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1 INTRODUCTION Reasons for choosing the topic So far, industrial zones have a very long history of over one hundred years with many generations of development covering a wide range of from the developed countries such as Italy, United Kingdom, USA and so on to the emerging economies such as Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and other developing countries, etc The industrial zone model has facilitated the production and business process, hereby creating opportunities for industrial development The success of the countries has pointed out that each country will accelerate and shorten the process of industrialization if it has a suitable model of the industrial zone development In Vietnam, the industrial zones were formed and developed since the 90s of the last century The industrial zones have formed integrated industrial areas, which are an effective tool to attract enterprises, especially foreign ones The industrial zones have become an integral part of the national economy in general and of the localities in particular, creatted a new face for industrial development, widely effected, and played the important role in a comprehensive and profound economic transformation As a result, Vietnam has made great achievements, for instance, it has become a developing country with a moderate per capita income and dynamic market economy integrating strongly and deeply worldwide by fast, stable and comprehensive economic growth with the begin of a poor country Regarding to Bac Ninh, after 20 years of establishment and development, industrial zones have leaded to a new direction, been the main factors in the development process and affected to many socio-economic aspects, specifically, to regions having industrial zones The industrial zones are a decisive factor of economic growth and transformation, have driven Bac Ninh with the begin of underdeveloped locality to a developed province with many leading socioeconomic indicators of the whole country In 2016, GRDP, industrial production, export value accounted for 2.8%, 12.3%, 13.0% of the country's total in turn According to the plan, Bac Ninh has 14 industrial zones with a total area of 4,705 hectares and a total land area of 3225.6 hectares for lease Among them, there are 09 industrial zones come into operation attracting USD 12.5 billion with 1,385 hectares of land for lease The growth rate of rental land, investment capital and labor was 11.8%, 29.7% and 38.1% in turn The rapid increasing in the number of projects, the scale of investment and the higher and higher level of technology has put a high demand on inputs In particular, ensuring the workforce in the industrial zones has come to urgency In the last 10 years, the average demand for labor in the industrial zone was over 20,000 employees The Resolution of the 19th National Party Congress affirmed "To synchronously implement mechanisms, policies and solutions for developing human resources, especially high-quality ones to meet the requirements of socioeconomic development” Over the past years, the Government has launched many policies on labor, including many measures to ensure workforce for the development of industrial zones However, the localities where the industrial zones are being developed, especially where the industrial zones have large numbers of investment projects and modern technologies, are now facing shortage of labor both in terms of quality and quantity The rapid increase in the number of investment projects has led to a sudden surge in demand for both high-quality and unskilled labor, while the supply of labor has not been met, hereby leading to an imbalance between supply and demand on labor in the industrial zones Employers have wasted a lot of time in not only recruiting employees but also retraining them, even got failing in recruiting human resources for many positions requiring highly qualified professionals This problem has had a direct impact on the investment process of enterprises, negatively affected to the production and business activities, slowed down the industrial development of the locality and at the same time reduced the attractiveness of the investment environment and thus, negatively affected to the socio-economic development of the locality in particular and the whole country in general Being one of the typical localities in industrial zone development (ranked fifth in attracting FDI, ranked second in industrial output value in 2016), Bac Ninh is now facing a shortage of labor Therefore, one of the urgent issues for the development of industrial zones is to propose solutions to overcome the imbalance between labor supply and demand in industrial zones Though In terms of theses on the industrial zones, there have been many researches such as planning, infrastructure, social welfare, capital, human What are the roles and factors to assure the workforce in the industrial zones? (2) How does the labor supply and demand forecast model apply to assure workforce in the industrial zones? (3) How is the situation of the workforce assurance in the industrial zones of Bac Ninh province? (4) What are the solutions to assure the workforce in the industrial zones in Bac Ninh province by 2025? resources, labor and so on However, there are very few researches on ensuring Objects and scope of research adequate workforce for the industrial zones got a limitation, lacked of 3.1 Research objects systematicness, theoretical foundations and practical issues The thesis of "The workforce assurance for industrial zones in Bac Ninh province by 2025" is to fulfill the gaps of some research such as defining the content of ensuring adequate workforce for the industrial zones, assessment criteria and factors influencing decisions to ensure sufficient and quality labor workforce for the industrial zones that previous studies have limited not explored On the other hand, it attempts to provide feasible solutions to solve the current practical problems having using case studies in Bac Ninh province The thesis has theoretical and practical research on labor assurance for the industrial zones The workforce assurance consists of three aspects: ensuring the scale, structure and quality The quality of the workforce includes the skills, disciplines, attitudes and physical strength of the workers However, the thesis focuses mainly on skills, disciplines, attitudes, and adaptation to employment, which are major issues in ensuring the quality of workforce in Bac Ninh’s industrial zones in particular, nationwide in general 3.2 Research scope Based on the theoretical research, the thesis formed the framework for In terms of place: The thesis studies on ensuring workforce for the industrial zones in Bac Ninh province In Bac Ninh province, there are 14 industrial zones, of which are in operation This is the study objects when assessing the current situation of workforce assurance in Bac Ninh’s industrial zones research on the workforce assurance in industrial zones As a result, the thesis has In terms of time: The thesis will study in the period of 2006-2015 in the part analyzed the current situation of the workforce assurance in the industrial zones of situation of the workforce assurance in industrial zones and propose solutions to and proposed solutions to assure the workforce in the industrial zones of Bac Ninh assure the workforce in the industrial zones to 2025 The purpose of the thesis province up to 2025 To achieve the purpose of this study, the thesis focuses on answering the specific research questions as follows: (1) What are the implications of the workforce assurance in the industrial zones? What are the criterias for assessing the workforce in the industrial zones? Research methodologies In accordance with the research content, requirements and purposes, the thesis uses the following research methods such as analytical and computational method, comparative method, statistical method, comparative control method - The thesis combines qualitative and quantitative research methods to
The thesis defines key actors in the workforce assurance for the achieve research objectives It builds the research theory framework, process, method of data collecting and processing - Data collection methods: (1)Secondary data collection method and (2) Primary data collection method: The author makes a questionnaire survey to enterprises and directly interviews officials working in governmental agencies on labor industrial zones, including governmental agencies by macro management role with supporting policies to create labor supply, to link supply and demand; Enterprises with the role of creating demand for labor, self-assuring and creating internal factors in order to attract and employ laborers; Another entities which are organizations supplying and connecting the relationship of labor supply and demand Sample Size: The author submits 100 questionnaires to enterprises in the
Based on the analysis of the workforce assurance in the industrial zones in industrial zones after classifying by industry and labor size and then collects all of Bac Ninh province for the period of 2006-2015, the thesis shows the results, them, at the same time, interviews officials working at the Bac Ninh Department of limitations and assessments, causes and solutions for the workforce assurance in Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs, Bac Ninh Industrial Zones Authority the industrial zones in Bac Ninh province - Data processing method: After collecting the primary and secondary data, Structure of the thesis the author checks, cleans them and uses the software as a data processing tool for research purposes Apart from the introduction, conclusion and reference list, the thesis is divided into chapters: The scientific and practical significance of the thesis Based on the researches on workforce and industrial zones, the thesis has Chapter 1: Overview of research on the clarified the contents of the workforce in the industrial zones, ensuring the workforce in the industrial zones, introduces criteria for assessing ensuring the workforce in the industrial zones and analyzing the factors that affect ensuring the workforce in the industrial zones The thesis has developed the theory framework of workforce assurance in industrial zones in general and Bac Ninh province in particular based on the theory of supply and demand on labor assurance in the Chapter 2: Theoretical basis for the workforce assurance in the industrial zones Chapter 3: Situation of the workforce assurance in the industrial zones.in Bac Ninh province Chapter 4: Some solutions to assure the workforce for the industrial zones in Bac Ninh province Thank to theoretical studies and assessing the current situation of the workforce assurance in the industrial zones, the thesis has made many theoretical and practical conclusions
The solving of the problem of the workforce assurance in the industrial zones has to base on balancing the supply and demand on labor workforce industrial zones CHAPTER OVERVIEW STUDY OF STABLIZATION WORKFORCE FOR belong to Nguyen Xuan Hinh, Nguyen Cao Lanh, Nguyen Chon Trung, Truong INDUSTRIAL ZONES Giang Long, Vo Thanh Thu, Nguyen Van Thanh, Ngo Thang Loi, Bui Duc Tuan, 1.1 Oversea study context Researches on the industrial zones enclosed with over one hundred-year history of their foundation and development in which is unforgettably listed as below: - Labor and industrial localization theories: At really beginning, Alfred Weber was the first person introducing industrial localization theory Frobel brought about a theory of new international labor classification Findings of Piore and Saber exposed a new concept of labor and location Paul Robin Krugman originated newly geographic economy developed theory of labor location option and brand names -Researches on labor factor in relationship with the industrial zones development: Vu Thanh Huong, Vu Cuong, Le Xuan Ba, Hoang Ha, Vu Thanh Huong, Le Huy Phong… Human resources, workforce concern of the industrial zones attract quite many findings which, in fact, just stop standing around factors, multi-aspects of the industrial zones development such as the industrial zones infrastructure stable development, human resource development, high quality personnel They come from Nguyen Huu Dung, Nguyen Chon Trung, Nguyen Binh Duc, Nguyen Thi Nhu Lan, Pham Hai Hung, Pham Thi Van Anh 1.3 Empty research From other nation’s works of dissertation, there mentions theoretical matters of the industrial zones, workforce of the industrial zones However, they just got stop at consider labor as input of production process and closely related to the nation's development, especially to the industrial occupation in general and to the Study of McKinley and Linda L.Liston developed slightly comprehensive industrial zones in particular Domestic dissertations succeed in systematizing content of the industrial zones development JarmilaVidova did summary some concerns of the industrial zones outbreak; however, authors just approached to theory of the industrial zones development indicating the industrial zones growth factor execution, multi-aspects of the industrial zones outbreak such as the process Greg Landry examined extension tendencies of the industrial zones in the industrial zones infrastructure, stabilization of development, personnel enrichment, future The Industrial Development Organization of UN set up regulations against and high qualified human resources There is such a limit findings of workforce, problems born during construction and extension of the industrial zones from particularly assurance of workforce of the industrial zones preparation phrase to construction phrase, including labor factor Study of Caj O.Falcke, Ph.D mentioned labor as an input factor and convenient means to education and high-level skilled worker market 1.2 Domestic context case study From above analysis, it can be affirmed that working study and specially discovery of reservation of working force for the industrial zones is under shortage So that issues should be exposed: (1) demand of systematizing studies about a theoretical problems, clarify inner content and factors relating to assure workforce About common theoretical concerns on the industrial zones, there are many for the industrial zones; (2) Assessment of practicing secured workforce for the dissertations focusing on different aspects, angels of the industrial zones such as industrial zones and recommendation of solution coping with actual concerns stabilization of the industrial zones extension, social concerns with the industrial happening at locations zones development including job, housing, labor life, infrastructure system They CHAPTER REASONING BASE OF ASSURING WORKFORCE FOR INDUSTRIAL ZONES 2.1 Industrial zone and workforce in industrial zones 10 (2) Ensuring Objects: the industrial zones, in particular, enterprises in the industrial zones include: (1) enterprises are operating in the industrial zones; (2) enterprises are coming the industrial zones soon The workforce assurance does not only meet the needs of new recruitment but also ensures the stability of the 2.1.1 Industrial zones Industrial zone is a complex economic structure with a concentration of industrial production activities in a given territorial area planned with general conditions in terms of infrastructure, services, utilities and mechanics development policy 2.1.2 Workforce in industrial zones workforce (3) Ensuring Subjects: with the workforce supply-and-demand approach, workforce assurance also means how to make the workforce supply and demand curve reach to equilibrium point to create the labor balance Ensuring subjects include workforce supply and workforce demand In terms of macroeconomics, ensuring subjects of workforce supply are the Government and their policies that - The elements in studying the workforce in the industrial zones includes: (1) effect to workforce supply; ensuring subjects of workforce demand are the Size of workforce in IPs; (2) workforce structure in industrial zones; (3) the quality enterprises with policies that generate the workforce demand; enterprises are both of workforce in industrial zones subjects and objects to ensure - The characteristics of workforce in the industrial zones: (1) large scale and (4) Time assurance or progress assurance: workforce assurance aims to concentrated; (2) fields diversification; (3) qualification diversification; (4) source carry out the operation of enterprises, thus, workforce assurance must be associated diversification with a certain period of time Ensuring the progress of supplying workforce is to - The role of workforce in the industrial zones development: Workforce is the indispensable input of industrial zones It is necessary to the industrial zones employ enough workforce before starting operation 2.2 Ensuring workforce for the industrial zones 2.2.1 Concept and Connotation of workforce assurance in the industrial zones meet the time requirements of workforce since enterprises have labor demand Difference between ensuring workforce in the industrial zones and nonindustrial zones: The difference between enterprises in the industrial zones and non- industrial zones will affect to the process of ensuring and imposing the content, objects, subjects and time ensure In terms of ensuring contents, requirements about the size, quantity, structure and quality of workforce in the industrial zones differ from those in non- industrial zones Ensuring the workforce for the industrial zones is the use of solutions on workforce supply – and - demand in the industrial zones by the Government and 2.2.2 Criteria of evaluating workforce assurance to develop the industrial zones enterprises in order that enterprises in the industrial zones have enough human resource for production in a certain period - Connotation of ensuring workforce in the industrial zones: (1) Ensuring Content: Ensuring the quantity, structure and quality 2.2.2.1 Evaluation of ensuring the quantity of employees - The coefficient of meeting the demand in quantity of workforce (Rsd): reflecting the rate of current labor versus total labor demand in a certain time 11 - The need of increasing the quantity of labors (Le): The need of increasing the quantity of labors is the difference between the required labors and existing labor in a certain time, period of time in the industrial zones 12 (3) Labors who are foreigners - Model of forecasting workforce supply: L(t) = P(t)*RP(t)*100 L(t):workforce supply at year t; 2.2.2.2 Evaluation of workforce structure assurance P(t): Total population at year t The coefficient of labor structure (Rc): reflecting the ratio of existing labor in a 2.2.3.2 Labor demand factors certain structure (age, sector, type of enterprise, supply, qualification, sex, training fields, job characteristics) to total workforce demand in a certain period of time 2.2.2.3 Evaluation of labor quality assurance *) The coefficient of labor quality assurance: reflecting the proportion of qualified labors to total qualified labor demand in a certain period of time *) Evaluation of employee: the number and level of evaluation of labor force about the criteria of skills, attitudes and disciplines that given by enterprises in the industrial zones RP(t): rate of workforce participation at year t The factors that affect to demand in labor include: (1) development of the industrial zones; (2) Demand in labor of enterprises in the industrial zones - Model of forecasting workforce demand in the industrial zones: The model is based on basic theory; the method is inheritated from other empirical studies over the world and some empirical studies in Viet Nam The model aims to forecast the demand in labor in the industrial zones LnL = a0 + a1LnVA +a2LnK +a3 Ln_aver_wage +a4D+a5K/L +a6Bank_use +a7Cred_fund_use +a8PC_quantity+ a9E_mar +a10E_com +a11Havrd Dependent *) Labor health: The labor health is often assessed on physical health (height, Explanation No variables LnL Logarit of total labors in enterprises LnCQDT Logarit of untrained labors This indicator reflects the progress of labor supply for the industrial zones, if the Ln_SC_sk Logarit of labors at elementary level larger average time is, the progress is slower On the other hand, the shorter Ln_TC_sk Logarit of labors at intermediate level Ln_CD_sk Logarit of labors at college level Ln_DH_sk Logarit of labors at university or higher level weight), nutrition and health care 2.2.2.4 Evaluation of progress of labor supply assurance The average time that the enterprises recruit enough workers as their demand average time is, the progress is quicker 2.2.3 The factors affect to ensure workforce for the industrial zones 2.2.3.1 Labor supply factors Independent Explaination Factors that affect to labor supply include: No variables (1) Ln(VA) Logarit of value added Ln(K) Logarit of Capital ln_aver_wage Logarit of average wage The supply of local labors for the industrial zones which depends on the following factors: population; rate of labor-force participation; Education and training; Medical services; healthcare; labor attitude; labor discipline (2) Labors who are from other provinces 13 14 Dummy variable equal with IPs, equal with which affect workforce assurance in industrial zones, the thesis establishes other cases research framework as follows: D ratioKL Ratio of Capital equipped per labor Bank_use Banking service use Cred_fund_use Credit use pc_quantity The amount of workers use computer to work E_mar Have its own website 10 E_com Use Ecommerce 11 Havrd Have research and development system 2.2.3.3 Policy to support a sufficient workforce The Goverment assures workforce for industrial zones in the following WORKFORCE DEMAND IN INDUSTRIAL ZONES (Quantity, structure, quality, progress) WORKFORCE SUPPLY FOR INDUSTRIAL ZONES (Local labor, Neighboring province’s labor, foreign labor) WORKFORCE ASSURANCE FOR INDUSTRIAL ZONES (Quantity, structure, quality, progress) aspects: (1) Creating an environment that foster investment and provide demand stimulus for production and business, generating labor demand; (2) Creating impact on labor supply for industrial zones; (3) Connecting supply and demand link of workforce in industrial zones, achieving workforce balance in terms of supply and demand in industrial zones; (4) Developing industrial zones’ social infrastructure to support laborers, contributing to attract labor to work in industrial zones 2.2.3.4 Workforce utilization policy of enterprises The enterprise directly affects the assurance of labor supply for the industrial zone on the following aspects: (1) The requirements of quantity and quality of labor, the factors which has impacts on the workforce’s above requirements; (2) Salary, job stability, career promotion opportunities are the most important elements to employees when they decide to join or leave the enterprises; (3) Working environtment: labor safety, benefit policy, enterprise culture Based on studying the hidden content of workforce assurance and the factors ENTERPRISES - Quality: Skill, Discipline, Attitude, Physical Health - Quantity: Average Salary - Workforce utilization policy GOVERNMENT (Policy in investment attraction; Policy in workforce development; Policy in attracting labor from neighboring provinces 15 16 contributions to socio-economic and environmental development: (1) The CHAPTER SITUATION OF WORKFORCE ASSURANCE FOR BAC NINH PROVINCIAL INDUSTRIAL ZONES Industrial zone becomes an attractive destination for domestic and foreign investment, (2) plays an important role in international economic integration, (3) promotes the modernization of the infrastructure system, (4) accelerates the process of innovation and technology transfer, (5) contributes to creating jobs, (6) 3.1 Industrial zones development in Bac Ninh province contributes to protect the ecological environment 3.1.1 Overview of the natural, economic and social conditions of Bac Ninh 3.2 Workfoce assurance results in Bac Ninh provincial industrial zones province Bac Ninh is located in the Red River delta, which is in the key economic triangle of Ha Noi - Hai Phong - Quang Ninh Bac Ninh is attached with the northern key economic zone, lying on the economic corridors Con Minh - Lao Cai - Hanoi - Hai Phong and Nam Ninh - Lang Son - Hanoi - Hai Phong Bac Ninh has a fast growth rate of about 22.23% in the period of 2011-2015 In 2015, provincial GRDP reached 117.460 billion VND The economic structure is in a rapid transition to positive direction By 2015, the proportion of industrial value reached 74.6%, services (20.1%), agriculture (5.3%) 3.2.1 Assure the quantity of workforce for industrial zones - To assure the quantity of workforce: Workers in the industrial zones have increased rapidly over the years In 2006, the workforce in the industrial zones was 11432 laborers, increasing to 56874 laborers in 2010 and reaching 204873 laborers in 2015 The average growth rate of the labor force in the period of 2006-2015 is 37.2% - To assure labor structure by gender Structure of labor by gender has fluctuated significantly over time The rate By 2015, the population of Bac Ninh is 1,148,756 people The population of male labor tends to decrease gradually and the rate of female workers tends to with the age of 15 and over is 847,353 people, recording 73.7% The number of increase In 2006, the proportion of male labor accounted for 54.8%, higher than working people is 648,510 people, accounting for 56.1% the rate of female workers at 45.2%; By 2015, the rate of male laborers was only 3.1.2 Bac Ninh Industrial Zones: Evolution and Role On December 18th, 1998, Tien Son Industrial Zone was established, which is the first industrial zone of Bac Ninh province After 17 years of development, up to now, Bac Ninh province is planned with 14 integrated industrial zones with total planning area of 4705 hectares and the leasable area of 3225.6 Currently, there are industrial zones in operation, Que Vo Industrial Park has the largest leased area of 347.24 ha, followed by Tien Son Industrial Park of 301.69 The achievements of the Industrial Zones are illustrated by the important 30.6%, while the rate of female workers was 69.4% For the whole period, the average growth rate of female workers was 44% and that of male workers was 27.3% - To assure labor structure by age In the total number of workers in industrial zones, the proportion of people with the age from 15 to 34 accounts for 90%; from 35 to 55 (9.3%), from 56 to 60 (0.38%); over 60 (0.05%) - To assure structure of labor by supplying source 17 18 In 2003, the proportion of local labor in industrial parks was 65% In 2006, certificates accounts for 18.7% (in 2010 was 9.4%); labor don’t have technical the proportion of local labor decreased to 55%, in 2010 was 45.1%, in 2015 was qualification accounts for 58.8% (in 2010 was 63.7%) 31.5%, the average of the period 2006-2015 decrease 5% 3.2.3 Assurance of the progress of labor supply for industrial zones in Bac Ninh province - To assure structure of labor by type of enterprises investment capital, workforce in foreign investment capital enterprises accounts for According to survey results, 47% of businesses said, the recruitment period is sufficient for the plan; 13% of enterprises recruited enough labor earlier than the plan Thus, most enterprises recruit successfully workers, however, about 40% of enterprises have not recruited the number according to demand over 90% 3.3 Assessment of workforce assurance in industrial parks in Bac Ninh - To assure structure of labor by economic sector group province According to the statistics data, workforce in FDI enterprises tends to increase and direct proportion to the increase in FDI capital in industrial park In 2015, foreign investment capital in industrial park accounted for 96.5% of According to data of Department of Statistics, the proportion of workforce 3.3.1 Assessment of assuarance labor quantity and structure working in manufacturing, food and beverage processing sector is 1.7% ( in 2010 According to survey result of 100 enterprises in industrial park, there is was 5.4%); textile is 3.5% (in 2010 was 6.2%); manufacturing and processing of around 31% of enterprises lack of labor, in which 4% of enterprises lack of labor wood, paper and bamboo products is 2.7% ( in 2010 was 7.8%); manufacturing seriously chemical chemistry, Labor with professional qualification is the most missing position 2% of pharmaceuticals is 0.5% ( in 2010 was 1.8%); manufacturing rubber and plastic and chemical product, medicines, pharmaceutical interviewed enterprises lack of labor seriously but 31% of enterprises lack of labor product is 4.4% (in 2010 was 17.2%); manufaturing nonmetallic product is 1.9% ( in 2010 was 14.9%); manufacturing electric equipment, machinery equipment, transportation means is 6% (in 2010 was 5.5%); meanwhile manufacturing electronic product, computer and optical product accounts for 77% (in 2010 was 37.3%) and tend to increase 3.2.2 Qualify assurance of the workforce in industrial zones of Bac Ninh Lack of workers (simple labor) is quite serious problem to enterprises Recruiting workers is not as difficult as recruiting qualified workers (32% of enterprises have difficulty in recruiting workers, meanwhile 49% of enterprises have difficulty in recruiting qualified workers) Lack of assistant employee, sales service employee and manager has less difficulty in recruitment 1% of enterprises lack of assistant employee, sales service According to survey data of Department of Labor, Invalids and Social employee seriously and 19% of enterprises lack of ones (32% of enterprises have Affairs, account to 2015, in Bac Ninh industrial parks, labor with university degree difficulty in recruiting these workers); shortage of managers, leaders is 15% and or higher level accounts for 7.5% (in 2010 was 6.8%); college degree account for 1% of enterprises seriously lack of these labors (16% of enterprises have difficulty 5.5% (in 2010 was 5.7%); long-term vocational degree and vocational intermediate in recruiting these workers) accounts for 6.1% (in 2010 was 9.1%); vocational primary, vocational certificate accounts for 3.4% (in 2010 was 5.3%); technical workers without vocational 3.3.2 Assessment of assurance labor quality 19 According to survey result of enterprises about limitation that workers have when starting work, 76% of enterprises said that workers have limitation about 20 - Enterprises lack of not only professional labor but also unskilled labor The shortage in enterprises have large number of labor is very serious discipline, industrial working style, 78% of enterprises said that workers have - Lack of young labor, especially female labor The shortage of skilled limitation about operating modern technology, 61% of workers have limitation workers is more popular than unskilled workers although the quantity of shortage about contacting with alternate environment, condition (capacity matched with unskilled labor bigger than skilled workers; other positions (manager, staff…) have innovating technology, circumstance), 52% of enterprises said that workers have less shortage limitation about work cooperating (communication, teamwork skills), 65% of enterprises said that workers have limitation about job knowledge (know, creative application), 65% of enterprises said that the accordance between job and trained - The shortage of labor focus mainly on foreign enterprises, processing industrial enterprises use large number of labor labor occupation have insensible 88% of enterprises said that after recruiting - Lack of skilled labor in labor market, quality of workforce doesn’t meet the enterprises take to months to guide workers accommodate to work; 9% of requirements of enterprises; skill, industrial style, job knowledge, training level enterprises take 6% to guide have limitation; enterprises have to spend money to retrain labors to meet the 3.3.3 Assessment of assurance progress of supplying labor According to survey result, 40% of enterprises said that time to recruit enough labor slower than plan; only 13% of enterprises said that time to recruit enough labor sooner than plan; 47% of enterprises said that time to recruit enough labor as planned Among enterprise have time to recruit enough labor slower than plan, 88% of enterprises slower from to months; 12% of enterprises slower over months Some enterprises have a large number of labor take over months to recruit demand of enterprises - Skills of labor don’t meet the demand of enterprises - Quality of university degree and vocational training is still limited, therefore graduate students haven't met requirements of enterprises - Regarding labor supply progress for industrial zones, it takes many enterprises quite a lot of time to employ enough labor (quantity and quality) *) Reason for limitations: (1) The strong development of industrial zones, the rapid growth rate of enough labor investment, the high demand for big supply of labor in short time, while the supply *) Conclusions about assurance workforce in the industrial zones is not yet ready causing the lack of labor - Local labor market can’t meet demand of enterprises about unskilled labor (2) Enterprises in processing sector account for a major proportion in quantity: demand about labor in industrial park is very high, tens of thousands of industrial zones with limited automation and popular manual models, therefore the workers every year (there is year need over 30,000 workers), young labor, female need for labor is high labor is mainly, province have difficulty in meeting demand about labor in the industrial zones (3) Enterprises tend to employ young labor, especially female labor, even outside the locality making it difficult to meet requirement for labor 21 22 (4) Salary and remuneration of enterprises for labor in several enterprises is CHAPTER limited (salary, remuneration, work condition, accommodation…) On the other SOME SOLUTIONS FOR WORKFORCE ASSURANCE FOR hand, work safety is not ensured affecting employee's health or even work THE INDUSTRIAL ZONES IN BAC NINH PROVINCE accidents, which reduces the attractiveness of enterprises in industrial zones (5) Enterprises are most labor-intensive ones with slow automation and digitization, therefore the need for labor is very high, especially manual labor (6) Employment work of several enterprises is not yet diversified, inadequate or inactive and is lack of coordination with state authorities, universities, vocational schools, work service centers (7) The leap frog or switch job: the variation of labor in enterprises is partly 4.1 Socio-economic context 4.1.1 International context - Globalization, international integration trends - National and protectionism trend - The Industrial Revolution 4.0 due to the leap frog which is mostly attached to manual labor, making many 4.1.2 Domestic context enterprises lack of labor for production - The geo-political factor has many advantages (8) State policy for supporting labor supply is not good enough: (i) the inadequate plan for labor assurance; (ii) vocational schools are still lack in terms of quantity and weak in terms of quality; (iii) work service centers are inactive and inflexible, which not meet requirements of enterprises; (iv) the investment for infrastructure in industrial zones' localities is still limited with the poor supply for accomodation, transportation, schools, hospitals, kindergartens… (9) The competition in labor market between enterprises in and outside the industrial zones, between enterprises in the industrial zones and other sectors… (10) The competition in labor attraction among localities, especially, those having industrial zones Localities adjacent to Bac Ninh all have industrial zones, especially Hanoi, therefore, labor attraction is very difficult and it is necessary to employ in remote areas (Northeastern and Northwestern region or even the Centre and the South of Vietnam - The advantage of gold population in the context of strong international integration 4.1.3 Background of Bac Ninh province - Bac Ninh has had a strong development with high growth rate The goal of Bac Ninh is to accelerate industrialization and modernization, to implement economic restructuring associated with transformation of growth model - Orientation for industrial development - On human resource development planning 4.2 Viewpoints and orientations for workforce assurance for the industrial zones 4.2.1 Viewpoint - Workforce assurance for industrial zones is decisive for successful implementation of industrial development strategy - Workforce assurance for industrial zones requires the active participation of enterprises 23 - Workforce assurance for industrial zones must be closely linked with the process of education and training reform - To respect the rules of labor market development, identify roles and positions of objectives on the labor market 24 If the results of the variance test showed that the model had a variance, so the study was corrected by re-estimating the model with strong variance selection The result forecasts average employment growth for the period 2017-2025 as follows: - To renovate basically and comprehensively training industrial labor towards integration and international standards gVL = 60*0,296 + 10*0,185 – 12*0,205 = 17,21 (%) 4.4 Solution 4.2.2 Orientation 4.4.1 Solutions of the Government - To create synchronously supply and demand factors for workforce in the 4.4.1.1 To make a plan to assure workforce for the industrial zones industrial zone, ensuring a flexible mechanism of link between supply and demand of workforce Workforce planning must increase the availability of workforce in both the short and long term, in line with the labor market development trends and address - To assure workforce to meet the needs of developing industrial zones in both quantity and quality its problems, especially labor market for the industrial zones 4.4.1.2 To expand the scale and raise the quality of vocational training - To develop a strategy to assure the supply of labor - To perfect the system and model of vocational training for workforce according to the market demand institutions system To develop the system of vocational training institutions to meet the demands on the labor market, to strongly transform vocational training from the - To assure workforce for the industrial zone in association with raising the "supply-side" to the "demand-side" orientation of the labor market relating to the quality of jobs and creating decent jobs for workforce industrial zones, linking vocational training with the strategy, planning and 4.3 Workforce Forecast economic development plan of the province and solving employment needs of 4.3.1 Forecast of labor supply The thesis uses the labor supply forecast model mentioned in Section 2.3.3.1: LLLĐt = LLLĐ0*(1+g)t 4.3.2 Forecast of labor demand of industrial zones to 2025 Skill-based labor demand model: LnL = a0 + a1LnVA +a2LnK +a3 Ln_aver_wage +a4D+a5K/L workers 4.4.1.3 To strengthen the relationship between the Government, vocational training institutions and enterprises to resolve the constraints between supply and demand for skillful workers in the industrial zones To implemente training management by the progress; To develop employment support, skill assessment system Specific solutions: (i) Vocational training institutions should regularly analyze skills needs in enterprises; raise the +a6Bank_use +a7Cred_fund_use +a8PC_quantity+ a9E_mar +a10E_com level of the assessors in the skill test; (ii) To ask the enterprise to participate in the +a11Havrd development of skilling tests; (iii) a policy should be launched to replicate the If VIF is less than 10, it will conclude that the model does not have multicollinear phenomena model of the skill assessment exam, to support the skill assessment centers, to 25 26 strengthen the state management of skills examinations in order to ensure the 4.4.2 Solutions of the enterprises quality 4.4.2.1 Flexible forms of recruitment 4.4.1.4 To develop colleges and universities-level human resources to meet the demands of enterprises in the industrial zones To implement policies to support colleges and universities in the province for developing new schools and improving their training capacity in both quantity and quality To improve the quality and the training scale, majors structure And to make association between training and the needs of the enterprises 4.4.1.5 To create and improve quality of workforce To adopt policies to support enterprises recruiting employees from other localities to work in industrial zones To apply good remuneration policies to qualified employees at enterprises 4.4.1.6 To perfect the system of labor market infrastructure, link supply and demand of workforce for industrial zones To develop the employment service system in the direction of both expanding the scale of operation and raising the quality of services To invest in modernizing a number of big centers to obtain the standards of countries in the region, use modern information technology to carry out transactions Continue to expand the channels in the labor market, and to build, connect and develop the system of job exchanges and in the whole country 4.4.1.7 To invest in socio-economic infrastructure system serving workforce of the industrial zones To adopt policies on housing development for laborers To step by step build up the school system, in the immediate future, the preschool school and at the same time invest in expanding and building new hospitals in the industrial zones To implement social welfare programs for laborers in industrial zones To ensure social order and safety, to protect the ecological environment in the industrial zones and the living environment of laborers, to pay attention to the work of ensuring food safety for laborers inside and outside the industrial zones To have renovation and diversification of labor recruitment methods, actively participate in official recruitment channels: Enterprises need to be more active in coordinating with local agencies to organize local employment programs at the job fairs 4.4.2.2 Compensation for workers Wage and salary paid to employees must be commensurate with the contribution of laborers depending on the marginal labor productivity Enterprises need to use flexible, attractive salary schemes with support housing, travel for workers 27 CONCLUSION 28 To overcome the limitations in the workforce assurance, the thesis has stated The thesis "Workforce assurance for industrial zones of Bac Ninh province the direction, principles and solutions to ensure the workforce The thesis uses the up to 2025" has focused on theoretical bases for Workforce assurance for industrial forecast model of labor supply and demand, and proposes some major measures to zones Based on the analysis and assessment of the current situation of Workforce ensure the workforce for industrial zones till 2025; contributing to enhancing the assurance for industrial zones, the thesis proposes some solutions to assure competitiveness and promoting sustainable development of the industrial zones workforce for industrial zones Specifically, thank to the research problem solving, the thesis has achieved the following results: Based on the research review, the thesis has pointed out the research gap and the direction of choosing the research model on workforce assurance for industrial zones Accordingly, the thesis proposes a model of workforce assurance for industrial zones applied in the specific case of Bac Ninh province.The thesis systemizes theoretical issues relating to workforce, workforce assurance for industrial zones, defines the content of workforce assurance, including ensuring the size and quantity; structure; quality; the progress of labor supply The thesis also identifies the factor clusters affecting the workforce, including the workforce supply and demand side; support policy of the Government; Employer policy The thesis clarifies that workforce assurance is not only a matter of quality, but also of the quantity and schedule of assurance The guarantee is essentially to harmonize supply and demand workforce, and come from many sides, subjects, in which the role of the state as well as business is very important The state has a role in creating a macro environment to improve the quality of workforce, connecting and attracting workforce, while the enterprises have played a role in creating a micro environment to attract and retain workforce From the basic framework of workforce assurance for industrial zones, the thesis analyzes the situation to ensure workforce for industrial zones The thesis uses the analysis of the role of each type of labor in the development of industrial zones, including advantages and disadvantages in workforce assurance for industrial zones, assess the causes leading to limitations and conclude meaningful conclusions