C++ by Dissection Ira Pohl University of California Santa Cruz Boston San Francisco New York London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madrid Mexico City Munich Paris Cape Town Hong Kong Montreal Senior Acquistions Editor Project Editor Executive Marketing Manager Production Supervisor Project Management Copyeditor Proofreader Composition and Art Text and Cover Design Design Manager Prepress and Manufacturing Maite Suarez-Rivas Katherine Harutunian Michael Hirsch Marilyn Lloyd Argosy Publishing Jeannie Smith Janet Renard Debra Dolsberry and Argosy Publishing Leslie Haimes Gina Hagen Hugh Crawford Access the latest information about Addison-Wesley titles from our World Wide Web site: http://www.aw.com/cs Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as tradmarks Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps Borland C/C++ is a registered trademark of Borland International, Inc GNU C/C++ is a registered trademark of Free Software Foundation, Inc Microsoft C/C++ is a registered trademark of Microsoft, Inc Turbo C/C++ is a registered trademark of Borland International, Inc MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft, Inc OS/2 is a registered trademark of International Business Machines, Inc UNIX is a registered trademark licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft, Inc FrameMaker is a registered trademark of Frame Technology, Inc PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems, Inc The programs and applications presented in this book have been included for their instructional value They have been tested with care, but are not guaranteed for any particular purpose The publisher does not offer any warranties or representations, nor does it accept any liabilities with respect to the programs or applications Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pohl, Ira C++ by Dissection / Ira Pohl p cm ISBN 0-201-74396-5 (pbk.) C++ (Computer program language) I Title QA76.73.C153 P58 2002 005.13’3 dc21 2001045829 CIP Copyright © 2002 by Addison-Wesley All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher Printed in the United States of America ISBN 0-201-74396-5 About Ira Pohl Ira Pohl, Ph.D., is a professor of Computer Science at the University of Cali- fornia, Santa Cruz He has over 30 years of experience as a software methodologist His teaching and research interests are in the areas of artificial intelligence, programming languages, practical complexity problems, heuristic search methods, deductive algorithms, and educational and social issues He originated error analysis in heuristic search methods and deductive algorithms He is an ACM Fellow and has lectured at Berkeley, Stanford, the Vrije University in Amsterdam, the Courant Institute, Edinburgh University in Scotland, and Auckland University in New Zealand When not programming, he enjoys riding bicycles in Aptos, California, with his wife Debra and daughter Laura Other Publications by Ira Pohl Ira is the sole author of the following Addison-Wesley or Benjamin Cummings publications: C++ for C Programmers C++ for Pascal Programmers C++ for Fortran Programmers Turbo C++ Object Oriented Programming Using C++ C++ Distilled Ira is coauthor with Al Kelley for a series of books published by AddisonWesley and Benjamin Cummings on the C programming language: A Book on C: An Introduction to Programming in C C by Dissection Turbo C: The Essentials of C Programming Ira is also coauthor with Charlie McDowell of the following Addison-Wesley publication: Java by Dissection: The Essentials of Java Programming Ira’s first book, coauthored with Alan Shaw, was a pioneering text on computer science (Computer Science Press, 1981): The Nature of Computation: An Introduction to Computer Science Dedicated to Philip Pohl (1932–2001) who gave me my first computer (a slide rule) Ira Pohl’s C++ by Dissection Illegal Identifiers 28 Keywords 27 Literals 29 Making Change More String Members 459 Operator Precedence and Associativity 46, 453 Range of Floating Point Values 38 Range of Integral Values 38 Standard Files 375 STL Adapted priority_queue Functions 295 STL Adapted queue Functions 295 STL Adapted stack Functions 295 STL Allocator Members 320 STL Arithmetic Function Objects 316 STL Associative Constructors 290 STL Associative Definitions 289 STL Comparison Objects 317 STL Container Definitions 285 STL Container Members 286 STL Function Adaptors 319 STL Insert and Erase Member Functions 290 STL Iterator Adaptors 301 STL Logical Objects 317 STL Member Functions 290 STL Mutating Sequence Library Functions 308-309 STL Nonmutating Sequence Library Functions 306-307 STL Numerical Library Functions 312 STL Sequence Members 288 STL Sort Related Library Functions 303-304 STL Sort Related Set Functions 304 Stream State Functions 381 String compare() functions 459 String Comparison Operators 461 String Constructor Members 457 String find() Functions 460 String Literals 29 String More Find Members 460 String Overloaded Global Operators 461 String Overloaded Operator Members 457 String Private Data Members 456 Summing Elements of an Array 108 Trivial Conversions 227 Valid Identifiers 28 tag name 43, 141 template 243-269, 272, 350 argument 261 container 272 function 248 library 280 methodology 357 parameter 270 template 246 templateArray program 261 500 templateStack program 246, 395 terminate() 404, 409 ternary operator 49 test_err program 23 testing text editor 14 this 158, 161 throw 397-398, 405, 408 throw expression 398 Throw Expression Match 404 throw program 398, 400 tio library (Java) 17-19, 414-415, 462 toascii() 381 tokens 26 tolower() 381 top() 295 toupper() 381 tracking program 204 traditional conversion 40 transfer of control 413 transferArray program 243-245 transform() 309 triple program 223 trivial conversion 227 true 27, 47 try 400, 404-405 try block 404 try_me program 392 type checking 80 conversion 208 declaration 27 derived 25 enumeration 43 extensibility 25, 425-426 generic pointer 104 hierarchy 343 instantiation 246, 260 native 25-44, 207 pointer 75 return 78 safety 90, 127, 272, 425 simple 37 string 99, 455 tag name 43, 141 user-defined 207, 372 type_info library 353 typedef 44 typeid 353 types bool 37, 47 char 37 class 139, 147, 170, 329 double 37 enum 43 float 37 Ira Pohl’s C++ by Dissection int 37 long 37 short 37 signed 37 struct 139-141 template 246 union 174, 176, 205 unsigned 37 unsigned char 37 void 104 void* 104 wchar_t 37 U UML 333 unary one’s complement ^ 176 unary operator overloading 214 unconditional branch 62 unexpected() 408-409 unification 250 union anonymous 175, 205 initializer 174 member 174 union 174, 176, 205 union program 174 unique() 308-309 unique_copy() 309 UNIX control-d 16 end-of-file signal 16 unsigned 37 unsigned char 37 upper_bound() 290, 303 user-defined conversion 227 user-defined output 372 user-defined type 207, 372 using 4, 98 V \v vertical tab 30 variable global 92 reference 99 vect_it program 263, 265 vector library 280, 283, 285, 293, 297, 300, 307, 311 vertical tab \v 30 vi command 14 virtual base class 353 inheritance 352 member functions 329 virtual 337 virtual_err program 340 virtual_sel program 338 501 visibility 94, 139 void 104 void* 104 volatile 227 W wchar_t 37 weekend program 175 while 55 while_test program 55 white space 30-31 widening 41 width of bit field 175 word-parallel operation 176 word_count program 382 write() 367 ws 369 Z zero 29-30 zero null pointer 197, 353 ... accept any liabilities with respect to the programs or applications Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pohl, Ira C+ + by Dissection / Ira Pohl p cm ISBN 0-201-74396-5 (pbk.) C+ +... published by AddisonWesley and Benjamin Cummings on the C programming language: A Book on C: An Introduction to Programming in C C by Dissection Turbo C: The Essentials of C Programming Ira is also coauthor... text on computer science (Computer Science Press, 1981): The Nature of Computation: An Introduction to Computer Science Dedicated to Philip Pohl (1932–2001) who gave me my first computer (a slide