Composting of organic wastes from aloe vera gel production

Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` THE JOINT ACADEMIC PROGRAM OF EXECUTIVE MASTER IN SCIENCES AND MANAGEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT BETWEEN INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY OF HOCHIMINH CITY AND LIÈGE UNIVERSITY DANG DINH DANH COMPOSTING OF ORGANIC WASTES FROM ALOE VERA GEL PRODUCTION Major: EXECUTIVE MASTER IN SCIENCES AND MANAGEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT MASTER’S THESIS HOCHIMINH CITY, YEAR 2019 i ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` The project was completed at The Industrial University of Hochiminh City Supervisor’s name: (Write full name and signature) The thesis was taken at The Industrial University of Hochiminh City date month year Committee members (name): - Committee Chair - Commissioner - Secretary (Write full name and signature) COMMITTEE CHAIR DEAN OF INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT ii ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I, Dang Dinh Danh, declare that this Graduation Thesis and the work presented in it are my own and have been generated by me as the result of my original research Composting of organic wastes from Aloe gelee production With pilot model was located at Research area at Kim Cuong street Hamlet 6, Tan Thanh Dong, Cu Chi, Ho Chi Minh City and small pilot model was located at the laboratory at Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City I confirm that: Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly attributed; Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work; I have documented all methods, data and processes truthfully; I have acknowledged all main sources of help; None of this work has been published before submission Ho Chi Minh, June 2019 Signature of Student Signature of Advisor iii ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` ABSTRACT The aloe vera industry in Vietnam is growing constantly.It is known that aloe vera tree has been planted much in all provinces since 2002, concentrated mainly in Ninh Thuan province and Binh Thuan province Up to now, the total area of aloe vera in the Ninh Thuan province is over 330 ha, with an output of 100,000 tons/ha, along with processing plants everywhere Therefore, the amount of waste from primary processing accounts for a very large volume so that it is leading to environmental pollution and difficulties in solid waste management The problem now is that most aloe vera waste is treated by landfill method, this treatment is poor, causing bad smell, creating a lot of leachate and causing more negative impacts on the living environment citizen Therefore, the research and treatment of aloe vera waste helps to reduce a large amount of waste to landfill and save land area Not only that, after treating aloe vera bark by aerobic biological composting method, it also creates fertilizer for plants, especially it can be brought into the production process to form a closed process By adopting pilot scale composting method, we have successfully produced compost products that are tested on the germplasm Results showed that compost has good decay, plants grow fast, achieve high efficiency The result is that after the treatment of aloe vera by composting method, the compost product can meet the requirements that can be used to a fertilizer Since then we have a plan to treat the amount of waste for the factory, which contributes a part to the Vietnamese economy iv ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank the people who supported and helped me immensely in this study: Prof Le Hung Anh, my thesis advisor, deepest gratitude for his invaluable assistance and support throughout my involvement in The Institute Of Science For Environme nta l Management, for his reviews, constructive advices and his patience and encouragement and for his valuable insights, guidance and support throughout the experimental part of my thesis The Institute Of Science For Environmental Management of Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City I would also like to thank my dear colleagues for their encouragement and helpful advice, Many thanks to the people from the VALIMEXCO company I visited for their hospitality and kindness in sharing their valuable experience with me I must also acknowledge the help of many of the people for their technical and administrative assistance throughout my research Special thanks to my friends who always believed in me and were always with me no matter where they are Last but not least, I would like to express my deep appreciation to my father, my mother for their unconditional love, support and faith in me Dang Dinh Danh, Ho Chi Minh City , June 2019 v ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF TABLE LIST OF FIGURE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1.LITERATURE REVIEWS 1.1 O VERVIEW OF ALOE V ERA 1.1.1 Aloe Vera 1.1.2 Aloe Vera Manufacturing Process 1.2 COMPOST OVERVIEW 1.2.1 Compost Definition 1.2.2 The Role Of Compost 1.2.3 The Composting Process 10 1.2.4 Factors Affecting Composting Process 14 1.2.5 Methods Of Composting 23 1.2.6 Composting Technologies In Vietnam 27 CHAPTER 2.MATERIAL AND METHODS 29 2.1 MATERIALS AND MODELS RESEARCH 29 2.1.1 Materials 29 2.1.2 Research models 32 2.2 RESEARCH PROCESS 32 2.3 DETERMINED METHODS OF INDICATORS MEASUREMENT 39 2.3.1 Sampling Method: 39 2.3.2 Composting process control 39 2.3.3 Composting analyze 39 2.3.4 Data Collection And Processing Methods 43 2.3.5 Analytical Method of Composting Quality 43 CHAPTER 3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 44 3.1 EXPERIMENT 44 3.1.1 Changes in smell, color, volume 44 3.1.2 Temperatures 46 3.1.3 pH 49 3.1.4 Moisture 50 3.1.5 Ash 51 3.1.6 VOC 52 3.1.7 Evaluate nutrition 53 3.2 EXPERIMENT 54 3.2.1 Changes in smell, color, volume 55 3.2.2 Temperatures 60 3.2.3 pH 62 vi ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` 3.2.4 Moisture 64 3.2.5 Ash 65 3.2.6 VOC 65 3.2.7 Evaluate nutrition indicators 66 3.3 BIOTEST RESULT 69 3.3.1 Experiment 69 3.3.2 Expriment 71 3.4 BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF COMPOST FROM ALOE VERA 73 3.4.1 Microorganisms 73 3.4.2 Coliform 74 3.4.3 Changes in nutrients during composting 75 3.3 DISCUSSIONS 77 CHAPTER 4.CONCLUSION 80 REFERENCES 82 APPENDIX 84 vii ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A: Ash ASP: Aerated Static Pile CFU: Colony Form Units DM: Dry Matter E1,E2: Experiment 1, Experiment F1,F2…: Formula 1, Formula 2,… HCMC: Ho Chi Minh City MO: Microorganisms M: Moisture ODM: Organic Dry Matter QĐ/BNN: “Quyết Định Bộ Nông Nghiệp” is mean “ Deinistry Of Agriculture And Rural Development Vietnam Decision” TCVN: “Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam “ is mean “Vietnam standard” VOC: Volatile Organic Matter VND: Viet Nam Dong ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` LIST OF TABLE Table 1.1: C / N ratio of waste (calculated by dry matter) 20 Table 1.2: Important Indicator during composting 23 Table 1.3 : Several methods of composting 27 Table 2.1: Research materials 29 Table 2.2: Research tools 31 Table 2.3: Indicators of compost 43 Table 3.1: Changes in smell, color, volume of experiment 44 Table 3.2: Moisture of Composting materials 51 Table 3.3: Ash of Composting materials 52 Table 3.4: VOC of Composting materials 53 Table 3.5: Comparison of nutrition indicators in compost of Formula -E1 54 Table 3.6: Comparison of nutrition indicators in compost of Formula 2- E1 54 Table 3.7 : Changes in smell, color, volume of experiment 55 Table 3.8: Comparison of nutrition indicators in compost of Formula 66 Table 3.9: Comparison of nutrition indicators in compost of Formula 67 Table 3.10: Comparison of nutrition indicators in compost of Formula 67 Table 3.11: Comparison of nutrition indicators in compost of Formula 67 Table 3.12: Comparison of nutrition indicators in compost of Formula 68 Table 3.13: Comparison of nutrition indicators in compost of Formula 68 Table 3.14: Biotest Result of Experiment 69 Table 3.15: Biotest Result of Experiment 71 Table 3.16: Microbiological density of after composting process 73 Table 3.17: Coliform of after composting process 74 Table 3.18: Weight of ingredients being composted 75 Table 3.19: Content of compounds in fresh aloe vera bark 76 Table 3.20: Content of compounds in aloe vera bark after drying 76 Table 3.21: Content of compounds in compost from aloe vera brak 76 ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` LIST OF FIGURE Figure 1.1: Aloe vera Figure 1.2: Aloe production process diagram Figure 1.3: Generalized Representation of the Composting Process 10 Figure 1.4: Organic Matter Decomposition Pathways for Aerobic Respiration 12 Figure 1.5: Compost pile 25 Figure 2.1: Models of composting 32 Figure 2.2: Schematic diagram of the research process 32 Figure 2.3: Schematic diagram of the Experiment 35 Figure 2.4: Schematic diagram of the Experiment 37 Figure 2.5: Schematic diagram of the Experiment 38 Figure 2.6: Desiccator cabinet and kiln 41 Figure 3.1:The composting process of Formula 1- E1 45 Figure 3.2: The composting process of Formula 2- E1 46 Figure 3.3 : Temperature of Formula 1-E1 47 Figure 3.4 : Temperature of Formula 2-E1 before add coconut fiber 47 Figure 3.5 : Temperature of Formula 2-E1 after add coconut fiber 48 Figure 3.6: Temperature of Formula 1-E1 49 Figure 3.7 : pH of Formula 2- E1 before add coconut fiber 50 Figure 3.8: pH of Formula 2- E1 after add coconut fiber 50 Figure 3.9: The change of moisture in experiment 51 Figure 3.10: The change of ash in experiment 52 Figure 3.11: The change of VOC in experiment 53 Figure 3.12: The compost of Formula (Experiment 2) 58 Figure 3.13: The compost of Formula (Experiment 2) 58 Figure 3.14: The compost of Formula (Experiment 2) 59 Figure 3.15: The compost of Formula (Experiment 2) 59 Figure 3.16: The compost of Formula (Experiment 2) 60 Figure 3.17: The compost of Formula (Experiment 2) 60 Figure 3.18 : Temperatures Chart of Experimental 61 Figure 3.19: pH Chart of Experimental 63 Figure 3.20: The change of moisture in experiment 64 Figure 3.21: The change of ash in experiment 65 Figure 3.22: The change of VOC in experiment 66 Figure 3.23: Result Biotest of Experiment 70 Figure 3.24: Biotest result for the number of germinated seeds of Experiment 70 Figure 3.25: Result Biotest of Experiment 72 Figure 3.26: Biotest result for the number of germinated seeds of Experiment 72 ` Graduation thesis   Dang Dinh Danh ` With about 100-200 aloe vera waste tons /month, the amount of compost produced is: 30-100 tons /month Amount of proceeds from the sale of compost produced :15.000.000-50.000.000 VND The reuse of organic waste from the preliminary processing of aloe vera not only reduces costs, but also increases profits from selling products from the composting process, or using this amount of company farm 79 ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh CHAPTER ` CONCLUSION The compost model with pilot scale is suitable for factories in order to autonomous ly produce compost for production to form a closed production model The composting model is convenient, simple, easy to operate, reasonably priced and good produces compost quality After weeks of heap composting, both experiments yielded good results In experiment 2, by treating aloe vera before incubation by shaving the shells, reducing the amount of water the process of decomposition takes place faster can shorten the incubation time However, this method is not satisfactory if applied in practice because aloe vera peeling takes a lot of effort and time requires a large amount of manpower This method can be applied if it is possible to research equipment and machinery that this phase It is still possible to apply the aloe vera not pre-treatment method before incubation still has high compost efficienc y Further research on the blending ratio between aloe vera bark and coconut fiber, additiona l research on buffers to reduce moisture and optimize composting process In addition to physical and chemical analysis, compost products were tested on sprouted plants Through experiments on plants, the results showed that the plants were fertilized with compost from aloe vera as good quality as of compost on the market This topic showed that it is possible to make more use of aloe vera waste to produce, creating a new direction for the construction and sustainable development The simple, low cost heaping composting method that minimizes treatment costs and waste, contributes to environmental protection It is a long term sustainable solution, which helps to: • Create safer waste treatment systems • Obtain attractive revenues for the private and public sector • Simultaneously protect the environment Research and develop equipment to assist aloe vera treatment before incubation Strengthen research on the microorganism to adapt to the properties of aloe vera bark, thereby increasing the efficiency of composting 80 ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` Use the amount of compost after composting to grow aloe vera to provide for the production process to develop sustainably In the process of incubation, it is necessary to reverse mixing more frequently, carefully shielding from outside influences on the pile 81 ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` REFERENCES VietNamese [1] Bộ môn công nghệ thực phẩm – Báo cáo môn công nghệ bảo quản chế biến rau trái – Đề tài Aloe vera bark– Tháng 11/2010 – Trường ĐH Bách khoa TP Hồ Chí Minh – Khoa kỹ thuật hóa học [2] Trịnh Kim Chưởng (2006) Xử lý rác thải nông hộ thành phân compost Luận văn tốt nghiệp Trường đại học Cơng Thương [3] Hồng Kim Cơ, Trần Hữu Uyển, Lương Đức Phẩm, Lý Kim Bảng, Dương Đức Hồng (2005) Kỹ thuật môi trường Nhà xuất Khoa học Kỹ thuật Hà Nội [4] Nguyễn Văn Phước (2009) Quản lý xử lý chất thải rắn Nhà xuất ĐHQG TP Hồ Chí Minh [5] Đỗ Đức Thắng, Chu Nhật Quang, Lê Ngọc Thắng cộng (2008) Phương pháp mô hình cơng nghệ ủ compost giới Việt Nam Diễn đàn Trung tâm Tư vấn, Đào tạo Chuyển giao Công nghệ Môi trường - Cục BVMT [6] Bộ nông nghiệp – Quyết định 38/2002/QĐ-BNN– Tiêu chuẩn nghành 10TCN 526- 2002, Phân hữu vi sinh từ rác thải sinh hoạt – Yêu cầu kỹ thuật, phương pháp kiểm tra English [1] Roger T Haug (1993) The practical hanbook of compost engineering [2] Le Hung Anh and Michael Boehme (2012) ‘Advanced Composting Technology for Using Bio-Waste in South East Asia.’ Science Direct [Online] [3] Blain Metting (1995) Soil microbial ecology In composting as a process based on the coTNrol of Ecology selective factor pp 515-537 [4] Komilis, D P., R.K Ham and J.K Park 2004 Emission of volatile organic compounds during composting of municipal solid wastes Water Research 38: 17071714 [5] Day, D.L., M Krzymien, K Shaw, W.R Zaremba, C Wilson, C Botden, and B Thomas 1998 An investigation of the chemical and physical changes occurring during commercial composting Compost Science and Utilization (2): 44-66 82 ` Graduation thesis [6] Dang Dinh Danh ` Epstein E 1997 The science of composting Technomic Publishing, Inc., Lancaster, Pennsylvania, p 83 [7] Finstein , M S., F.C Miller, P.F Strom 1986 Waste treatment composting as a controlled system pp 363-398 In: W Schenborn (ed) Biotechnology [8] Hamoda, M F., H.A Abu Qdais and J Newham 1998 Evaluation of municipal solid waste composting kinetics [9] Komilis, D P., R.K Ham and J.K Park 2004 Emission of volatile organic compounds during composting of municipal solid wastes Online http://www.fftc.agnet.org/ https://www.yeumoitruong.vn/phuong-phap-va-cac- mo-hinh-cong-nghe- u-compost-trenthe-gioi-va-tai-viet-nam.t3204 html https://vietnamnews.vn/society/467422/ninh-thuan- farmers-strike- it-rich-with-aloevera.html#cEAoeu1f1pUW1d5F.97 83 ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` APPENDIX Temperature and pH over the days of the experiment Date Outside Aloe vera bark+ Coconut Aloe vera bark+ Coconut temperature fiber+ vi sinh fiber Temperature Ph Temperature Ph 14/12/2018 27.8 33.8 5.9 31.7 5.4 15/12/2018 28.4 36.5 4.5 31.1 6.8 16/12/2018 29.6 36.8 4.7 32.3 6.2 17/12/2018 28.9 37.6 5.1 31.7 6.2 18/12/2018 29.9 37.2 5.2 32.1 5.9 19/12/2018 32 34.2 5.3 30.1 6.4 20/12/2018 25.6 30.4 28.1 6.2 21/12/2018 26.7 31 28.5 6.4 22/12/2018 27.7 29.8 28.1 6.2 23/12/2018 32.5 29.5 5.6 27.5 5.9 24/12/2018 31.5 29 5.6 26.8 6.3 25/12/2018 32 28.7 3.5 28.7 6.2 26/12/2018 27.6 28.4 4.2 27.5 5.9 27/12/2018 25.3 28 6.1 26.6 6.3 28/12/2018 25.5 27.6 6.3 31.2 6.2 29/12/2018 27.7 28.4 30.7 30/12/2018 28.9 29.7 6.2 30.3 31/12/2018 31.8 27.4 6.4 28 5.6 1/1/2019 30.4 31.2 6.1 33.5 5.8 2/1/2019 24 25.6 6.1 26.3 5.7 84 ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` 3/1/2019 25 27.2 6.1 27.9 5.6 4/1/2019 28.1 26.4 6.1 26.8 5.6 5/1/2019 24 26.5 6.4 26.6 6.3 6/1/2019 28.9 26.5 6.4 27.1 6.4 7/1/2019 31.8 26.8 6.4 27.2 6.4 8/1/2019 29 27.2 6.3 27.6 6.4 9/1/2019 33.7 28.5 28.9 6.2 10/1/2019 34.1 27.5 6.4 27.5 6.4 11/1/2019 24.1 27.3 6.4 27.3 6.3 12/1/2019 32.1 31.7 6.6 31.6 6.7 13/1/2019 34.9 34.8 6.7 33.6 6.7 14/1/2019 33.1 32.4 6.7 31.9 6.6 15/1/2019 32.7 35.3 6.6 34.6 6.8 16/1/2019 35.5 35.7 6.5 34.3 6.7 17/1/2019 32.5 32.6 6.3 32.9 6.6 18/1/2019 32.9 35.3 6.7 33.6 6.5 19/1/2019 33.2 33.3 6.7 33.2 6.6 20/1/2019 31.9 33.1 6.8 32.6 6.9 21/1/2019 32.2 33.5 6.6 33.5 6.6 22/1/2019 30.2 35.6 6.8 36 6.8 23/1/2019 31.2 34.2 6.9 33.8 6.7 24/1/2019 30.6 33.7 6.8 34.3 6.8 25/1/2019 33.2 34 6.9 33.3 6.6 26/1/2019 30.5 34 33.2 6.9 85 ` Graduation thesis 27/1/2019 Dang Dinh Danh 31.2 33 6.9 32.9 ` 6.7 Phụ lục 1.1: Temperature and pH over the days of the experiment Date Outside temper Temperatur pH Temper pH Temperat pH ature e 14/3/2019 38.2 36.3 34.5 5.2 35.4 4.8 15/3/2019 37.4 37.9 5.5 36.3 5.6 35.6 6.6 16/3/2019 38.7 38.3 6.1 36.4 5.1 36 6.8 17/3/2019 34.5 37.4 5.8 37.2 5.4 36.6 6.6 18/3/2019 36.2 38.5 5.8 37.5 5.6 36.8 6.3 19/3/2019 35.5 39 6.1 37.9 5.7 37.5 5.7 20/3/2019 34.2 39.2 6.2 37.5 5.9 38.1 21/3/2019 33.1 39.5 6.3 37 37.2 6.3 22/3/2019 30.3 39.6 6.2 37.8 6.1 37.5 6.7 23/3/2019 32.9 38.8 5.8 38.5 5.6 36.7 24/3/2019 33.1 38.3 5.8 37.5 5.6 35.9 5.6 25/3/2019 32.1 41 5.7 38.4 4.5 37.4 5.2 26/3/2019 30.3 38.5 3.8 39.1 3.5 36.2 3.6 27/3/2019 33.3 37.5 4.5 39.4 3.9 34.8 28/3/2019 32.1 36.3 5.7 37.5 5.4 35.9 4.6 29/3/2019 34.6 35.5 5.6 36.9 5.8 34.6 5.6 30/3/2019 34.6 33.5 5.6 36 6.1 33.6 6.2 31/3/2019 34.1 35.9 5.7 36.2 6.2 34.3 6.4 ature ure 86 ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` 1/4/2019 32.9 33.6 5.7 36 6.3 33.7 6.3 2/4/2019 33.6 34.9 5.8 35 6.4 35 6.4 3/4/2019 33.5 34.7 5.7 35.2 6.2 35.2 6.3 4/4/2019 32.1 33.3 5.9 34.9 6.2 33.4 6.4 5/4/2019 34.8 35.5 5.7 36.2 6.4 35.5 6.6 6/4/2019 34.6 33.8 34.6 6.4 34 6.7 7/4/2019 33.5 34.3 6.1 34.3 6.6 32.9 6.6 8/4/2019 37.6 35.7 6.3 33.4 6.8 32.4 6.8 9/4/2019 32.8 31.9 6.5 31.6 6.6 31.6 6.8 10/4/2019 27.6 31.2 6.7 30.4 6.7 30.6 6.8 11/4/2019 31.2 32.1 6.6 33.1 31.3 6.8 12/4/2019 32.1 31.7 6.6 33.2 6.7 32.6 6.8 13/4/2019 34.9 34.8 6.7 32.4 6.7 33.6 6.8 14/4/2019 33.1 32.4 6.7 31.9 6.6 31.9 6.8 15/4/2019 39.8 35.3 6.6 34.6 6.8 35 6.9 16/4/2019 35.5 35.7 6.5 34.3 6.7 32.4 6.9 17/4/2019 32.5 32.6 6.3 33.2 6.6 31.7 6.8 18/4/2019 34.9 35.3 6.7 33.6 6.5 32.9 6.8 19/4/2019 33.2 33.3 6.7 33.2 6.6 32.1 6.7 20/4/2019 37.9 33.1 6.8 32.6 6.9 32.2 21/4/2019 34.2 33.5 6.6 33.5 6.6 32.5 6.9 22/4/2019 37.7 35.6 6.8 36 6.8 35.2 23/4/2019 33.2 35.4 6.8 34.7 6.8 34.6 6.9 24/4/2019 34.2 33.6 35.6 6.7 35.5 6.8 87 ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` 25/4/2019 33.6 34.9 6.7 35.6 6.7 34.1 6.8 26/4/2019 31.8 33.4 6.9 34.6 6.6 33.6 6.6 27/4/2019 35.5 34.3 6.9 36 6.8 35 6.7 28/4/2019 34.9 35.8 6.8 36.6 6.9 35.8 6.8 29/4/2019 33.7 36.4 36 6.9 35.7 6.8 30/4/2019 33.4 36.1 6.9 35.9 6.8 34.6 1/5/2019 33.2 35 34.5 6.9 33.5 6.8 2/5/2019 33.8 35.6 6.8 34.8 6.9 35.5 6.9 3/5/2019 31.6 33.4 6.9 33.6 6.9 33.5 4/5/2019 32.4 35.1 6.9 35.1 6.9 34.5 6.8 5/5/2019 34.7 36.1 6.9 36.1 6.9 34.8 6.9 6/5/2019 32.9 34.9 34.9 6.7 33.7 6.9 7/5/2019 32.9 34 6.9 34.6 6.8 33 8/5/2019 34.8 35.6 6.9 35.4 6.9 34.7 6.9 9/5/2019 34.9 35.7 6.9 35.7 6.8 34.6 10/5/2019 33.2 31.5 6.8 31.9 6.8 30.8 6.9 11/5/2019 28.3 29.8 6.9 30.4 6.9 28.7 6.9 12/5/2019 28.2 30.4 6.9 30.2 6.9 29.7 6.9 13/5/2019 29.6 30.3 6.9 30.7 6.8 29.6 6.9 14/5/2019 33.1 31.8 32.8 6.9 32.3 6.9 15/5/2019 30.4 32.4 31.4 6.9 30.5 16/5/2019 33.4 32.4 6.9 32.5 31.6 Temperature and pH over the days of the experiment Date 88 ` Graduation thesis Outside temperat ure Dang Dinh Danh Tempera ture Ph Temperatur e Ph Temperatu re ` Ph 14/3/2019 38.2 37.5 5.5 37.5 5.9 38.3 5.7 15/3/2019 37.4 38.5 5.7 38.9 38.6 5.8 16/3/2019 38.7 37.7 5.8 38.8 5.8 39.4 5.7 17/3/2019 34.5 38.5 5.7 38.4 5.6 39.5 5.8 18/3/2019 36.2 39.5 5.9 38.6 5.7 40.4 5.8 19/3/2019 35.5 39.3 5.6 39.2 6.2 40.5 6.1 20/3/2019 34.2 39 38.7 5.6 40.8 21/3/2019 33.1 38.7 6.1 38.6 6.3 39.8 5.7 22/3/2019 30.3 37.7 5.2 38.9 5.5 40.2 23/3/2019 32.9 37.4 4.6 39.7 5.8 40.5 5.9 24/3/2019 33.1 38.2 4.3 40 5.9 40.7 25/3/2019 32.1 39.3 5.4 40.5 6.3 41.5 5.5 26/3/2019 30.3 38.6 5.9 40.6 5.8 42.1 5.1 27/3/2019 33.3 38.9 5.4 41.3 5.7 40.7 5.6 28/3/2019 32.1 39.8 5.2 38.4 5.2 40.1 5.8 29/3/2019 34.6 37.3 4.7 37.6 5.1 39.4 5.2 30/3/2019 34.6 36.2 4.5 37.3 4.9 38.5 4.4 31/3/2019 34.1 36.1 4.4 36.6 4.6 37.3 3.9 1/4/2019 32.9 35.6 5.8 35.9 5.8 36.7 4.4 2/4/2019 33.6 35.3 6.2 35.6 6.3 35.6 5.3 3/4/2019 33.5 36.3 36.1 6.7 36.5 6.1 89 ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` 4/4/2019 32.1 34.4 5.6 34.7 6.3 34.5 6.5 5/4/2019 34.8 32.8 33.8 6.2 34.7 6.2 6/4/2019 34.6 35.3 6.4 34.9 6.4 35.9 6.4 7/4/2019 33.5 35.1 6.3 36 36.6 6.3 8/4/2019 37.6 36.6 6.3 35.7 6.4 33.7 6.8 9/4/2019 32.8 34 6.5 35.1 6.3 35.1 6.3 10/4/2019 27.6 30.4 6.8 32 6.6 33.8 6.5 11/4/2019 31.2 34.1 6.5 35.5 6.3 35.2 6.3 12/4/2019 32.1 34.5 6.7 34.5 35 5.9 13/4/2019 34.9 35.2 5.6 36 6.2 35.6 5.6 14/4/2019 33.1 34.5 6.4 34.9 6.2 34.2 6.5 15/4/2019 39.8 41.3 5.7 41.6 6.7 42.3 6.7 16/4/2019 35.5 36.6 5.6 36.6 6.6 37.6 6.5 17/4/2019 32.5 34 6.5 35.2 6.2 35.1 6.2 18/4/2019 34.9 34.8 6.4 35 6.3 34.9 6.3 19/4/2019 33.2 35.3 6.4 35.9 6.7 35.8 6.3 20/4/2019 37.9 37.7 6.5 36.2 6.4 35.5 6.4 21/4/2019 34.2 35.5 6.8 35.9 6.5 35.6 6.9 22/4/2019 37.7 38.4 6.3 38.8 6.7 39.1 23/4/2019 33.2 36.5 6.6 37 6.5 37.5 6.4 24/4/2019 34.2 36 6.5 36.7 6.6 36.6 6.5 25/4/2019 33.6 34.8 6.9 36 6.5 35.7 6.8 26/4/2019 31.8 34 6.3 34.2 6.8 34.1 6.7 27/4/2019 35.5 34.4 6.8 35.5 6.9 34.8 6.9 90 ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` 28/4/2019 34.9 36.4 35.6 6.9 35.4 6.6 29/4/2019 33.7 35.8 6.7 36.2 6.5 35.7 6.7 30/4/2019 33.4 34.5 6.4 34.6 6.7 32.8 6.8 1/5/2019 33.2 32.7 6.7 33.4 6.5 33.7 6.6 2/5/2019 33.8 35.7 6.6 35.5 6.3 35.7 5.8 3/5/2019 31.6 33.5 6.2 34.6 34.3 6.3 4/5/2019 32.4 33.8 5.9 35 6.1 34.5 6.8 5/5/2019 34.7 34.1 6.5 34.5 6.4 34.6 6.6 6/5/2019 32.9 33.6 6.3 34 6.1 33.9 6.8 7/5/2019 32.9 32.7 32.5 6.2 32.9 6.7 8/5/2019 34.8 34.2 6.1 34.6 5.9 34.8 6.2 9/5/2019 34.9 35.3 6.3 34.3 34.9 6.4 10/5/2019 33.2 31 6.3 30.9 6.4 31.5 6.3 11/5/2019 28.3 27.6 6.6 26.8 6.7 27.6 6.5 12/5/2019 28.2 29 6.9 29.9 30.4 6.8 13/5/2019 29.6 29.1 6.7 29.9 6.6 30.5 6.6 14/5/2019 33.1 31.6 6.4 32 6.6 32.6 6.6 15/5/2019 30.4 30.6 6.8 31.2 6.4 31.2 6.4 16/5/2019 33.4 31 6.7 31.2 6.4 31.1 6.3 91 ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` Biotest of Fertilizers are bought at the market 92 ` Graduation thesis Dang Dinh Danh ` Biotest of Formula Biotest of Formula : Biotest of Formula Biotest of Formula Biotest of Formula Biotest of Formula 93 `