Thực hành tiếng anh trong kiến trúc và xây dựng

MUC LUC LOI NOI DAU Trang PART I ARCHITECTURE project 19 1 Planners of Saigon South 29 Lesson Fresh start2nN A A A & Độ 37 Lesson Scenic overlook ahead 45 Lesson 54 Lesson Modesty on a grand scale 60 68 Lesson Contemporary cottage 75 Lesson Choosing exterior colors 86 Lesson House of Orange 91 Lesson German Architecture 95 SUPPLEMENTARY READING Text 1 An urban park in Sydney : Darling Harbour Text 2 Urban evolution Text 3 Triumphant triangle Text 4 The ultimate home show PART II CIVIL ENGINEERING Lesson I Surveying 99 Lesson 2 Foundations in subsident soils 114 Lesson 3 Piling design innovation 127 Lesson 4 Vacuum consolidation 132 Lesson 5 The Mebradrain system 139 Lsson 6 Modern buildings and structural materials 156 Lesson 7 Introducing formwork 169 Lesson 8 Batching, mixing, transporting, placing, 177 curing and control procedures Lesson 9 Water penetration proof 192 Lesson 10 Transportation systems 197 Lesson 11 Bridges 207 Lesson 12 Tunnels 216 SUPPLEMENTARY READING Text Lightning protection for structures 224 b2 ™ Text Pile integrity tester 229 Text Corrosion of reinforcing bars in concrete and 233 prevention methods 241 Text Formwork for floors N QO A 253 Text Column formwork Text Residential steel-frame construction 265 Text Subsidence damage to buildings : prediction, 275 protection and repair 277 Text ISO 9000 : Building quality into your future 292 Text 9 How can buildings be intelligent ? ANNEXES 1 Abbreviations applied to drawings and other 301 documentations 324 2 List of construction machines TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 329 LOI NOI DAU Trên khắp mọi miền của đất nước ta dang có sự bùng nổ uề xây dựng các công trình cơ sở hạ tầng như dường cao tốc, cầu cống, bến cảng, các khách san, nha 6, céc khu do thi liết nhiều dụ ón của ta có sự tham gia đóng góp của dối tác nưúc ngoài trên nhiều phương diện kỹ thuật như thiết kế, tư Uuấn kỹ thuột, giám sút kỹ thuật u.U Do uậy tiếng Anh chuyên ngành kỹ thuật xây dụng uờù kiến trúc trở nên rất quan trọng đối Uới cóc cán bộ chuyên nghiệp cũng như cúc phiên dịch uiên dang công tác cho ngành Cuốn sách này rơ dời nhồm phục Uuụ yêu cồu trên Ngoài ra sách cũng có ích dối uới cóc giảng uiên cũng như sinh uiển cóc trường đại học thuộc chuyên ngành kỹ thuột xây dụng dân dụng Sách giúp cóc dộc giả hiểu uà dùng dúng các thuật ngữ quan trọng của ngành Sách gồm hơi phần : Part I : Architecture (Kién triic) cé 8 bai chính va 4 bai doc thêm sẽ trình bày uề quy hoạch uù các lính uục thiết kế kiến trúc Part II : Civil Engineering (Kỹ thuật xây dụng dân dụng) gồm ~-` có 12 bài chính uà 9 bài dọc thêm, trình bày tương dối rộng uề cúc lính uực xây dụng, từ công tác khảo sót, trắc đọc, nền móng, xử lý móng, uớn khuôn, bêlông, cốt thép đến chống thấm uù chống séi cho công trình Cuối cùng lờ phần phụ lục gồm cóc chữ uiết tắt thường dùng tes: trong xây dụng, bảng kê tén cdc may va thiét bi xdy dung Vi nội dung nêu trên tóc giủ hy vong cuén sdch sẽ trợ giúp uà làm giảm bót phần nào khó khăn của bạn dọc trong công uiệc thực lế cùng tôi xin chân thành cảm ơn Ban biên tập Nhà xuất Cuối học uà Kỹ thuột đã dọc, góp ý, hiệu đính cũng như tạo bản Khoa biện để cuốn sách được xuốt bản kịp thời phuc vu ban mọi diều đọc TÁC GIẢ Part | ARCHITECTURE Lesson 1 PLANNERS OF SAIGON SOUTH PROJECT SOM’s Planning Studio in San Francisco originally focused on the conversion of ranchlands in Southern California and Texas into new urban centers like Irvine near Los Angeles and Las Colinas near Dallas These very large holdings - literally tens of thousands of acres - were planned for long-term growth Our role as planner allowed us to track their development and intervene periodically to address specific problems Over time, we saw quite consistently that the "freeway scale" of these new communities undermined their human scale Despite rapid growth, substantial wealth and the presence of important “anchors” like a new university, these communities lacked a sense of place As they grew, we finetuned our plans to add density, improve access to districts and neighborhoods, and - most impor- tantly - to create "walkable" neighborhoods that encouraged people to leave their cars We started working in Asia in the late eighties - initially, in Bangkok and Jakarta These two cities, famous for their "gridlock", taught us some immediate lessons in how quickly car and' motorbike traffic can overwhelm cities that were not designed for them At the same time, we were impressed by the pedestrian scale of their older districts Despite their congestion, they teemed with life Yet many of them had already been disrupted by Western-style development Tall buildings and oversized shopping malls were placed almost randomly across these cities, with no apparent awareness of their impact on traffic and on the "quality of life" of neighborhoods and districts Because our practice is in San Francisco, one of America’s more beautiful cities, we also had considerable experience planning new development within historic districts and in areas of great environmental sensitivity In Asia, we saw by contrast how Singapore had eradicated its own history as it modernized - to the point that it had to rebuild some of its older districts Elsewhere, we saw the steady erosion of the natural setting - with hillsides, canals and agricultural greenbelt sacrificed to rampant, unmanaged growth In Hong Kong, though, we saw how the development of the New Territories preserved the larger environment A new town like Shatin, the size of Boston, provides a density that makes public transit viable - so that few people commute by car Compact, highrise development of this type protects the surrounding hillsides, so that virtually every apartment enjoys a view out to unspoiled nature Because of this experience, what we brought to our new projects in China and Vietnam was threefold : e From our U.S experience, a sense of the importance of density, accessibility, and a pedestrian - human - scale e From our Asian experience, a sense of the vulnerability of the traditional Asian city "fabric’ - its historic pattern of development - to unmanaged modernization e Also from Asia, the sense that growth could be managed with proper planning - and that discovering how to manage growth appropriately was perhaps the biggest challenge facing us in our Asian projects Not surprisingly, we found that many Asians shared our views Our Vietnamese clients for the Saigon South project, for example - planners and other officials with the Ho Chi Minh City government - were well aware of the problems of Bangkok and Singapore This awareness gave them a strong sense of what to avoid While they might desire Western-style buildings, they understood that these alone would not give them a modern city - let alone a city rooted in their own culture, climate and traditions In 1993, SOM won an invited competition to plan a 6,300 acre area directly south of the historic center of Ho Chi Minh City This area, now known as Saigon South, will extend the existing city to provide modern buildings and infrastructure - as well as employment and housing - for a million people The project is a good case study of how technology transfer in the field of urban development works in practice in this Southeast Asian country Despite the City’s growth in the years of American occupation in the sixties and early seventies, the agricultural areas to the south and east remained undeveloped By the early nineties, as _ Vietnam resumed trade with its former enemies, the question of extending the City became more pressing The basic options were to : e Redevelop the existing City at a higher density, which could put its unique fabric - the product of French colonial and merchant Chinese influences - at risk e Push east ~ a step that would require tall bridges over the heavily - used Saigon River e Push south - a natural extension of the City that also linked to a new deepwater port and industrial zone southeast of the Central District The City opted to push south They also joined forces with a Taiwanese company, the Central Trading & Development Group (CT&D), that is also a major investor in the new industrial zone near the port This joint venture, the Phu My Hung Corporation, is our client for the project Ho Chi Minh City is a charming city with low buildings and substantial open space in the form of parks and tree-lined boulevards Rivers, canals and waterways are an important feature - unlike Bangkok, they have not been paved over In its vision of Saigon South, our client wanted very much to bring forward the traditions of the older city They wanted to preserve what exists now ~ the historic districts of Ho Chi Minh City and the unspoiled agricultural greenbelt that adjoins it to the south and east Yet they also wanted to restore the city as Vietnam’s commercial center, its "gateway" to the world economy The new community of Saigon South, as modern urban center, will provide this transformation without harming what is unique and irreplaceable in the older city and its region Although we won the competition, we were also attractive to the client because of our specific knowledge of urban-scale development elsewhere in the world Unlike some of our competitors, we had acually implemented many of these projects - the advantage of also being both architects and engineers In addition, we brought an important set of tools to the project - tools that were not available to the City government or to local planners For example, the City’s government lacked the technology to evaluate the impact of the project on regional water quality Our team’s hydrologist, Woodward-Clyde Associates, provided this analysis using a modified version of a U.S Environmental Protection Agency simulation program that can model a regional water "eco-system" We used this computer-based model to test the impact of restoring 10 and reopening canals and waterways across the new project In this way, we were able to arrive at planning solutions that improved water quality substantially in the region The City also lacked an adequate regulatory structure for guiding development Zoning and building regulations were substandard or non-existent Our design principles plan provided a "framework" of planning and City-enacted zoning for the project that provided the basis for these principles are requirements for the area Some examples of : Compactness concentrated in centers to ensure an open space and support public transit Development should be appropriate density, preserve service Boundaries should occur only within well-defined areas with (These can include natural boundaries like canals Development clear boundaries and waterways) Walkable neighborhoods compact enough to encourage people Neighborhoods should be 1.5 km makes for a walkable setting to walk A maximum width of Linked development and transportation be designed service as Major arterial roads and transit corridors should so that they can be easily upgraded in capacity and development occurs and demand increases Landbanking Expansion areas within each center (including transportation corridors) should be landbanked initially, allowing their interim use by the community while discouraging inappropriate development 11 Preserving the larger setting The larger ecosystem of agricultural land, navigable rivers, canals: and smaller waterways should be preserved and improved as part of the development process - both as an amenity and to maintain regional water quality As Saigon South began initial construction, we also helped the City to modernize its existing building code-first, by comparing it with U.S and European codes, and then by recommending one of them (America’s Uniform Building Code) as a potential standard In both these cases, the transfer of technology was tempered by our understanding and appreciation of the remarkable character of the City and its larger natural setting of water and wetlands In planning modern development in this context, we were determined to bring forward these essential attributes - to make Saigon South truly an extension ‘of what exists, not something that is transplanted or grafted on to it As the U.S real estate market revives, we again see pressures and problems developing at our end of the Pacific that could benefit from what we have learned from Asian cities The example of Hong Kong’s New Territories, mentioned previously, has application to the San Francisco Bay Area Tokyo, with its wonderful public transit network, is a potential model for Los Angeles - similarly, a metropolis made up of dozens of smaller urban centers California’s population will increase substantially in the next two decades Because cities like San Francisco are not building new housing in any sizeable quantity, the growth is shifting to the periphery The Central Valley, California’s agricultural "breadbasket” is rapidly becoming the new Los Angeles - sprawling, car-based and smog-filled 12