that the rate of flow through a system (where laminar flow exists) is constant So where i and f denote initial Ri = Rf or and final conditions viAi = vfAf Hence, although the velocity and area may change, the rate of flow will remain constant at m3/s 31 The correct answer is (D) The law of gravitation is expressed as follows: F = gravitational force mm F = G a b where r G = gravitational constant ma = mass of object a mb = mass of object b r = the distance separating the masses Therefore, it is demonstrated that the velocity of the objects is not a factor www.petersons.com/arco ARCO Thuvientailieu.net.vn ■ SAT II Subject Tests Physics Subject Test 325 32 The correct answer is (D) Work is defined as the product of the force applied and the displacement of the object in the direction of the force: W=F·d Thus, the work involved in lifting an object involves the object’s weight (its force) and the distance the object is lifted The distance is simply the height (h) of the building Substituting: W= F ⋅ d =mgh =(10k) (9.8m/s2)(100m) =9800J This value represents the object’s potential energy at that height 33 The correct answer is (E) As frictional forces are negligible, the potential energy will be converted to kinetic energy Therefore, the potential energy at the top of the building equals the kinetic energy at the bottom 34 The correct answer is (D) Recall that energy is related to frequency by the relationship: E = hu where h is Planck’s constant and u is frequency Therefore, as the frequency of the incident light increases, the energy imparted to the surface will also increase 35 The correct answer is (C) In a completely elastic collision, kinetic energy is conserved Momentum (p) is defined by the expression: p = mv Therefore, if the mass and speed of each ball is identical: m v = m2 m However, as each ball has a constant speed, the acceleration is zero for each ball 36 The correct answer is (D) The first law of thermodynamics does not address the spontaneity of a given process 37 The correct answer is (E) Diverging lenses produce images with the same characteristics: virtual, erect, and smaller than the object 38 The correct answer is (B) Arrow B represents a transition resulting in the emission of 12.1eV: –1.5eV – (–13.6eV) = 12.1eV Since energy and frequency are directly related, this transition will also represent a photon with the highest frequency 39 The correct answer is (E) To produce an electromotive force, the wire must cut across the lines of force of the magnetic field 40 The correct answer is (E) The person will initially hear a signal with frequency f As the person moves away from the signal, the frequency will become lower This situation illustrates the Doppler effect ARCO ■ SAT II Subject Tests www.petersons.com/arco Thuvientailieu.net.vn 326 Lesson 11 41 The correct answer is (A) Torque is defined as the product of the force and moment arm of the applied force: τ= F · l Force is expressed in newtons, and length in meters The dimensions of force and length: F = (mass)(acceleration) m = mass τ = (m)(l/t2) l = length t = time Therefore, the dimensions of torque: = (ml/t2)(l) = ml2/t2, which is equivalent to ml2t–2 42 The correct answer is (C) As no net force is acting on the object, the acceleration must necessarily equal zero 43 The correct answer is (B) A rainbow is formed by the dispersion of light Similarly, the color spectrum produced by shining light through a prism also illustrates this principle 44 The correct answer is (E) The force between two point charges is described by Coulomb’s law: qq F = k 122 r Therefore, the force is inversely proportional to the square of the radius As the distance separating the charges decreases by a factor of 10, the force will increase by a factor of (10)2 or 100: Fα Fα r2      10 r  ∴100 Fα 1 = 100 r r2 45 The correct answer is (A) (Pressure) (Volume) = ? units (Pa)(m3)  N   (m3) = N · m = JOULE m  The joule is the unit of work 46 The correct answer is (D) Sound waves require a medium for their propagation Hence, sound waves cannot be propagated in a vacuum 47 The correct answer is (D) Only choice (D) accurately reflects the data presented 48 The correct answer is (A) The circuit illustrated in answer choice (A) is equivalent to the schematic illustrated above question 48 The other choices are not equivalent to the “A-shaped” schematic www.petersons.com/arco ARCO Thuvientailieu.net.vn ■ SAT II Subject Tests Physics Subject Test 327 49 The correct answer is (C) Power is defined by the relationship P = i2R where i is current and r is resistance Substituting: P = (2A)2 (5Ω) = (4A2)(5Ω) = 20W 50 The correct answer is (A) For rotation not to occur, the clockwise and counterclockwise torques must be equal The plank is divided into six sections of equal length If the plank is lifted at a distance x from one side, then the distance is 6x from the other side Recall the expression for torque: τ=F·l Setting clockwise and counterclockwise torques equal: ∴The plank should be lifted at one unit length from the left side This corresponds to (A) 51 The correct answer is (C) The force acts through the object’s center of gravity Therefore the force will produce translational acceleration but will not cause rotational acceleration Consequently, the rotational equilibrium of the object is unaffected 52 The correct answer is (E) Adding the vectors graphically: Choice (E) best represents the result ARCO ■ SAT II Subject Tests www.petersons.com/arco Thuvientailieu.net.vn 328 Lesson 11 53 The correct answer is (A) The amount of heat transferred is described by the equation: q = heat transferred Q = mc∆T where m = mass c = specific heat capacity ∆T = temperature change Substituting: ( )( ) 10 kcal = 10 kg 0.5 kcal / kg…C∆T 10 kcal = ∆T kcal / …C ∆T = 2…C Since the ice is initially –10°C, the result will be ice at –8°C 54 The correct answer is (B) This question describes an application of Bernoulli’s law In the case of an airplane wing, air moves more quickly over the top of the wing, and this causes a lower pressure over the top surface The pressure differential leads to the “lift” of the wing 55 The correct answer is (C) Choice (C) best represents the force diagram under real conditions The pulling force acts at an angle θ, friction opposes the direction of motion, gravity acts toward the center of the earth (downward), and the normal force is as illustrated 56 The correct answer is (E) Mass is a measure of the amount of matter It is independent of gravitational effects Therefore, mass is unchanged 57 The correct answer is (B) Ultrasonic waves are sound waves Sound does not travel at the speed of light Each of the other waves travels at the speed of light 58 The correct answer is (B) By definition, the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence The angle of incidence in this case is 90° – θ Recall, the angle is measured with respect to the normal 59 The correct answer is (C) Snell’s law states n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 For total internal reflection, θ2 = 90° and the equation simplifies as sin 90° = 1: n2 = sinΘ1 n1 From the above equation, n2 must be less than n1 for total internal reflection to occur (The sine of an angle cannot exceed 1.) 60 The correct answer is (D) For an ideal gas, it is assumed the gas molecules not interact That is, the molecules neither attract nor repulse each other The remainder of the answer choices represent characteristics of an ideal gas 61 The correct answer is (B) According to the right hand rule, the current will flow out of the page Allow the fingers of the right hand to curl in the direction of the magnetic field The extended thumb represents the direction of the current 62 The correct answer is (B) The forces between parallel currents are attractive if the currents flow in the same direction If the parallel currents flow in opposite directions, repulsive forces exist www.petersons.com/arco ARCO Thuvientailieu.net.vn ■ SAT II Subject Tests Physics Subject Test 329 63 The correct answer is (C) The astronaut, the space shuttle, and all of the shuttle contents experience the same gravitational force Thus, everything accelerates toward the earth Therefore, since the shuttle is accelerating toward the earth, it does not “push” back against the astronaut (like the floor of a building does to someone on earth) Thus, the astronaut feels “weightless.” 64 The correct answer is (C) Linear momentum is defined by the expression: p = mv if p = 0, v must also = (m ≠ 0) Since kinetic energy is described by the following equation: K.E = mv2 if v = 0, K.E = Potential energy, however, is independent of the object’s velocity 65 The correct answer is (D) From the second law of motion: F = ma Since the mass and acceleration are given: F=(10kg)(1m/s2) F=10N The force will produce an acceleration in the direction of the force Therefore, the net force is 10N to the left 66 The correct answer is (A) Acceleration is described as the change in velocity per unit time: a= ∆v ∆t In this case, the velocity is unchanged, so the acceleration is zero 67 The correct answer is (D) In the time period 6–8 seconds, the velocity is constant Thus, the distance covered continually increases over time Since the velocity is uniform, the distance versus time graph will be linear with a positive slope 68 The correct answer is (C) The total magnification of a lens system is simply the product of the magnifying powers of each lens: Magnification = m1 × m2 =(100)(10) =1000x 69 The correct answer is (A) Recall, work is the product of the applied force and the resultant displacement: W=F·d for a charge then, W = Eq · d However, since no displacement occurs (d = 0), the work performed is zero ARCO ■ SAT II Subject Tests www.petersons.com/arco Thuvientailieu.net.vn 330 Lesson 11 70 The correct answer is (A) Impulse is the product of the force and time interval that the force is applied: Impulse = F ∆t Substituting: ( ) 2.5Ns = 50 N ∆t 2.5Ns = 0.05s 50 N 411 H→ 42 He + 210 e + energy ∆t = 71 The correct answer is (B) In the reaction given, four lighter nuclei are combined to form a nuclei with a greater mass This is an example of fusion 72 The correct answer is (C) Joule’s law describes the heat energy developed in a conductor: W = i2Rt Substituting: W= (2A)2 (6Ω)(2s) = 48 J Note: (A ⋅ Ω) = C (A ⋅ s) = C v⋅c=J 73 The correct answer is (B) In the absence of outside forces, angular momentum is conserved Angular momentum = constant = (angular velocity) × (rotational inertia) Therefore, if the rotational inertia is decreased by bringing the arms close to the body, the angular velocity must increase 74 The correct answer is (D) Like charges repel each other, while objects of opposite charge will experience a net attractive force Gravitational forces are much too weak to account for the observed movement 75 The correct answer is (D) The efficiency of a machine is described by the relationship: The work input is given (100 J) The work output: W=F⋅d = (30N) (1.5m) = 45 J Therefore, the efficiency is: www.petersons.com/arco ARCO Thuvientailieu.net.vn ■ SAT II Subject Tests