Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống
1
/ 13 trang
THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
Thông tin cơ bản
Định dạng
Số trang
13
Dung lượng
775,2 KB
Nội dung
Teaching Spoken English: Words, Chunks and Grammar Ronald Carter University of Nottingham 13/11/06 13/11/06 Top 40 most frequent words: 5m written 1 THE 21 AS 2 TO 22 AT 3 AND 23 BUT 4 OF 24 BE 5 A 25 HAVE 6 IN 26 FROM 7 WAS 27 NOT 8 IT 28 THEY 9 I 29 BY 10 HE 30 THIS 11 THAT 31 ARE 12 SHE 32 WERE 13 FOR 33 ALL 14 ON 34 HIM 15 HER 35 UP 16 YOU 36 AN 17 IS 37 SAID 18 WITH 38 THERE 19 HIS 39 ONE 20 HAD 40 BEEN Top 40 most frequent words: 5m spoken 1 THE 2 I 3 AND 4 YOU 5 IT 6 TO 7 A 8 YEAH 9 THAT 10 OF 11 IN 12 WAS 13 IT'S 14 KNOW 15 MM 16 IS 17 ER 18 BUT 19 SO 20 THEY 21 ON 22 OH 23 WE 24 HAVE 25 NO 26 LAUGHS 27 WELL 28 LIKE 29 WHAT 30 DO 31 RIGHT 32 JUST 33 HE 34 FOR 35 ERM 36 BE 37 THIS 38 ALL 39 THERE 40 GOT From Words to Collocations to Chunks 13/11/06 Single words Collocations (lean meat; *strong car) Idioms and phrases (having forty winks) Formulaic language (Have a nice day) Formulaic language: how fixed is fixed? Top 20 2-word chunks (spoken) YOU KNOW 28,013 11 I WAS 8,174 I MEAN 17,158 12 ON THE 8,136 I THINK 14,086 13 AND THEN 7,733 IN THE 13,887 14 TO BE 7,165 IT WAS 12,608 15 IF YOU 6,709 I DON'T 11,975 16 DON'T KNOW 6,614 OF THE 11,048 17 TO THE 6,157 AND I 9,722 18 AT THE 6,029 SORT OF 9,586 19 HAVE TO 5,914 10 DO YOU 9,164 20 YOU CAN 5,828 13/11/06 Top 6-word chunks (spoken) DO YOU KNOW WHAT I MEAN AT THE END OF THE DAY 236 64 AND ALL THE REST OF IT AND ALL THAT SORT OF THING I DON'T KNOW WHAT IT IS 13/11/06 222 41 38 Seven and beyond? 13/11/06 Chunks bigger than six or seven words are rare – the magic number Bigger chunks are ‘learned texts’, e.g. quotations, proverbs, etc 13/11/06 w w ea rl y t I m ea n an d th fu in n gs li ke th at ho w ev er yo u kn o al al l l t he ti m e sm a co up at le th o f e m om en t occs in 5m wds spoken Words v Chunks 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 Two Main Types of Chunk prefaces I don’t know if … I was going to say… as a matter of fact integrated items 13/11/06 sort of or something like that Functions of Chunks discourse marking you know I mean and then but I mean do you know what I mean at the end of the day if you see what I mean 13/11/06 10 Politeness prefaces do you think do you want (me) (to) I don’t know if/whether what do you think I was going to ask you 13/11/06 11 Hedging, boosting and vagueness I think sort of/kind of a bit (of a)/a couple of I don’t know/I don’t think to be honest with you as a matter of fact and stuff like that (and) all this sort of thing or something like that 13/11/06 12 Conclusions Chunks show how conversation is primarily about the speaker and listener Chunks are part of our vocabulary and grammar Using chunks contributes to fluency 13/11/06 13