COMPUTERIZED ENGINE CONTROLS Ninth Edition Steve V Hatch Lincoln College of Technology, Denver Campus Formerly Denver Automotive and Diesel College Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Tai ngay!!! Ban co the xoa dong chu nay!!! This is an electronic version of the print textbook Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Computerized Engine Controls, Ninth Edition Steve V Hatch Vice President, Career and Professional Editorial: Dave Garza Director of Learning Solutions: Sandy Clark Executive Editor: David Boelio Managing Editor: Larry Main © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher Senior Product Manager: Sharon Chambliss Editorial Assistant: Jillian Borden Vice President, Career and Professional Marketing: Jennifer Baker Marketing Director: Deborah Yarnell Marketing Manager: Kathryn Hall For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Professional & Career Group Customer Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Associate Marketing Manager: Mark Pierro Production Director: Wendy Troeger Library of Congress Control Number: 2011921992 Production Manager: Mark Bernard ISBN-13: 978-1-1111-3490-7 Senior Content Project Manager: Cheri Plasse ISBN-10: 1-1111-3490-1 Senior Art Director: Benjamin Gleeksman Technology Project Manager: Christopher Catalina Cengage Learning Maxwell Drive Clifton Park, NY 12065-2919 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan Locate your local office at: international.cengage.com/region For your lifelong learning solutions, visit delmar.cengage.com Visit our corporate website at cengage.com Notice to the Reader Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent analysis in connection with any of the product information contained herein Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities described herein and to avoid all potential hazards By following the instructions contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions The publisher makes no representations or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material Printed in the United States of America XX 13 12 11 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Preface The application of the microprocessor with its related components, circuits, and systems has made automotive technology exciting, fast paced, and more complicated Technological advancements continue to add complexity to the modern automobile at record-setting rates and show no signs of slowing down Ultimately, the technology requires that entry-level automotive service technicians must be well trained in the principles of automotive technology and must continue to upgrade their training throughout their careers Those who this will find the task challenging, but achievable and rewarding This text was written in response to a widely recognized need within the industry: to help students and technicians get a commanding grasp of how computerized engine control systems operate and how to diagnose problems associated with them The student/technician who studies this text will soon come to realize that no single component or circuit on any given computerized engine control system, other than the computer itself, is complicated Computerized Engine Controls is written with the assumption that the reader is familiar with the basic principles of traditional engine, electrical system, and fuel system operation Although everything here is within the grasp of a good technician, this textbook is not a beginner’s book Computerized Engine Controls contains eleven generic chapters (Chapters through 9, 17, 18) and seven system-specific chapters (Chapters 10 through 16) Emphasis should be placed on the generic chapters due to the standardization that OBD II brought to our vehicles back in 1996 While there are differences between manufacturers, the reality is that there are more similarities than differences Even prior to OBD II implementation, the input and output sides of the various computer systems were more similar than different OBD II standards then standardized the diagnostic end of these systems As a result, the reader should begin by concentrating on the first nine generic chapters, then study the system-specific chapters that are of interest, and read the final two chapters last The chapters of this edition contain: • Objectives Objectives are provided at the beginning of each chapter to help the reader identify the major concepts to be presented • Key Terms Terms that are unique to computerized engine control systems are provided at the beginning of each chapter as Key Terms and then appear in boldface type at their first use in the chapter These Key Terms are also provided in the Glossary, along with their definitions • Diagnostic & Service Tips These tips offer helpful advice for the technician on diagnosing and servicing vehicles, as well as addressing customer concerns • Chapter Articles Chapter articles give additional nice-to-know information about technical topics covered in the chapter • Summary Each chapter contains a Summary to review the major concepts presented in that chapter vii Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it viii Preface • Diagnostic Exercise A Diagnostic Exercise is provided after the Summary of each chapter, applying a real-life scenario to a concept of importance to today’s technicians • Review Questions Review Questions are provided at the end of each chapter to help the reader assess his/her recall and comprehension of the material in each chapter, as well as to reinforce the concepts covered All of these Review Questions have been written in a multiple-choice format—the type of question that would be found on an ASE test Personal safety concerns peculiar to specific computerized engine control systems are highlighted where applicable The book follows the industry standards for how to use the following terms: • Warnings indicate that failure to observe correct diagnostic or repair procedures could result in personal injury or death • Cautions indicate that failure to observe correct diagnostic or repair procedures could result in damage to tools, equipment, or the vehicle being serviced Each student should be aware that while working with computerized controls is not inherently dangerous, failure to observe recognized safety practices is There are, unfortunately, many more injuries and accidents in the automotive repair business than there should be Good safety practices, if learned early in a student’s career, can literally be lifesaving later on New to This Edition Additional material on air/fuel ratio sensors is now provided in Chapter Chapter 8, Understanding OBD II, with a slight modification in the chapter’s title since the previous edition, has also been totally revamped so as to flow in a more logical sequence for the reader Necessary updates have also been added to this chapter, including the cylinder imbalance monitor and Global OBD II Mode $0A Chapter 10 (on GM TBI systems) and Chapter 11 (on GM PFI systems) from the eighth edition have been combined into one chapter (Chapter 10) to reduce the emphasis on TBI systems Much of the material in these two chapters in past editions was repetitiove, with the PFI chapter referring to the TBI chapter many times Finally, Appendix A from the eighth edition has now been turned into a final chapter, Chapter 18, and has been revamped with much material added A portion has also been added to Chapter 18 that specifically deals with the diagnosis of emission program failures Other additions to this chapter include chapter objectives, key terms, a diagnostic exercise, and 20 chapter questions Countless other changes have also been made throughout this textbook Acronyms are now found in Appendix A, and automotive-related web addresses are now found in Appendix B These changes and additions have been made in order to make this textbook the most comprehensive automotive textbook that you will read this year SUGGESTIONS ON HOW TO USE THIS TEXT The reader should begin by reading Chapters through 9, preferably in the sequence they exist in the textbook, as they contain information that pertains to all makes of vehicles Reading these chapters will also provide some background that will make understanding specific system designs and diagnostic strategies easier when reading the system-specific chapters of this book Chapters 10 through 16, which are specific to individual manufacturers’ systems, can be read in any order, though most students will find it much easier to read a manufacturer’s set of chapters in chronological sequence, the way they appear in the book Generally, systems become more complex over time The newer, more complex systems become easier to understand if the reader has Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Preface proficient background knowledge of the earlier, simpler systems Many students may not wish to study each chapter, or their instructors may not choose to assign the study of each chapter We suggest, however, that at least three of the specific system chapters be selected for study Chapter 17 on alternative power sources, although a generic ix chapter, can also be considered an optional chapter, although most readers will find this chapter enjoyable Finally, the student/technician should read Chapter 18 as a final chapter—this chapter provides much information on how to apply the material presented throughout the textbook to a vehicle that is in your service bay Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Contents Preface vii Acknowledgments xi Chapter 1: A Review of Electricity and Electronics Objectives Key Terms Electrical Circuits versus Electronic Circuits Electron Theory Electrical Theory Electrical Circuits 14 Polarity 20 Circuit Faults 20 Semiconductors 22 Integrated Circuits 36 The Digital Age 38 Summary 39 Diagnostic Exercise 39 Review Questions 39 Chapter 2: Computers in Cars 43 Objectives 43 Key Terms 43 Why Computers? 43 How Computers Work 47 Functions of the Engine Computer 62 Controlling Exhaust Gasses 64 Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Operation 65 The PCM and Exhaust Emissions 67 Attitude of the Technician 67 System Diagnosis and Service 67 Summary 68 Diagnostic Exercise 69 Review Questions 69 Chapter 3: Common Components for Computerized Engine Control Systems 73 Objectives 73 Key Terms 73 Common Features 73 Sensing Devices 76 Actuators 99 System Diagnosis and Service 102 Summary 104 Diagnostic Exercise 105 Review Questions 105 Chapter 4: Common Operating Principles for Computerized Engine Control Systems 109 Objectives 109 Key Terms 109 Fuel Volatility and Fuel Octane 110 Electronic Fuel Injection System Operating Principles 111 Ignition System Operating Principles 125 Emission-Control Systems 132 Variable Valve Timing 138 42 V Systems 139 Summary 141 Diagnostic Exercise 141 Review Questions 141 iii Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it iv Contents Chapter 5: Diagnostic Concepts 145 Chapter 8: Understanding OBD II 213 Objectives 145 Key Terms 145 Types of Faults 145 Diagnostic Trouble Codes 146 Data Streams 147 Functional Tests 148 Technical Service Bulletins 148 Pinpoint Testing 148 Flowcharts 153 Electrical Schematics 155 Other General Diagnostic Concepts 155 Summary 156 Diagnostic Exercise 156 Review Questions 156 Objectives 213 Key Terms 213 CARB/EPA/SAE/OBD Background 213 Why OBD II? 214 What Does OBD II Do? 214 Diagnostic Management Software 215 Standardization 219 OBD II Monitors 224 The Ten Global Modes of OBD II 235 Cold Start Emissions Reduction 239 Reducing the Escape of HC Emissions During Refueling 240 OBD III 241 Summary 241 Diagnostic Exercise 241 Review Questions 241 Chapter 6: Diagnostic Equipment 159 Objectives 159 Key Terms 159 Scan Tools 159 Breakout Boxes 163 Non-Powered Test Lights 164 Logic Probes 165 Digital Volt/Ohm Meters 166 Digital Storage Oscilloscopes 175 Safety Considerations When Using A DVOM or DSO 190 Gas Analyzers 191 Summary 191 Diagnostic Exercise 191 Review Questions 191 Chapter 7: Exhaust Gas Analysis 195 Objectives 195 Key Terms 195 Theory of Gas Analysis 195 Measured Gasses 197 Gas Analyzers 202 Diagnosing with the Gasses 206 Summary 209 Diagnostic Exercise 209 Review Questions 209 Chapter 9: Multiplexing Concepts 245 Objectives 245 Key Terms 245 Multiplexing Overview 245 Multiplex System Designs 248 Multiplexing Protocols 250 Communication on a J1850 VPW Data Bus 252 Communication on a CAN Data Bus 254 Multiplexing Variations 256 Fiber Optic Protocols 258 Other Bosch Protocols 258 Diagnosis of Multiplexed Circuits 259 Summary 260 Diagnostic Exercise 260 Review Questions 260 Chapter 10: General Motors’ Electronic Engine Controls 263 Objectives 263 Key Terms 263 Powertrain Control Module 264 Operating Modes 265 Inputs 267 Fuel Management Systems 277 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Contents Idle Speed Control 288 Spark Management Systems 290 Emission Control Systems 301 Other PCM-Controlled Systems 310 Body Control Module 316 System Diagnosis and Service 320 PCM, PROM, and CALPAK Service 323 Summary 328 Diagnostic Exercise 328 Review Questions 328 Chapter 11: Advanced General Motors Engine Controls 331 Objectives 331 Key Terms 331 Northstar Engine Overview 332 Northstar Inputs/Outputs 336 Cadillac LH2 Northstar Upgrades 347 Cadillac HFV6 351 GM Generation III Small-Block V8s 351 GM Generation IV Small-Block V8s 354 GM Active Fuel Management System 354 Flywheel Alternator Starter System 356 Belt Alternator Starter System 361 Chevrolet Volt 363 GM Voice-Recognition/ Navigational System 364 System Diagnosis and Service 365 Summary 366 Diagnostic Exercise 366 Review Questions 366 Chapter 12: Ford’s Electronic Engine Control IV (EEC IV) 371 Objectives 371 Key Terms 371 Powertrain Control Module 372 Operating Modes 373 Inputs 379 Fuel Management Systems 398 Idle Speed Control 402 Spark Management Systems 403 Emission Control Systems 414 v Other PCM-Controlled Systems 420 System Diagnosis and Service 425 Summary 436 Diagnostic Exercise 436 Review Questions 436 Chapter 13: Ford’s Electronic Engine Control V (EEC V) 439 Objectives 439 Key Terms 439 Engine Controls Inputs 440 Inputs 440 Fuel Management Systems 443 Idle Speed Control 446 Ignition Systems 447 Emission Control Systems 448 Advanced Ford Computer System Features 452 Body Control Modules 460 Voice Recognition/Navigational Systems 461 AdvanceTrac™ System 462 EcoBoost Engine 463 CVPI Fire-Suppression System 463 System Diagnosis and Service 464 Summary 465 Diagnostic Exercise 466 Review Questions 466 Chapter 14: Chrysler Corporation Fuel Injection Systems 469 Objectives 469 Key Terms 469 Powertrain Control Module 470 Inputs 475 Fuel Management Systems 488 Idle Speed Control 491 Spark Management Systems 492 Emission Control Systems 495 Other PCM-Controlled Systems 497 Chrysler Multiplexing Systems 499 Advanced Chrysler Electronic Systems 499 System Diagnosis and Service 502 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it vi Contents Summary 505 Diagnostic Exercise 506 Review Questions 506 Chapter 15: European (Bosch) Engine Control Systems 509 Objectives 509 Key Terms 509 System Overview 510 Continuous Injection System 513 Pulsed Systems 514 Motronic 516 Electronic Control Unit 516 Operating Modes 519 Inputs 521 Outputs 524 Bosch Obd II Update 533 System Diagnosis and Service 534 Summary 535 Diagnostic Exercise 535 Review Questions 535 Chapter 16: Asian Computer Control Systems 539 Objectives 539 Key Terms 539 Nissan: Electronic Concentrated Control System (ECCS) 540 Inputs 542 Outputs 549 System Diagnosis and Service 553 Toyota Computer-Controlled System (TCCS) 554 Inputs 554 Outputs 557 System Diagnosis and Service 564 Honda: Programmed Fuel Injection (PGM-FI) 565 Inputs 565 Outputs 569 Honda’s VTEC Systems 573 System Diagnosis and Service 578 Summary 579 Diagnostic Exercise 579 Review Questions 579 Chapter 17: Alternative Power Sources 583 Objectives 583 Key Terms 583 Honda Insight, Civic, and Accord Hybrids 585 Toyota Hybrid System 588 Ford Escape Hybrid 593 Allison Two-Mode Hybrids 595 Fuel Cell Vehicles 595 Flexible Fuel Vehicles 599 System Diagnosis and Service 600 Summary 601 Diagnostic Exercise 601 Review Questions 601 Chapter 18: Approach to Diagnostics 605 Objectives 605 Key Terms 605 Narrowing Down the Area of the Problem 605 Pinpoint Testing 609 Diagnosing Intermittent Symptoms 614 Testing Catalytic Converters 615 EVAP System Tests 618 Diagnosing Air/Fuel Ratio Problems 620 Diagnosing an Emission Test Failure 623 Reprogramming a Computer 626 The Three Essential Tools of Electronic System Diagnosis 629 Other Diagnostic Resources 630 Summary 630 Diagnostic Exercise 631 Review Questions 631 Appendix A: Terms and Acronyms 635 Appendix B: Automotive-Related Web Addresses 643 Glossary 645 Index 663 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Index Terms Links On-board diagnostic II (OBD II) 82 122 124 137 138 162 adoption of 214 BOBs for 164 Bosch Motronic update for 533 common scan tools for 221 diagnostic management software in 223 215–218 driving cycles of 216 218 DTCs/MILs in 216 217 global modes of 223 224 monitors 224–235 multiplexing protocols and 251–252 secondary oxygen sensor and standardization for trips in 340 219–224 218 On-board refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) 240 On-Board System Readiness (OSR) 465 On-demand DTCs Open circuits 572–573 146–147 20–21 Open-loop operation 67 Open PCV system 134 Optical distributors 96 Optical sensors 481–483 95–96 Opti-Spark distributor OR gate 271–272 58–60 Oscilloscopes 96 97 235 629 See also Digital storage oscilloscopes OTC Genisys Output interface 51 Outputs 56 Output state monitor (OSM) 231 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 235–239 Index Terms Links Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) 197 200–204 Oxygen (O2) 195 198–200 203 272–273 477 206–207 Oxygen sensor (O2S) 66 524 air/fuel mixture and air/fuel ratio 82 80–81 diagnosing/servicing 105 downstream 226 fuel trim and 121–124 heated 339–341 441–442 544–545 548 554–555 567 pinpoint testing 151 primary 340 purpose of 76–77 secondary 340 testing 81–82 titania 79–80 types of 77–81 upstream 226 verifying 620–621 waveforms for zirconium dioxide 235 77–79 Oxygen sensor heater monitor 230 Oxygen sensor heaters 551 Oxygen sensor monitor 229–230 236 P Paired injection 285 Palladium 132 Parallel circuits 15 17–20 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Parallel hybrids 584 Parameter ID (PID) Park/neutral switch (P/N switch) Partial saturation 147–148 235 275 546 33 Passive voltage 253 Pass-key decoder module 347 Pattern failures 614 Peak and hold fuel injectors 112 279 Pending codes 216 238 Pentavalent atoms Performance Algorithm Shifting (PAS) Permanent fault codes Permanent magnet field motors Permeability 23 332 238–239 102 Personality keys 223 Piezoelectric crystals 97 Piezoresistive silicon diaphragm 86 Pinpoint testing 148 basic circuit testing 609–610 DTCs 610–612 EEC IV 434–436 of load component 151–152 method of 149–151 of sensor 151 voltage drop testing power/ground circuits 152–153 PIP signal 384 Platinum 132 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) PN junction PNP transistors Polarity 362–364 25–26 32 34 32 35 36 20 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) 596–597 Portable Data System (PDS) Port fuel injection (PFI) 464 88 114 263 See also Multipoint fuel injection firing strategies for 284–285 fuel injectors for 280 fuel pressure regulator for 281 system components for 277–283 tach reference signal applications 271–272 throttle body on 278–279 Positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) Positive ion 283 134–135 Positive temperature coefficient (PTC) Potential 83 5–6 Potentiometers 84–85 Potentiometer sweep test 85 Power diodes 28 Power module 470 Power relay 471 378–379 Power steering oil pressure switch 547 Power steering pressure switch (PSPS) 346–347 Power steering switch 276–277 Powertrain control module (PCM) closed-loop operation of diagnostic management software in exhaust emissions and 73–75 65–66 215 67 Ford EEC V 440 functions of 62–64 General Motors 264–265 ignition module and 130–131 location of 75 monitors in 215 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 397 219 442 Index Terms Links Powertrain control module (PCM) (Cont.) open-loop operation of 67 self-diagnosis 320–321 self-test by 146–147 variable valve timing and 347 139 voltage drop testing power/ground circuits of Power transistors Pre-checks 152–153 34 102–103 Prediagnostic inspection 68 Pressure absolute sensor (PA sensor) See Barometric pressure sensor Pressure cycling switch Pressure differential sensors 275 86 Pressure feedback EGR sensor (PFE sensor) Pressure sensors 390–392 85–87 Primary ignition systems 128–130 Primary oxygen sensors 340 Primer pulse 285 Profile Ignition Pickup sensor (PIP sensor) 380 384–386 Programmable Communication Interface (PCI) 251 499 52 54 Programmable read-only memory (PROM) See also Engine calibration assembly; E-PROM Programmed Ride Control (PRC) 425 Protocol 219 Proton Exchange Membrane 596 Pull-down circuits 97 98 Pull-up circuits 97 98 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Pulsair shutoff valve 304–305 Pulsair system 304 Pulse AIR (PAIR) 135 Pulsed injection systems 510 514–516 Pulse width control map 52 53 Pulse-width-modulated solenoids 100 Pulse-width modulation (PWM) 248 251 Q Quad drivers/output drivers 334 Quick Test 433 R Radiator fan relay Radio frequency interference (RFI) Random access memory (RAM) Range-switching sensor 497 75 51–52 83 Range-switching temperature sensor 478 Rationality test 230 Read only memory (ROM) 51–52 Rear Electronic Module (REM) 460 Rear fuel control 124 Rectification 54 225 28–30 Reference (crankshaft position) sensor Reference voltage regulator Reflash files 522–523 54–55 627–628 Regenerative braking 358 Reid vapor pressure (RVP) 110 Relays 100–101 See also specific types Reluctance 54 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 583 Index Terms Links Resistance excessive 11–12 21 measuring 174–175 Returnless fuel injection systems Return lines 119–121 489 117 Return-type fuel injection systems Reverse bias voltage 116–119 27 Rhodium 132 Robert Bosch Corporation 252 Robert Corporation 80 Rochester Products 280 Running compression test 612 Rutherford atom 254 258 159–163 608 S Scanner See Scan tools Scan tools 103 629 movie mode/record mode 614 multiplexing diagnosis with 259 OBD II 221 Schmitt trigger 93 Secondary air injection system 448–449 See also Air injection reaction system Secondary air monitor Secondary ignition system types Secondary oxygen sensor SEFI cylinder balance test Select shift transmission (SST) Self-test connector Self-tests 234 126–128 340 432–433 452 426–427 146 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 223 Index Terms Links Semiconductors 14 diodes 26–31 doping of 22–25 PN junction in 25–26 transistors 31–36 Semi-returnless fuel systems Sensing devices 22–36 489–490 76–99 air mass measurement 88–91 detonation sensors 96–97 E-cells 97 exhaust oxygen sensors 76–82 Hall effects switches 92–95 magnetic sensors 91–92 optical sensors 95–96 potentiometers 84–85 pressure sensors 85–87 switches 99 97 thermistors 82–84 Sensor circuits 55 Sensors 74 See also specific types Sequential electronic fuel injection (SEFI) Sequential fuel injection (SFI) Sequential multi-point injection (SMPI) 384 398 114 115 372 488 114 Serial data 38 Series circuits 15 Series hybrids 584 Series-parallel circuits 246 19–20 Shift light indicator 424 Shop Manual Volume H (Ford) 425 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 434 285 Index Terms Links Shorts 21–22 Short-term fuel trim (STFT) 121–124 228 496 Short to ground 22 Short to power 22 Signal 47 amplitude of 168 Signature PIP 384–385 Single-board engine controller (SBEC) 472–473 Single-module engine controller (SMEC) 472 Single-point fuel injection 469 Single-point injection 113–114 Slave 246 Slow codes 426 Small leak test 233 Smart devices 256–257 SMEC/SBEC computer-controlled cruise control Smoke machines 498 618–620 Snap-on Modis 629 Snapshots 215 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) 214 Soft faults 145 Solenoids 99–100 250 See also specific solenoids Spark advance schedule 96–97 Spark knock 96–97 Spark knock control Speed control 529 63–64 Speed control command switches (SCCS) Speed density formula 246 86–87 Split Port Induction system (SPI) 456 SPOUT command 388 125 403–406 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 324 Index Terms Links Standard Corporate Protocol (SCP) 251 Standard fuel injectors 112 Standardization communication protocols 219 data link connector 219–222 OBD II and 219–224 scan tools 221 terms and acronyms 219 StarSCAN 505 Starter/generator control module (SGCM) 359 Starter signal 524 Start-of-frame signal (SOF) 253 Star topology 249 Start-stop control 223 532–533 Stepper motors 74 101–102 Stochiometric air/fuel ratios 62 63 80 122–123 66 See also Lambda Superchargers 552 Supplemental restraint system (SRS) 563 Switches 97 Switching transistors 34 Symptom verification 606–607 Synchronized mode 266 SyncMyRide 462 System voltage 276 T Tach reference signal 112 115–116 128 148 614 130–132 PFI applications 271–272 TBI applications 271 Technical Service Bulletins (TSBs) 22 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Technician attitude Test ID (TID) 67 237 Test modes Chrysler fuel injection systems global 503–505 224 Thermactor air management Thermistors 414–415 82–84 Thermostatic air cleaner (TAC) 135 Thermo-time switch 285 Thick Film Integrated IV ignition system (TFI-IV) 403–406 Three-in-one diagnostic tools 629–630 Throttle actuator control (TAC) 349 353 113–114 263–264 279 280 See also Electronic Throttle Control Throttle body injection (TBI) See also Central Fuel Injection fuel injectors for fuel pressure regulator in 280–281 system components for 277–283 tach reference signal applications throttle body on Throttle body temperature sensor 271 277–278 282 477–478 Throttle bypass air 125 Throttle kicker 402 Throttle Plate Position Controller (TPPC) 454 Throttle position sensor (TPS) 149 264 270–271 339 340 382–384 440 476–477 545 555 568 Throttle valve switch 523 Time per division 178 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Titania oxygen sensors TMAP sensor 79–80 479 TMAP strategy 479–480 Top speed limiting 425 Torque converter clutch See Transmission converter clutch Torque converter clutch control 63 Torque converter lockup clutch 498 Torque management 334–335 Total fuel trim (TFT) 123–124 Toxic gasses 196–197 420–422 Toyota computer-controlled system (TCCS) camshaft position sensor compressed natural gas engine diagnosis and service 556–557 563 564–565 inputs crankshaft position sensor 557 EGR temperature sensor 556 engine coolant temperature sensor heated oxygen sensors 556 554–555 knock sensors 556 mass air flow sensor 554 throttle position sensor 555 outputs active control engine mount 564 EGR system 561 EVAP control system 561 fuel injectors 557 fuel pump circuit idle air control ignition coils 557–559 559 560–561 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 560 Index Terms Links Toyota computer-controlled system (TCCS) Outputs (Cont.) supplemental restraint system two-way exhaust control 563 562–563 variable valve timing with intelligence Toyota FCHB 562 598–599 Toyota hybrids components and operation of 588–591 Highlander 592–593 Prius 240 second-generation system third-generation system Traction control 588 591–592 592 335–336 Transistors 31–33 bipolar 32 in H-gates NPN operation of 35–36 37 32 33 35 32 35 36 34 34–35 PNP power switching 34 symbols for 34–35 types of 34 Transmission converter clutch (TCC) 312 Transmission switches 275 Transmission upshift light 63 Trigger characteristics 178 Trip 218 Trivalent atoms 393–396 180–181 23 Troubleshooting tree Turbocharger boost control 153 63 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 531 Index Terms Links Turbocharger boost control solenoid 422–423 Turbochargers 309–312 Twisted pair data busses 248 Two-trip malfunction detection 553 Two-way exhaust control 493 495 88 382 562–563 U Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART) Upstream O2 sensor 250 226 V Vacuum hose 118 Vacuum leaks 526 Valence ring Vane air flow (VAF) 87 392 Vane air temperature (VAT) 87 Vane meter 392–393 Vapor lock 111 88 114 116–117 119 Variable Cam Timing (VCT) 452 Variable Cylinder Management (VCM) 578 453–454 Variable digital frequency 38 Variable duty cycle 39 Variable pulse width (VPW) 39 249 251 138–139 331 348–349 See also J1850 VPW data bus Variable Valve Timing (VVT) 562 Variable Valve Timing with Intelligence (VVT-I) 562 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Vehicle control module (VCM) 264–265 Vehicle identification IC chips (VID chips) 333–334 Vehicle identification number (VIN) 238 Vehicle maximum speed governor 489 Vehicle-related information 238 Vehicle speed sensor (VSS) 396–397 Chrysler 485–486 Ford EEC IV 396–397 Ford EEC V 442 General Motors systems 273–274 Nissan ECCS 547–548 VIN Entry Mode 223 Visual inspection 102–103 607 Voice-recognition/navigational system 364–365 461–462 Volatility 117 Voltage 11 fuel pump 276 system 276 Voltage drop 38 12–13 Voltage drop test 152–153 Voltage potential 5–6 Voltage signal 47 Voltage source 14 Voltage spike suppression Voltage waveforms Volts per division Volumetric efficiency (VE) 169–173 30–31 177–178 181 178 87 612–613 W Warm-up cycle Wastegate 216 311–312 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 614