Báo cáo môn anh văn chuyên nghành 1. Trường đại học Nông Lâm TP.HCM. Khoa khoa học sinh học.Báo cáo môn anh văn chuyên nghành 1. Trường đại học Nông Lâm TP.HCM. Khoa khoa học sinh học.Báo cáo môn anh văn chuyên nghành 1. Trường đại học Nông Lâm TP.HCM. Khoa khoa học sinh học.
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NƠNG LÂM THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH KHOA KHOA HỌC SINH HỌC A Mushroom overview Thực hiện: Nguyễn Lan Anh MSSV: 21126009 Giảng viên: Đinh Xuân Phát Brief history of mushroom Mushrooms and the role of nature Edible and medicinal mushrooms Studies on edible and medicinal mushrooms Mushroom preservation Threats to mushrooms Mushroom poisoning Brief history of mushrooms Brief history of mushroom • Throughout history, mushrooms have made up an integral part of the diet in many countries Mushrooms are considered a rich source of phytonutrients such as polysaccharides, dietary fiber, and other micronutrients that, in addition to various essential amino acids, are the building blocks of important proteins In general, mushrooms offer many health benefits with many pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, etc Mushrooms and the role of nature Mushrooms and the role of nature • Mushrooms are considered an important food for their traditionally famous nutritional and medicinal values, which is one of the reasons why they are widely used for culinary purposes They can also be a remedy for several medical conditions, including cancers • The nutritional benefits of mushrooms in the form of a significant source of essential protein, dietary indigestible carbohydrates, unsaturated fats, minerals, as well as various vitamins Mushrooms and the role of nature • Mushrooms have many important roles in the environment Mushrooms break down lignin-rich complex compounds and thus decompose all lignin-rich organic waste from the surrounding resulting in a clean environmental condition • Mushrooms contribute to different nutrient cycles in different ecosystems by participating in the decomposition of organic debris Some fungi have symbiotic bacteria that associate with certain species of plants and trees Edible and medicinal mushrooms Edible and medicinal mushrooms • Edible mushrooms are a rich source of carbohydrates, proteins, antioxidants, and phytonutrients • Bioactive compounds obtained from edible mushrooms are being used in the production of media and skincare formulations Furthermore, diverse applications from edible mushrooms are also being explored, including bio sorbents synthesis, biochar, edible films/coatings, probiotics, nanoparticles, and cosmetic products Edible and medicinal mushrooms • Medicinal mushrooms are considered to be an unlimited source of polysaccharides (mainly β-glucans) and polysaccharide-protein complexes and possess various immunological and antitumor properties • Medicinal mushrooms have important health benefits and exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antiallergic, antibacterial, and antifungal,… • Bioactive compounds of selected medicinal mushrooms and their effects and mechanisms in vitro and in vivo clinical studies Studies on edible and medicinal mushrooms Studies on edible and medicinal mushrooms • Many studies have demonstrated the antifatigue effects of edible and medicinal mushrooms These mushrooms can reduce human fatigue through effects on functional systems, including the muscular, cardiovascular, hormonal, and immune systems • Bioactive components that contribute to the anti-fatigue effects of mushrooms may include polysaccharides, peptides, nucleosides, phenolic compounds, and triterpenoids Studies on edible and medicinal mushrooms • On the other hand, mushrooms can also protect the cardiovascular system through several other components, such as biologically active phenolic compounds, vitamins, and mineral elements The growing knowledge about the mechanism(s) and health benefits of mushrooms is encouraging the development of potential clinical uses of β-glucans and also documenting their role in preserving health and disease prevention in the context of a healthy lifestyle Mushroom preservation Mushroom preservation • Various mushroom preservation methods including: + Blanching + Freezing (Lyophilization and cryopreservation) + Steaming + Oil or butter sautéing + Drying + Canning (sterilization) + Pickling and salting Threats to mushrooms Threats to mushrooms • Mushrooms also face many of the same threats plants contend with Habitat loss, pollution, and especially the use of fungicide-laden fertilizer, wipe out mushrooms Studies show that climate change also affects mushrooms, changing the temperature and humidity levels that determine when they pop a fruiting body out of the ground Mushroom poisoning Mushroom poisoning • Mushroom poisoning refers to the harmful effects of ingesting toxic substances contained in large mushrooms These symptoms can range from mild gastrointestinal discomfort to death The toxins present are secondary metabolites produced by the fungus Mushroom poisoning is often the result of eating wild mushrooms after misidentifying a poisonous mushroom as an edible species • To prevent mushroom poisoning, mushroom pickers need to be familiar with the mushrooms they plan to collect as well as with any poisonous species that look similar to the ones to be collected Mushroom poisoning Suggested main groups based on key clinical features: Group - Cytotoxic mushroom poisoning Syndromes with visceral disease Group - Neurotoxic mushroom poisoning Primary neurotoxic syndrome Group - Poisoning with poisonous mushrooms Rhabdomyolysis syndrome Group - Metabolic, endocrine, and related mycotoxins Group - Poisoning with fungi that irritate the gastrointestinal tract Group - Other adverse reactions to mushrooms Tài liệu tham khảo Al-Obaidi J.R 2016 Proteomics of edible mushrooms: A mini-review Electrophoresis 37:1257-63 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600031 Sardar Singh Kakraliya, and Ph.D Scholar, “Economic Importance of Mushroom and Their Uses.” Just Agriculture - Future of Agro Innovation, Nov 2020, https://www.justagriculture.in/ [1] Yadav D., Negi P.S 2021 Bioactive components of mushrooms: Processing effects and health benefits Food Res Int 148:110599 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110599 Singhal S., Rasane P., Kaur S., Garba U., Singh J., Raj N., Gupta N 2019 Mushroom Cultivation, Processing and Value-added Products: A Patent Based Review Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 10:3-19 DOI: 10.2174/2212798410666180604101353 Venturella G., Ferraro V., Cirlincione F., Gargano M.L 2021 Medicinal Mushrooms: Bioactive Compounds, Use, and Clinical Trials Int J Mol Sci 22 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020634 González A., Cruz M., Losoya C., Nobre C., Loredo A., Rodríguez R., Contreras J., Belmares R 2020 Edible mushrooms as a novel protein source for functional foods Food Funct 11:7400-7414 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01746a Kumar H., Bhardwaj K., Sharma R., Nepovimova E., Cruz-Martins N., Dhanjal D.S., Singh R., Chopra C., Verma R., Abd-Elsalam K.A., Tapwal A., Musilek K., Kumar D., Kuča K 2021 Potential Usage of Edible Mushrooms and Their Residues to Retrieve Valuable Supplies for Industrial Applications J Fungi (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/jof7060427 White J., Weinstein S.A., De Haro L., Bédry R., Schaper A., Rumack B.H., Zilker T 2019 Mushroom poisoning: A proposed new clinical classification Toxicon 157:53-65 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.007