THE EXPERT’S VOICE® IN NET For your convenience Apress has placed some of the front matter material after the index Please use the Bookmarks and Contents at a Glance links to access them Contents at a Glance Foreword xv About the Authors xvii About the Technical Reviewers xix Acknowledgments xxi Introduction xxiii ■■Chapter 1: Performance Metrics ■■Chapter 2: Performance Measurement ■■Chapter 3: Type Internals 61 ■■Chapter 4: Garbage Collection 91 ■■Chapter 5: Collections and Generics 145 ■■Chapter 6: Concurrency and Parallelism 173 ■■Chapter 7: Networking, I/O, and Serialization 215 ■■Chapter 8: Unsafe Code and Interoperability 235 ■■Chapter 9: Algorithm Optimization .259 ■■Chapter 10: Performance Patterns 277 ■■Chapter 11: Web Application Performance 305 Index 335 v Introduction This book has come to be because we felt there was no authoritative text that covered all three areas relevant to NET application performance: • Identifying performance metrics and then measuring application performance to verify whether it meets or exceeds these metrics • Improving application performance in terms of memory management, networking, I/O, concurrency, and other areas • Understanding CLR and NET internals in sufficient detail to design high-performance applications and fix performance issues as they arise We believe that NET developers cannot achieve systematically high-performance software solutions without thoroughly understanding all three areas For example, NET memory management (facilitated by the CLR garbage collector) is an extremely complex field and the cause of significant performance problems, including memory leaks and long GC pause times Without understanding how the CLR garbage collector operates, high-performance memory management in NET is left to nothing but chance Similarly, choosing the proper collection class from what the NET Framework has to offer, or deciding to implement your own, requires comprehensive familiarity with CPU caches, runtime complexity, and synchronization issues This book’s 11 chapters are designed to be read in succession, but you can jump back and forth between topics and fill in the blanks when necessary The chapters are organized into the following logical parts: • Chapter and Chapter deal with performance metrics and performance measurement They introduce the tools available to you to measure application performance • Chapter and Chapter dive deep into CLR internals They focus on type internals and the implementation of CLR garbage collection—two crucial topics for improving application performance where memory management is concerned • Chapter 5, Chapter 6, Chapter 7, Chapter 8, and Chapter 11 discuss specific areas of the NET Framework and the CLR that offer performance optimization opportunities—using collections correctly, parallelizing sequential code, optimizing I/O and networking operations, using interoperability solutions efficiently, and improving the performance of Web applications • Chapter is a brief foray into complexity theory and algorithms It was written to give you a taste of what algorithm optimization is about • Chapter 10 is the dumping ground for miscellaneous topics that didn’t fit elsewhere in the book, including startup time optimization, exceptions, and NET Reflection Some of these topics have prerequisites that will help you understand them better Throughout the course of the book we assume substantial experience with the C# programming language and the NET Framework, as well as familiarity with fundamental concepts, including: xxiii ■ Introduction • Windows: threads, synchronization, virtual memory • Common Language Runtime (CLR): Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler, Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL), garbage collector • Computer organization: main memory, cache, disk, graphics card, network interface There are quite a few sample programs, excerpts, and benchmarks throughout the book In the interest of not making this book any longer, we often included only a brief part—but you can find the whole program in the companion source code on the book’s website In some chapters we use code in x86 assembly language to illustrate how CLR mechanisms operate or to explain more thoroughly a specific performance optimization Although these parts are not crucial to the book’s takeaways, we recommend dedicated readers to invest some time in learning the fundamentals of x86 assembly language Randall Hyde’s freely available book “The Art of Assembly Language Programming” (http://www.artofasm.com/Windows/index.html) is an excellent resource In conclusion, this book is full of performance measurement tools, small tips and tricks for improving minor areas of application performance, theoretical foundations for many CLR mechanisms, practical code examples, and several case studies from the authors’ experience For almost ten years we have been optimizing applications for our clients and designing high-performance systems from scratch During these years we trained hundreds of developers to think about performance at every stage of the software development lifecycle and to actively seek opportunities for improving application performance After reading this book, you will join the ranks of high-performance NET application developers and performance investigators optimizing existing applications Sasha Goldshtein Dima Zurbalev Ido Flatow xxiv About the Technical Reviewers Todd Meister has been working in the IT industry for over fifteen years He’s been a Technical Editor on over 75 titles ranging from SQL Server to the NET Framework Besides technical editing titles he is the Senior IT Architect at Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana He lives in central Indiana with his wife, Kimberly, and their five incisive children Fabio Claudio Ferracchiati is a prolific writer and technical reviewer on cutting-edge technologies He has contributed to many books on NET, C#, Visual Basic, SQL Server, Silverlight, and ASP.NET He is a NET Microsoft Certified Solution Developer (MCSD) and lives in Rome, Italy He is employed by Brain Force xix Acknowledgments Writing a book is such a huge undertaking that it would have taken us another year to publish it if not for the unconditional support of our families, friends, and colleagues Our manager at SELA Group, David Bassa, has given us all possible help to see this book to completion, and was very understanding when other projects slipped through the tracks when the book’s deadlines loomed The editorial team at Apress made this project enjoyable and tolerated our second-language English to shape the book as you see it today Gwenan, Kevin, and Corbin: thank you for your professionalism and patience Last but not least, a great many thanks to our families, who have sacrificed countless hours on this book’s altar Without your support, this book would never be published xxi