Luat dan su dieu chinh cac quan he nhan than bang eachquy dinh nhung gia tri nhan than nao dirge coi la quyen nhanthan, trinh tu thirc hien, gioi han cua cac quy£n nhan than do,x *dong t
Trang 1S TRUONG DAI HOC LUAT HA NO!
hang
.h
Trang 2GIAO TRINH
TAPI
Trang 3196-2020/CXBIPH/32-02/CAND
Trang 4TRUtXNG DAI HQC LUAT HA NQI
Trang 5Chu bien
PGS.TS DINH VAN THANH
TS NGUYEN MINH TUAN
Tap the t&c gia
PGS.TS VU THI HONG YEN :
TS PHAM CONG LACh• •
X.
PGS.TS BUI DANG HIEU
TS KIEU THI THANH
PGS.TS DINH VAN THANH
TS WONG THANH THUY
Chuang I, II
Chuang III
Chuang IVPGS.TS PHUNG TRUNG TAP " Chuang
TRAN HUTJ BIEN ’ '
Trang 6L0I gi6 i thieu
Bp luat dan sic nam 2015 ducrc Quoc hoi nucrc Cong hod xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam Khoa XIII, Id hop thu 10 thong qua ngay 24/11/2015, cd hieu lire tir ngdy 01/01/2017 Day la bp
luat lorn nhat dr nucrc ta hien nay Veri 689 dieu luat, Bp luat dan
su dieu chinh cac quan he tai san vd nhan than co tinh pho bien trong ddri song cua nhan dan ta hien nay.
Viec chinh li giao trinh luat dan sir Viet Nam can cu vao chuorng trinh, muc tieu ddo tao cua Trudmg Dqi hoc Luat Ha Npi vd dupre xdy dung phu hop vdri chuorng trinh khung do Bp giao due vd ddo tqo quy dinh Giao trinh luat dan su duqrc
»
bien soan thanh hai tap de thuan tien cho viec hoc tap vd nghien cuu.
Trang 7Mac dit tap the tdc gid da het sue cd gang nhung giao trinh cung khd trdnh khdi nhung khieni khuyet, rat mong cac doc gid gdp y de giao trinh luat dan su Viet Nam cua Truong Dai hoc Luat Ha Npi ngdy cang hodn thien.
Xin tran trong gioi thieu ciing ban doc.
TRUING DAI HQC LUAT HA NQI
Trang 8CHLTONG I
KHAINIEM VE LUAT DAN SU’ VIET NAM
A Ddl TU’Q’NG VA PHUONG PHAP Dl£U CHlNH
♦
muc tieu do, dong luc chinh cua su phat trien la vi con nguoi,
do con nguoi, dat con nguoi vao vi tri trung tarn, giai phong suesan xuat, khoi day moi tiem nang cua moi ca nhan, moi tap thelao dong va cua ca cong dong dan toe; dong vien va tao moidieu kien cho moi nguoi Viet Nam phat huy y chi tu luc, tucubng, can kiem xay dung To quoc, ra sue lam giau cho minh vacho dat nuoc Trong do, moi nguoi duoc tu do kinh doanh theophap luat, duoc bao ho quySn so huu va thu nhap hop phap
He thong phap luat cua Nha nuoc Cpng hoa xa hoi chunghia Viet Nam bao gom nhieu nganh luat, dieu chinh cac quan
he xa hpi da dang, phuc tap Trong do, mSi nganh luat di6uchinh nhung nhom quan he xa hpi nh4t dinh Nhung nhom quan
Trang 9he xa hoi do mot nganh luat di6u chinh dupe goi la ddi tuong
X X X
cac quan he xa hoi can dieu chinh bang phap luat
I DOI TU0NG DIEU CHiNH CUA LUAT DAN SI/
• f u • - • ’ : \ £ k J A
Ddi tuong dieu chinh cua luat dan su la quan he nhan than
va tai san cua ca nhan, phap nhan trong cac quan he dupe hinh
thanh tren co so binh dang, tu do y chi, doc lap ve tai san va tuchiu trach nhiem (sau day goi chung la quan he dan su) (Dieu 1
Bp luat dan su - BLDS nam 2015) Voi quy dinh nay, luat dan
su noi chung va BLDS nam 2015 noi rieng da mor rpng pham vi
x r
dieu chinh den cac quan he thuoc linh vuc luat tu va tro thanhluat chung dieu chinh cac quan he tai san Trong truong hprpluat rieng khong quy dinh true tiep de dieu chinh cac quan he
xa hoi trong linh vuc do thi cac quy dinh cua BLDS nam 2015
X
se dieu chinh Tuy nhien, cac quy djnh cua luat rieng khongdupe trai voi nhung nguyen tac co ban dupe quy dinh tai Dieu 3BLDS nam 2015 Truong hop luat khac co lien quan khong quy
z
dinh hoac co quy dinh nhung vi pham nguyen tac tren thi quydinh cua BLDS nam 2015 dupe ap dung
1 Quan he tai san
Quan he tai san la quan he giua nguoi voi nguoi thong qua
z
mot tai san Quan he tai san bao gid cung gan voi mpt tai sannhdt dinh dupe thd hien duoi dang nay hay dang khac
Trang 10Tai san (dirge khai quat chung a Dieu 105 BLDS nam 2015)bao gom: vat, ti£n, gi£y to co gia va quyen tai san Quan he taisan tai san khong chi bo hep a nhirng vat vo tri ma con ham
quyen yeu cau cua mot hay nhieu chu the va nghia vu tuomgung voi cac quyen yeu cau do cua mot hay nhieu chu the khactrong quan he nghia vu cung dirge coi la quan he tai san Quan
he tai san rat da dang va phuc tap boi cac yeu to cau thanh nencac quan he do bao gom: chu the tham gia, khach the dirge tacdong va noi dung cua cac quan he do Quan he tai san la doitirgng dieu chinh cua luat dan str co nhirng dac diem sau:
Trang 11cu the deu dat ra nhung muc dich va vai dgng ca nhat dinh Bai
♦
vay, quan he tai san ma cac chu the tham gia mang y chi cua cacchu the va phai phu hap vai y chi cua Nha nude thong qua cacquy pham phap luat dan su Nha nude dung cac quy pham phapluat dan su tac dong len cac quan he kinh te, hudng cho cac quan
he nay phat sinh, thay doi theo y chi cua Nha nude Vi vay, su tacdong cua Nha nude thong qua cac quy pham phap luat dan su c6
y nghia quan trong trong viec dinh hudng cho cac quan he tai sanphat trien Neu su dinh hudng phu hop vai nhung quy luat khachquan cua su phat trien thi se thuc day quan he san xuat va luclugng san xuat phat trien va ngugc lai se kim ham su phat triencua luc lugng san xuat
he tai san phu hop vai trinh do phat trien cua luc lugng san xuat
la dinh hudng co y nghia dac biet quan trgng, cd tac dung thucday manh me nen san xuat xa hoi
Thir hai, quan he tai san do luat dan su dieu chinh mang tinh
Trang 12nen san xuat nay No tao dong luc cho moi ca nhan va to chuc,khoi day moi tiem nang cua ho, phat huy y chi tu luc, tu cuong
ra sue lam giau cho minh va cho dat nuoc Nhung nen kinh tehang hoa theo cor che thi truong cung co nhung mat trai cua no(canh tranh khong lanh manh, phan hoa giau ngheo ) Cho
nen, khuyen khich tinh nang dong, sang tao di doi voi thiet laptrat tu ki cuong trong hoat dong kinh te, bao dam cho moi don
vi kinh te, khong phan biet quan he so him deu hoat dong theo
co che tu chu kinh doanh, hop tac va canh tranh voi nhau, binhdang truoc phap luat Boi vay, can phai co hanh lang phap li
vua mem deo, linh hoat, vua chat che moi cd the dap ung dupecac yeu cau tren Hon nua chung ta dang trong qua trinh hoinhap quoc te tren nhieu linh vuc, do vay phap luat noi chung vaphap luat dan su noi rieng con phai tuong thich vod phap luat
va cung la khach the cua quan he tai san phai tri gia dupe thanhtien va cd the chuyen giao thong qua cac giao dich dan su Dovay, cac quan he tai san nay cung khong nam ngoai su chi phdicua quy luat hang hoa - tidn te
Thu ba, quan he tai san do luat dan su didu chinh mang tinhchat den bu tuong duong Sp den bu tuong duong trong trao ddi
Trang 13la bieu hien cua quan he hang hoa va tien te, la dac trung cuaquan he dan su theo nghTa rong Nhung khong phai tat ca sirdich chuyen tai san, dich vu deu co su den bu tuong duong nhu:cho, tang, thua kS, su dung cac tac pham van hoc nghe thuat Nhung cac quan he nay khong phai la quan he co ban va khong
pho bien trong trao doi; no khong chi don thuan la quan hephap luat ma con bi chi phoi boi nhieu quan he xa hoi khac(truyen thong, phong tuc )
2 Quan he nhan than
Cung voi quan he tai san, luat dan su con dieu chinh cac quan
he nhan than (Dieu 1 BLDS nam 2015) Quan he nhan than laquan he giua nguoi voi nguoi ve mot gia tri nhan than cua ca
Cac quyen nhan than duoc nhieu nganh luat dieu chinh
Luat hanh chinh quy dinh ve trinh tu, thu tuc de xac dinh cacquyen nhan than nhu: phong cac danh hieu cao quy cua Nhanude; tang thuong cac loai huan, huy chuong; cong nhan cacchuc danh Luat hinh su bao ve cac gia tri nhan than bang eachquy dinh nhung hanh vi nao khi xam pham den nhung gia trinhan than nao duoc coi la toi pham (nhu cac t$i: vu khong, lamnhuc nguoi khac, lam hang gia ) > • '
Trang 14Luat dan su dieu chinh cac quan he nhan than bang eachquy dinh nhung gia tri nhan than nao dirge coi la quyen nhanthan, trinh tu thirc hien, gioi han cua cac quy£n nhan than do,x *dong thcri quy dinh cac bien phap thuc hien, bao ve cac quyennhan than (DiSu 11 - Dieu 14 BLDS nam 2015).
Cac quan he nhan than xuat phat tir quyen nhan than do luatdan su dieu chinh co the chia lam hai nh6m can cur vao khoan 1Dieu 17 BLDS nam 2015:
- Quan he nhan than gan voi tai san;
- Quan he nhan than khong gan voi tai san
Nhung quan he nhan than do luat dan su dieu chinh conhung dac diem sau:
- Quyen nhan than khong xac dinh dugc bang tien - gia trinhan than va tien te khong phai la nhung dai lugng tuong
duong va khong the trao doi ngang gia Cac quyen nhan thankhong gan voi tai san nhu danh du, nhan pham, uy tin cua canhan, danh du, uy tin cua to chuc; quyen doi voi ho, ten; thaydoi hg ten; quyen xac dinh dan toe, thay doi dan toe; quyendoi voi hinh anh; voi bi mat doi tu; quyen ket hon, li hon (tu Dieu 26 den Dieu 39 BLDS nam 2015) Mgt so quySn
Trang 15nhan than moi dugc ghi nhan va bao ho trong BLDS nam
2015 nhu: quyen ve doi song rieng tu, bi mat ca nhan, bi matgia dinh; chuyen doi gioi tinh; quydn nhan than trong quan hehon nhan va gia dinh
Luat dan sg ghi nhan nhung gia tri nhan than dirge coi laquydn nhan than va quy dinh cac bien phap bao ve cac gia trinhan than do Moi chu the co nhirng gia tri nhan than khacnhan nhirng dirge bao ve nhu nhan khi cac gia tri do bi xampham Khi quyen nhan than bi xam pham thi chu the coquyen tu minh cai chinh, yeu cau nguoi co hanh vi xampham hoac yeu cau cor quan nha nuoc co tham quydn buocnguoi vi pham cham dut hanh vi vi pham: xin 16i, cai chinhcong khai; tu minh cai chinh tren cac phuomg tien thong tindai chung; yeu cau nguoi vi pham hoac yeu cau toa an buocnguoi vi pham phai boi thuong mot khoan tien de bu d&p
* r y n
nhung ton that ve tinh than
Cac quan he nhan than gan voi tai san la nhung gia trinhan than khi dugc xac lap lam phat sinh cac quyen tai san.Quyen nhan than la tien de lam phat sinh cac quyen tai san khi
co nhung sir kien phap li nhat dinh nhu tac gia cac tac phim
*
van hgc, nghe thuat, khoa hgc ki thuat; quyen tac gia cac sangche, giai phap him ich, kieu dang cong nghiep dugc huongtien nhuan but, thu lao, dugc huong tien thu lao do ap dungcac ddi tuang so huu cong nghiep neu tren Quyen cua canhan ddi voi hinh anh la quyen nhan than nhung khi hinh anh
do dugc nguoi khac su dung vi muc dich thuong mai thi
nguai co hinh anh se dugc tra thu lao Do la su ki$n lam phatsinh quyen nhan than gan voi tai san
Trang 16II PHUONG PHAP DIEU CHiNH CUA LUAT DAN SU
X
Phuong phap dieu chinh cua luat dan su la nhung each thuc,bien phap ma Nha nuoc tac dong len cac quan he tai san, cacquan he nhan than lam cho cac quan he nay phat sinh, thay doi,cham dut theo y chi cua Nha nuoc phu hop voi ba loi ich (Nhanuoc, xa hoi va ca nhan)
la dac trung khi trao doi N6u khong doc lap ve tai san va binhd£ng ve dia vi phap li thi se khong tao ra su d£n bu tuong
Trang 17duong Su binh dang va dpc lap dupe the hien ngay ca trongtrubng hop cac chu the co cac m6i quan he khac ma hg khongbinh dang (trong quan he hanh chinh, lao dpng ) va chinh subinh dang, doc lap cua cac chu the moi tao dugc ti6n d6 cho su
tu dinh doat sau nay Neu vg chong tang cho nhau tai san trongthoi ki hon nhan ma nguon goc tai san tang cho co dugc tu taisan chung thi quan he tang cho do chu yeu mang mau s&c tinhcam, chu khong lam dich chuyen quyen so huu sang cho nguoidugc tang cho vi khi xac lap quan he tang cho nay khong c6 sudoc lap ve tai san giua vg va chong
- Phap luat dan su ghi nhan quyen tu dinh doat cua cac chuthe trong viec tham gia cac quan he tai san Khi tham gia vaocac quan he tai san, moi chu the deu dat ra nhung muc dich voi
F
nhung dong co nhat dinh Boi vay, viec lua chon mot quan he
cu the do cac chu the tu quyet dinh, can cu vao kha nang, dieukien, muc dich ma ho tham gia vao cac quan he do Khi thamgia vao cac quan he cu the, cac chu the tuy y theo y chi cuaminh lua chon doi tac se tham gia, noi dung quan he ma hptham gia, each thuc, bien phap thuc hien cac quyen va nghia vu.Trong nhieu trubng hop, cac chu the co the tu dat ra cac bienphap bao dam, hinh thuc va pham vi trach nhiem, each thuc apdung trach nhiem khi ben nay hay ben kia khong thuc hien haythuc hien khong dung thoa thuan
*»
Tuy nhien, viec tu dinh doat cua cac chu the khi tham giavao cac quan he khong dong nghia voi tu do, tuy tien trong viectao lap, thay ddi, cham dut cac quan he do Dac diem chung cacquan he tai san va quan he nhan than la da dang, phuc tap Boivay, cac quy pham phap luat khong the du lieu het dugc cac
Trang 18quan he dang ton tai va phat trien Cho nen, phap luat dua ra
% z
nhung gioi han, vach ra nhung hanh lang an toan, can thiet,trong do cac chu the co quyen tu do hanh dong Gioi han dodugc xac dinh boi cac nguyen tac dirge quy dinh trong BLDS
va the hien ro net nhat a Dieu 3 BLDS nam 2015: “Viec xac
lap, thirc hien quyen, nghia vu dan su khong duac xam pham den lai ich cua Nhd nude, lai ich cong cong, quyen, lai ich hap phap cua ngudi, khac” Khi vi pham nguyen tac nay, lam thiet
hai den quyen va Igi ich hgp phap cua chu the khac se bi coi la
vi pham phap luat dan den hau qua phap li, phai boi thuongthiet hai Cam k6t, thoa thuan la tu nguyen nhirng sau khi da tu
nguyen cam ket, thoa thuan, cac chu the buoc phai tham gia vaoquan he dan su do Mat khac, trong mot s6 trudmg hop, nhambao ve quyen Igi cua mot so chu the nhat dinh, phap luat da hanche quyen tu dinh doat do (nhu quy dinh ve dieu kien chuyenquyen su dung dat, ve nguoi dugc huong di san khong phuthuoc noi dung cua di chuc )
- Xuat phat tu su binh dang giua cac chu the, quyen tu dinhdoat cua ho khi tham gia cac quan he dan su, cho nen dac trung
cua phuong phap giai quyet cac tranh chap dan su la hoa giai.Day la nguyen tac dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 7 BLDS nam 2015 -Nguyen tac hoa giai Viec thuc hien hay tu choi mot quyen taisan cua cac chu the thuoc pham vi tu dinh doat cua ho (tuynhien, chi trong truong hgp quyen cua hg khong dong thoi langhia vu ma phap luat quy dinh) Cho nen, viec giai quyet cactranh chap dan su do cac ben tyr thoa thuan Neu khong the thoathuan hoac hoa giai dugc, toa an chi giai quyet trong pham viyeu cau cua nguyen don
Trang 19- Cac quan he ma luat dan su dieu chinh chu yeu la cac quan
he tai san mang tinh chat hang hoa va tien te, viec vi phamnghia vu cua mot ben trong quan he do din den thiet hai ve tai
HI DINH NGHIA LUAT DAN SU, PHAN BIET LUATDAN sir vdi cAc ngAnh luat khA c
> f
Theo truyen thong trong khoa hoc phap li, mot nganh luatduqc xac dinh va phan biet vai nganh luat khac can cu vao doi
tuong dieu chinh va cac dac diem phuang phap dieu chinh cua
no Dua vao doi tuong dieu chinh va nhung net dac trung coban cua phuang phap dieu chinh cua luat dan su co the dinhnghia luat dan su nhu sau:
Luat dan sic Id mot nganh luat trong he thongphap luat Viet
Trang 20vao doi tugng dieu chinh, phuong phap dieu chinh va nhungdac didm cua no.
- Chung ta de dang phan biet luat dan su vdi luat hanhchinh Luat hanh chinh dieu chinh cac quan he xa hoi trong linhv\rc didu hanh va quan li nha nude Cac chu the tham gia khongbinh ding ve dia vi phap li va khong thd thoa thuan trong viecxac lap, thay ddi, chim dirt quan he hanh chinh ma duoc xaclap dua tren cac quy dinh cua phap luat
- Luat hinh su co nhiem vu bao ve cac quan he xa hoi bang
▼
each quy dinh nhung hanh vi nao bi coi la hanh vi nguy hiemcho xa hoi dong thoi quy dinh hinh phat tuong ung vdi muc donguy hiem cua hanh vi do Mac du viec ap dung cac bien phapcuong chd do luat hinh su quy dinh la su cuong chd cua Nhanude nhung nhung bien phap nay trudc tien la trach nhiem cua
ca nhan voi xa h$i, vdi Nha nude noi chung Chuc nang chuydu cua hinh phat la trung phat va giao due; con trong dan su,
♦ F
trach nhiem tai san trudc tien la trach nhiem cua chu the nay ddivdi chu the khac va muc dich chu ydu cua nd la phuc hoi tinhtrang tai san cua ben bi thiet hai
- Luat dan su duoc coi la luat chung trong linh vuc luat tu,bao gom cac quy dinh lien quan den quyen loi cua chu the va venguyen tac cd the thay ddi bang su thoa thuan cua cac ben Do
*
su phat trien cua xa hoi cung nhu khoa hoc phap li, tren co socua luat dan su da phat trien them nhung linh vuc phap luatkhac (nhu luat thuong mai ) Trong cac giao luu dan su, conhung quan he dugc coi la quan he thuong mai Day la nhungquan he dac thd duoc dieu chinh boi luat thuong mai Khi didu
Trang 21chinh cac quan he thuong mai, neu khong co quy pham phap
BLDS nam 2015 de dieu chinh cac quan he do
- Luat hon nhan va gia dinh duoc tach ra tu luat dan su dedieu chinh cac quan he nhan than va tai san giua vo - chong vacac thanh vien trong gia dinh, trong do quan he nhan than giua
vo - chong la trung tarn, quyet dinh cac quan he khac Cac quan
he tai san ma luat hon nhan va gia dinh dieu chinh giua cac chu
the khong doc lap ve tai san va khong the ap dung nguyen tacden bu tuong duomg Tai san cua vo, chong tao ra trong thoi kihon nhan la tai san thuoc so huu chung hop nhat cua vo chong.Luat dan su dieu chinh cac quan he tai san rieng cua vo, chong
va cac thanh vien khac trong gia dinh Trong truong hop khong
co quy dinh trong luat hon nhan va gia dinh, se su dung cac quydinh trong BLDS nam 2015 de dieu chinh cac quan he do
_ F
- Luat to tung dan su duoc coi la luat hinh thuc cua luat dan
su va luat hon nhan va gia dinh, luat kinh te, luat lao dong; quydinh trinh tu, thu tuc giai quyet cac tranh chap dan su, hon nhan
va gia dinh, kinh te, lao dong Luat to tung dan su dieu chinhcac quan he giua cac chu the tham gia to tung
Trang 22, IV HE THONG PHAP LUAT DAN SV, KHOA HOC
LU AT DAN SV, GlAO TRINH LUAT DAN SV
1 He thong phap luat dan sir
He thong phap luat dan sir la he thong cac quy pham dan sudieu chinh cac quan he tai san va cac quan he nhan than Cacquy pham phap luat nay hop thanh nhung nhom quy pham dieu
Can cu vao each sap xep truyen thong va dugc the hientrong BLDS, khoa hgc luat dan su phan chia luat dan su thanhhai phan Ion - Phan chung va Phan rieng
Phan chung: Bao gom nhung quy pham chung, xuyen suottoan bo he thong phap luat dan su, quy djnh nhung nguyen tac,
su, cac quy pham dugc chia thanh cac ch6 dinh Ion tuong ung.Cac che dinh Ion nay co phan chung va chi ap dung cho riengphan do Hien nay, luat dan su Viet Nam hinh thanh cac ch£dinh 1dm sau day:
Trang 23+ Che dinh quyen scr hicu va quyen khac doi v&i tai san: Day
la che dinh trung tarn, quan trpng nhat khong chi rieng cho luatdan sir ma cho ca he thong phap luat noi chung Trong do, quydinh cac hinh thuc so huu; doi tuong cua quyen so huu, quyenkhac doi voi tai san; cac can cu phat sinh, thay doi, cham dut
X
- Hop dong dan su thong dung (mua ban, thue tai san );
- Che dinh thuc hien cong viec khong co uy quyen;
- Che dinh duoc led ve tai san khong co can cu hop phap;
- Che dinh trach nhiem dan su do gay thiet hai (quy dinhcan cu phat sinh trach nhiem do gay thiet hai va mot so truonghop rieng biet cua trach nhiem do gay thiet hai)
+ Che dinh thim ke: Quy dinh ve trinh tu dich chuyen di sancua ngucd chet cho nhung nguoi con song, viec dich chuySn disan theo di chuc hoac theo quy dinh cua phap luat
Trang 242 Khoa hoc luat dan sir va giao trinh luat dan su
Tuong ung vai moi nganh luat co mon khoa hoc phap li venganh luat do, vai nganh luat dan su co khoa hoc luat dan su.Vai tu each la mot mon hoc, mot phan nganh khoa hoc phap li,khoa hoc luat dan su la he thdng nhung khai niem, nhung quandiem, pham tru ve nhung van de rat khac nhau cua luat dan
su No bao gom viec xac dinh luat dan su nhu la mot nganh luat
f *** *
bien phap khac phuc nhung Id hong do
Khoa hoc luat dan su xay dung tren co so luat thuc dinhnhung khong dong nghia vai luat thuc dinh •
Vai tu each la mot mon hoc trong cac truong chuyen nganhluat, luat dan su co vai tro, vi tri nhu nhimg mon hoc khac, do
la mon chuyen nganh nghien cuu luat dan su nhu la mon hoc
dugc xay dung tren he thong li luan truyen thong va hien dai vatren ca sa luat thuc dinh Chuang trinh mon hoc dugc ket cautheo noi dung sau:
Trang 25viec ap dung luat dan sir; nghien cuu quan he phap luat dan sirnhir la mot loai quan he xa hoi dac biet dugc cac quy pham
phap luat dieu chinh; cac thanh to cau thanh cua quan he phapluat dan su: chu the, khach the va npi dung; nhung yeu to riengbiet va cac can cu lam phat sinh cac quan he phap luat dan sir;thoi han, then hieu • X • 4
Phan thu hat: Quyen so huu va quyen khac doi vai tai san:Nghien cuu nhung khai niem chung ve tai san, quydn sa him,
su phat trien cac quan he so huu, quyen sa him, noi dung quyen
so huu va cac hinh thuc so huu, cac can cu lam phat sinh, chdm
Trang 26bSng cac quy dinh cua phap luat Ngay 10/10/1945, khong lau
A
sau ngay nuoc Viet Nam dan chu cong hoa ra doi, Chu tich HoChi Minh da ki Sic lenh so 90/SL cho phep tarn su dung mot soluat le hien hanh o Bac - Trung - Nam cho den khi ban hanh
nhirng bo luat duy nhat cho toan quoc neu “nhung luat le ay
khong trai vai nguyen tac doc lap cua nuac Viet Nam va chinh the dan chu cong hod” Voi tinh than do, BLDS Nam Ki gian
y6u nam 1883, Bo dan luat Bac Ki nam 1931 va Bo dan luatTrung Ki nam 1936 (Hoang Viet Trung Ki Ho luat) duoc tieptuc thi hanh Nhu vay, tai ba mien B&c - Trung - Nam ton tai ba
bo dan luat Tiep do, trong dieu kien chien tranh khde liet cuacuoc khang chien chong Phap, de dieu hanh cong viec cua Nhanude va dieu chinh cac giao luu dan su trong dieu kien, hoancanh moi, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da ki nhieu sac lenh, trong doSac lenh so 97/SL ngay 22/5/1950 “Sua doi mot so quy le vache dinh trong dan luat” co y nghia dac biet trong su phat triencua luat dan su Sac lenh nay mot mat khong huy bo nhung quydinh cua cac bo dan luat cu, mat khac no bo sung, thay doi lamcho cac bo luat cua “de qu6c phong kien” co noi dung moi, dem
den nhung bien doi thuc su trong each thuc sinh hoat va tutuong cua nhan dan Viet Nam, dat co so, nhung nguyen tac coban cho su hinh thanh va phat trien cua luat dan su - phap luatdan su cua mot Nha nude doc lap, co chu quyen Nhung nguyentac nay that su dan chu, tien bo, mang tinh nhan dan sau sic vacho den nay van con giu nguyen y nghia chu dao cho su hinhthanh va van dung cac quy dinh phap luat dan su moi Do la cac
nguyen tac “ Nhung quyen dan su deu duac luat bao ve khi nguai ta hanh xu no dung vai quyen lai cua nhan dan” (DiSu 1); “ Nguai ta chi dupe huang dung va su dung cac vat thuoc
Trang 27quyen sa hint cua minh mpt each hap phap va khong gay thipt hai den quyen lai cua nhan dan” (Dieu 12); “Nguai dan ba cd
xa hoi quan trong khong nam trong doi tugng dieu chinh cualuat dan su
Tu dau nhung nam 80, Nha nuoc da ban hanh nhieu vanban phap luat de dieu chinh cac quan he dan su Dac trung cua
he dan su.• •
Trang 28Trong giai doan nay, cac van ban phap luat dirge ban hanhduoi dang nghi dinh cua Chinh phu, quyet dinh cua Thu tuongChinh phu ve kinh te, khong co van ban duoi luat mang tinhdan su Nhieu Imh vuc dan su khong dugc dieu chinh true tiep
Nhung xet lai nhung van de neu tren duoi goc do lich su,dieu kien va hoan canh cua dat nuoc trong giai doan do, chung
ta co the thay rang kho co the co lua chon nao khac Dat nuocdang co chien tranh, muc tieu cua chung ta la hoan thanh cuockhang chien chong My cuu nuoc, tap trung mgi nguon luc, suenguoi, sue cua de hoan thanh nhiem vu Ion lao cua each mang,cho nen cac quan he dan sg mang tinh hanh chinh hoa va dugcgiai quyet mgt each nhanh chong
Trang 29Tu giua nhung nam 80, khi dat nude budc vao thoi ki doimod, phat trien nen kinh te hang hoa nhieu thanh phan co suquan 11 cua Nha nude theo dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia, bao vecac quyen, lod Ich hop phap cua ca nhan, Nha nude da ban hanhnhieu van ban phap luat nham the che hoa cac chu truong,dudng loi cua Dang ve doi moi kinh te - xa hoi Nhin chung,cac van ban nay da gop phan phat huy tiem nang cua cac thanhphan kinh te, phat trien nen kinh te hang hoa nhi£u thanh phan;
budc dau the hien duoc nhung nguyen tac co ban cua phap luatdan su la tu nguyen, binh dang, hop tac, tuong tro giup do lan
nhau phu hop vdi thong le quoc te trong giao luu dan su
Cac van ban ban hanh trong giai doan nay cd hieu luc tuong
Trang 30nghTa vu cua cac to chuc trong nude duoc giao dat, cho thueddt; Phap lenh ve quyen va nghTa vu cua to chuc, ca nhan nuocngoai thue dat tai Viet Nam; Phap lenh bao ho quyen tac gia(1994) De huong dan cac luat, phap lenh, Chinh phu da banhanh nhieu nghi dinh, ngoai ra cac co quan ngang bo ban hanhthong tu huong dan nghi dinh
Trong thue te, con nhieu van de ve dan su chua duoc phapluat dieu chinh nhu: cac quan he ve so huu tai san, nghTa vu dansu; cac loai hop dong dan su thong dung; van de boi thuongthiet hai; ve thue hien cong viec khong co uy quyen; duoc loi
ve tai san khong c6 can cu phap luat; cac quan he dan su c6yeu to nuoc ngoai Mat khac, do su chuyen doi cua nen kinh
te, co ch€ quan li kinh te, nhieu quy dinh trong cac van ban
BLDS duoc ban hanh nam 1995 va co hieu luc tu ngay01/7/1996 danh dau buoc quan trong trong qua trinh lapphap cua Nha nude ta Bo luat co tarn quan trpng “sau Hienphap” dieu chinh cac quan he xa hpi da dang, phuc tap, lamnen tang va dinh huong cho viec phat trien cac quan he dan
su, kinh te, hon nhan gia dinh, lao dong BLDS duoc ban
hanh co quy mo Ion nhat trong cac bp luat tu truoc den naynhung vi pham vi dieu chinh cua Bq luat qua rpng Ion, cho
Trang 31nen can phai co rat nhieu cac van ban dual luat huong danthuc hien va phai thanh lap nhieu co quan chuc nang de thuchien cac quy dinh cua BLDS.
Qua 10 nam thi hanh, BLDS da phat huy vai tro to Ion trongviec tao lap hanh lang phap li dieu chinh c&c quan he dan su,gop phan thuc day phat trien kinh te, xa hoi, bao ve quyen, laiich hop phap cua ca nhan, to chuc, loi ich Nha nuoc va lai ichcong cpng Tuy nhien, BLDS cung da boc 1 q nhung han che,bat cap nhu: BLDS la luat chung trong he thdng phap luat dieuchinh cac quan he xa hoi giua cac chu the co dia vi phap li binhdang theo nguyen tac tu thoa thuan va tu chiu trach nhiemnhung thuc tien xay dung va ap dung phap luat cua nuoc ta chothay nhieu van ban phap luat deu khoanh vung ap dung cua cac
_ r r
van ban do nen hieu luc ap dung cua BLDS da bi han che ratnhieu; mot so quy dinh trong BLDS khong con phu hap voithuc te, co nhung quy dinh khong ro rang hoac khong day du,quy dinh qua chung; trong BLDS con co nhung quy dinh mangtinh hanh chinh Ngoai ra, nhieu luat moi duoc ban hanh conhung noi dung lien quan den BLDS nhung trong BLDS chuaduoc dieu chinh hoac chua bo sung sua doi cho phu hap danden su mau thuan, bat cap trong he thong phap luat Trong dieukien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te, BLDS con co nhung quy dinhchua tuong thich voi cac dieu uoc quoc te va thong le quoc te
De khac phuc tinh trang tren, thang 6/2005, Quoc hpi khoa
XI ki hop thu 7 da thong qua BLDS sua doi - BLDS nam 2005,
co hieu luc tu ngay 01/01/2006
Thuc hien the chd hoa Cuomg linh xay d\mg dat nuoc thoi
Trang 32ki qua do len chu nghTa xa hoi (bo sung, phat trien nam 2011),Chien luge phat trien kinh te - xa hoi giai doan 2011 — 2020 vayeu cau ve bao ve quyen con nguoi, quyen cong dan, hoan thienthe chd kinh t6 thi truong dinh huong xa hoi chu nghia, hoi
nhap quoc te da dupe ghi nhan trong Hien phap nam 2013, ngay24/11/2015, tai ki hop thu 10 Quoc hoi khoa 13 da thong quaBLDS nam 2015 (Luat s6 91/2015/QH13) BLDS nam 2015
* - •
trien cua phap luat dan su o nuoc ta
B ngu On cO a luat dan sit
I KHAl NIEM VA PHAN LOAI NGUON CUA LUAT
dAn SU
1 Khai niem nguon cua luat dan su*
Nguon cua phap luat da duoc nghien cuu trong li luanchung ve nha nuoc va phap luat Ve mat xa hoi hoc, nguon cuaphap luat la y chi cua giai cap thong tri dua len thanh luat manpi dung duoc xac dinh boi cac dieu kien chinh tri, kinh tS tont^i trong xa hpi can thiet phai di6u chinh bang phap luat Phapluat la y chi cua giai cap thdng tri dua thanh luat, the hien quandiem giai cap ve hinh mau xa hoi, trong do cac quan he xa hoi
Trang 33nao duoc dieu chinh bang phap luat va voi phuong thuc nao la
co quan nha nuoc co tham quyen the che hoa bang qua trinh lap
phap Boi vay, “ Nha nude ta phdi cd dii quyen luc va du khd nang dinh ra luat phap va to chicc, quan li moi mat ddi song bangphap luqt”^
Nguon cua luat dan su hieu theo nghia hep la nhung vanban phap luat (hinh thuc cua phap luat) do co quan nha nuoc co
tham quyen ban hanh nham dieu chinh cac quan he tai san vacac quan he nhan than Mot van ban duoc coi la nguon cua luatdan su phai dap ung nhung yeu cau sau day:
♦ X
- Van ban do co quan nha nuoc co tham quyen ban hanh;
- Chua dung cac quy pham phap luat dan su;
- Phai ban hanh theo trinh tu, thu tuc do luat dinh.• F • « •
(1 ).Xcm: Van ki?n Dai hpi Dang thdi ki ddi mai, Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia, Ha
Trang 342 Phan loai nguon cua luat dan sir
Theo nguyen tic chung, cac quy pham phap luat sir
co hieu luc bit buoc thi hanh Nhung can cur vao c^avan ban, co quan ban hanh va hieu luc phap luat c^a v^n j^n,ngudn cua luat dan su co the duqc chia thanh cac lo^j sau:
- Hien phap;
-BLDS;
- Cac luat, bo luat lien quan;
- Cac van ban dudi luat
- An le
F
a Hien phap
' r r •
Hien phap la dao luat co ban, dao luat goc cua mot quoc gia,
la “xuong song, tru cot” cua he thong phap luat, la co so xaydung cac van ban phap luat khac Hien phap la dao luat co bancua he thong phap luat, can cu vao quy dinh cua Hien phap, cacnganh luat cu the hoa bing cac quy dinh de tac dong tdi cacquan he ma nd co nhiem vu dieu chinh
Doi vdi luat dan su, Hien phap la ngudn dac biet quan
trong, mac du Hien phap chi quy dinh nhung van de chung nhatcua luat dan su Hien phap nam 1992 quy dinh nhung nguyentac co ban cua che do xa hoi Viet Nam d giai doan dau thdi ki
qua do tien len chu nghia xa hoi voi nen kinh te thi trudng cd sudieu tiet cua Nha nude theo dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia.Trong Hien phap nam 2013, Chuang II va Chuong III cd nhung
X F F
quy dinh lien quan nhieu nhat den luat dan su:
Trang 35Chuang II - QuySn con ngudi, quyen va nghia vu co bancua cong dan: Ngoai nhung quyen ve chinli tri - xa hoi, Hienphap con xac nhan nhung quyen dan su ca ban cua cong dan,
do la quyen tu do kinh doanh; quyen sa huu nhung thu nhaphop phap, cua cai de danh, nha a; quyen thua ke, quyen binhdang ve nang luc phap luat cua ca nhan; cac quyen nhan than vaquyen tai san khac
Chuong III - Kinh te, xa hoi, van hoa, giao due, khoa hpccong nghe va moi truemg
Dieu 51 quy dinh: “7 Nen kinh te Viet Nam la nen kinh te thi truong dinh huongxa hoi chu nghia voi nhieu hinh thuc so
phdn kinh te binh dang, hop tdc vd canh tranh theo phap luat.
3 Nha nuoc khuyen khich, tao dieu kien de doanh nhan, doanh nghiep vd cd nhan, to chuc khac dau tu, san xuat, kinh doanh; phdt trien ben vung cac ngdnh kinh te, gop phdn xdy dung ddt nuoc Tai san hop phap cua cd nhan, to chuc dau tu, san xuat, kinh doanh duoc phap luat bao ho vd khong bi quoc huu hod,f.
b Bo luat dan su
BLDS la nguon chu yeu, true tiep va quan trong nhat cualuat dan su BLDS nam 2015 gom 6 phan, 27 chuong va 689dieu vai nhieu ch6 dinh mai, tien bo, the hien mot each day du
Trang 36nhat vdi tinh chat la luat chung va dinh hudng cho viec xaydung cac van ban phap luat dieu chinh cac quan he dan su dacthu, xu Illi bat cap cua luat hien hanh, giai quyet dugc nhungvudng mac trong thuc tien cuoc song.
Day la bp luat Ion nhat cua Nha nude ta ve moi phuongdien: pham vi dieu chinh, thoi gian chuan bi thong qua, soluomg dieu luat BLDS da the che hoa Cuomg linh chien lugephat triSn kinh te xa hoi, cac nghi quyet cua Dang va cu the hoaHien phap nam 2013 nhSm bao ve quySn Igi cua giai cap congnhan, nhan dan lao dong va cua ca dan toe, gop phan giai phongsue san xuat, khuyen khich moi thanh phan kinh te, moi tanglop dan cu song va lam viec theo phap luat, vi su nghiep phattrien dat nude, vi muc tieu dan giau nude manh, xa hoi cong
bang, van minh; xay dung cac chuan muc phap If cho cac tochuc, ca nhan khi tham gia vao cac quan he dan su nham tangcudng quan li xa hoi bang phap luat theo dinh hudng xa hoi chunghTa, the hien truyen thong doan ket, tuong than tuong ai cuadan toe ta BLDS gop phan han che tranh chap tieu cue trong
A *
cac quan he dan su, bao dam dan chu, cong bang, on dinh, doanket trong noi bo nhan dan, mSi ngudi vi cong dong va congddng vi moi ngudi Dong thoi, viec ban hanh BLDS la thuc
hien mot budc quan trong phap dien hoa phap luat dan su, khacphuc tinh trang tan man, khong d£y du cua phap luat trong linhvuc dan su, nham phat huy vai tro tac dung cua phap luat dan
su trong viec day manh cac quan he dan su, hon nhan va giadinh, kinh doanh, thuong mai, lao dong, tao co sd thuan Igi chovi?c ap dung thi hanh phap luat BLDS cung la su ke thua, phattrien cua phap luat dan su cua ong cha ta va nhung tinh hoa cua
Trang 37phap luat dan su tren the gioi van dung vao dieu kien cu the cuachung ta hien nay.
Npi dung chu yeu cua BLDS nam 2015:
Phan thic nhat: Nhung quy dinh chung.
Phan nay dugc ket cau boi 10 chuoug voi 157 dieu Noi
cu xac lap, cham dut quyen so huu va bao ve quyen so him,
Trang 38quyen khac doi vai tai san; dac biet Chuang XIV vai tieu de
“Quyen khac doi vai tai san” quy dinh ve quyen doi vai bat
Trang 39Nghia vu dan s\r la loai quan he dan sir mang tinh chat
f
vu dan sir rat da dang, phuc tap, cho nen cac quy dinh trongphan nay cua BLDS chu yeu la nhung quy dinh khung co tinhchat dinh tinh ma khong thien ve dinh hrgng Bai vay, cac
+ Nguai nao huong Igi ma khong co can cu thi phai hoantra lai;
cong; gop phan dap ung cac nhu cau vat chat, tinh than cuanhan dan; day manh giao luu dan su trong nuac cung nhu vaingoai nuac dong thai giai phong moi luc lugng san xuat nhimthuc day phat trien kinh te xa hoi a nuac ta
Trang 40Phan thu tu: Thua ke.
Phan nay gom 4 chuang, 53 dieu (tu Dieu 609 den Dieu662) quy dinh viec dich chuyen di san cua nguai chet chonhung nguai con song; ve nguai de lai di san, nguai huang disan; nhung nguyen tac cua viec dich chuyen di san va cac trinh
tu dich chuyen di san; thua ke theo di chuc va thua ke theo
phap luat BLDS quy dinh nhung nguyen tac co ban cua thua ke
la binh d^ng, quyen tu dinh doat cua nguai co di san de lai va
cua nguai huang di san Nham bao ve quyen tu dinh doat cua
nguai co di san, Bo luat quy dinh ve viec thua ke theo di chuc
va cac hinh thuc cua di chuc, quyen cua nguai lap di chuc trong
z
viec dinh doat tai san cua ho thong qua di chuc Nguai thua ke
co quyen nhan hay khong nhan di san thua ke, neu nhan di san
ho phai thuc hien nghia vu cua nguai chet de lai trong pham vi
di san da nhan Phan nay cung xac dinh nhung truang hap thua
ke theo luat, nhung nguai thua ke va cac hang thua ke; thua kethe vi va thua ke cua nhung nguai lien quan Ngoai ra, con quydinh v6 trinh tu thanh toan di san va each thuc phan chia di santheo di chuc hoac theo phap luat
Phan thu ndm: Phap luat ap dung doi vai quan he dan su co
yeu to nude ngoai
Phan nay gom 3 chuang, 24 dieu (tu Dieu 663 den Dieu687) quy dinh ve tham quyen va phap luat dugc ap dung khigiai quyet cac tranh chap dan su (hieu theo nghia rong) co yeu